Submit to Viruses Review for Viruses Propose a Special Issue

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia

Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 26719

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia book cover image

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Chi-Young Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
2. The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
Interests: avian virology; virus-like particles (VLPs); avian disease; cytokines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To date, the rapid progression in avian virus research in Asia has resulted in an abundant achievement. This has mainly contributed to the development of some innovative techniques, advanced approaches, and the timely resolution of urgent issues. More and more new research topics focusing on emerging novel viruses have been found in various avian species. As the source of an important food supply, retaining the health of the birds remains the first priority for the poultry industry and research teams around Asia. Therefore, the accumulated knowledge about the fundamental biology, pathogenicity, epidemiology, antiviral strategies, vaccination schemes, and exceptional applications of avian viruses built up by those expertized research groups in Asia has accelerated the overall understanding of those key pathogens.

Thus, the presentation of research articles, short communications, and review papers on all research aspects of avian viruses from Asia is highly welcome in this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Chi-Young Wang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

avian influenza virus
infectious bronchitis virus
infectious bursal disease virus
infectious laryngotracheitis virus
Marek's disease virus
avian polyomavirus
avian circovirus
avian reovirus
poultry diseases

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Research

Jump to: Review, Other

13 pages, 7530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phylodynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Circulating in Indonesian Poultry

by Desniwaty Karo-karo, Rogier Bodewes, Restuadi Restuadi, Alex Bossers, Agustiningsih Agustiningsih, Jan Arend Stegeman, Guus Koch and David Handojo Muljono

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2216; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14102216 - 08 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2515

Abstract

After its first detection in 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus has spread extensively worldwide. HPAIv A(H5N1) was first detected in Indonesia in 2003 and has been endemic in poultry in this country ever since. However, Indonesia has limited information related to the phylodynamics of HPAIv A(H5N1) in poultry. The present study aimed to increase the understanding of the evolution and temporal dynamics of HPAIv H5N1 in Indonesian poultry between 2003 and 2016. To this end, HPAIv A(H5N1) hemagglutinin sequences of viruses collected from 2003 to 2016 were analyzed using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. Results indicated that the common ancestor of Indonesian poultry HPAIv H5N1 arose approximately five years after the common ancestor worldwide of HPAI A(H5Nx). In addition, this study indicated that only two introductions of HPAIv A(H5N1) occurred, after which these viruses continued to evolve due to extensive spread among poultry. Furthermore, this study revealed the divergence of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c from H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1b. Both clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.2.1b share a common ancestor, clade 1, suggesting that clade 2.3.2.1 originated and diverged from China and other Asian countries. Since there was limited sequence and surveillance data for the HPAIv A(H5N1) from wild birds in Indonesia, the exact role of wild birds in the spread of HPAIv in Indonesia is currently unknown. The evolutionary dynamics of the Indonesian HPAIv A(H5N1) highlight the importance of continuing and improved genomic surveillance and adequate control measures in the different regions of both the poultry and wild birds. Spatial genomic surveillance is useful to take adequate control measures. Therefore, it will help to prevent the future evolution of HPAI A(H5N1) and pandemic threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of the Emerging Genogroup of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection in Broiler Farms in South Korea: A Nationwide Study

by Tuyet Ngan Thai, Dae-Sung Yoo, Il Jang, Yong-Kuk Kwon and Hye-Ryoung Kim

Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1604; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14081604 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1566

Abstract

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by IBD virus (IBDV), threatens the health of the poultry industry. Recently, a subtype of genogroup (G) 2 IBDV named G2d has brought a new threat to the poultry industry. To determine the current status of IBDV prevalence in South Korea, active IBDV surveillance on 167 randomly selected broiler farms in South Korea from August 2020 to July 2021 was conducted. The bursas of Fabricius from five chickens from each farm were independently pooled and screened for IBDV using virus-specific RT-PCR. As a result, 86 farms were found to be infected with the G2d variant, 13 farms with G2b, and 2 farms with G3. Current prevalence estimation of IBDV infection in South Korea was determined as 17.8% at the animal level using pooled sampling methods. G2d IBDV was predominant compared to other genogroups, with a potentially high-risk G2d infection area in southwestern South Korea. The impact of IBDV infection on poultry productivity or Escherichia coli infection susceptibility was also confirmed. A comparative pathogenicity test indicated that G2d IBDV caused severe and persistent damage to infected chickens compared with G2b. This study highlights the importance of implementation of regular surveillance programs and poses challenges for the comprehensive prevention of IBDV infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Gyrovirus galga 1 in Cryopreserved Organs from Two Commercial Broiler Flocks in Japan

by Masaji Mase, Yu Yamamoto, Hiroshi Iseki, Taichiro Tanikawa and Aoi Kurokawa

Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1590; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14071590 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1407

Abstract

Gyrovirus galga 1 (GyVg1, previously recognized as avian gyrovirus 2), which was first reported in chicken in 2011, is a new member of the genus Gyrovirus. The presence of GyVg1 has also been confirmed in different regions of Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia, indicating its global distribution. However, because there are no reports of examining the distribution of GyVg1 in animals in Japan, the epidemiology of this virus is unknown. In this study, we attempted to retrospectively detect GyVg1 in cryopreserved chicken materials derived from different two commercial broiler flocks in 1997. The GyVg1 genome was detected in organ materials derived from both flocks by PCR. GyVg1 detected in both flocks was classified into four genetic groups by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the detected PCR products. These results suggest that diverse GyVg1 strains were present in commercial chicken flocks as early as 1997 in Japan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Reassortment Analysis of Influenza A H7N9 Viruses Circulating in China during 2013–2019

by Dongchang He, Xiyue Wang, Huiguang Wu, Xiaoquan Wang, Yayao Yan, Yang Li, Tiansong Zhan, Xiaoli Hao, Jiao Hu, Shunlin Hu, Xiaowen Liu, Chan Ding, Shuo Su, Min Gu and Xiufan Liu

Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1256; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14061256 - 09 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

Reassortment with the H9N2 virus gave rise to the zoonotic H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV), which caused more than five outbreak waves in humans, with high mortality. The frequent exchange of genomic segments between H7N9 and H9N2 has been well-documented. However, the reassortment patterns have not been described and are not yet fully understood. Here, we used phylogenetic analyses to investigate the patterns of intersubtype and intrasubtype/intralineage reassortment across the eight viral segments. The H7N9 virus and its progeny frequently exchanged internal genes with the H9N2 virus but rarely with the other AIV subtypes. Before beginning the intrasubtype/intralineage reassortment analyses, five Yangtze River Delta (YRD A-E) and two Pearl River Delta (PRD A-B) clusters were divided according to the HA gene phylogeny. The seven reset segment genes were also nomenclatured consistently. As revealed by the tanglegram results, high intralineage reassortment rates were determined in waves 2–3 and 5. Additionally, the clusters of PB2 c05 and M c02 were the most dominant in wave 5, which could have contributed to the onset of the largest H7N9 outbreak in 2016–2017. Meanwhile, a portion of the YRD-C cluster (HP H7N9) inherited their PB2, PA, and M segments from the co-circulating YRD-E (LP H7N9) cluster during wave 5. Untanglegram results revealed that the reassortment rate between HA and NA was lower than HA with any of the other six segments. A multidimensional scaling plot revealed a robust genetic linkage between the PB2 and PA genes, indicating that they may share a co-evolutionary history. Furthermore, we observed relatively more robust positive selection pressure on HA, NA, M2, and NS1 proteins. Our findings demonstrate that frequent reassortment, particular reassorted patterns, and adaptive mutations shaped the H7N9 viral genetic diversity and evolution. Increased surveillance is required immediately to better understand the current state of the HP H7N9 AIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gga-miR-30c-5p Enhances Apoptosis in Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4-Infected Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cells and Facilitates Viral Replication through Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1

by Areayi Haiyilati, Linyi Zhou, Jiaxin Li, Wei Li, Li Gao, Hong Cao, Yongqiang Wang, Xiaoqi Li and Shijun J. Zheng

Viruses 2022, 14(5), 990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14050990 - 07 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1567

Abstract

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the primary causative agent responsible for the hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in chickens, leading to considerable economic losses to stakeholders. Although the pathogenesis of FAdV-4 infection has gained attention, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unknown. Here, we showed that the ectopic expression of gga-miR-30c-5p in leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells enhanced apoptosis in FAdV-4-infected LMH cells by directly targeting the myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), facilitating viral replication. On the contrary, the inhibition of endogenous gga-miR-30c-5p markedly suppressed apoptosis and viral replication in LMH cells. Importantly, the overexpression of Mcl-1 inhibited gga-miR-30c-5p or FAdV-4-induced apoptosis in LMH cells, reducing FAdV-4 replication, while the knockdown of Mcl-1 by RNAi enhanced apoptosis in LMH cells. Furthermore, transfection of LMH cells with gga-miR-30c-5p mimics enhanced FAdV-4-induced apoptosis associated with increased cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Thus, gga-miR-30c-5p enhances FAdV-4-induced apoptosis by directly targeting Mcl-1, a cellular anti-apoptotic protein, facilitating FAdV-4 replication in host cells. These findings could help to unravel the mechanism of how a host responds against FAdV-4 infection at an RNA level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Avian Influenza H5N6 Virus-like Particles as a Broad-Spectrum Vaccine Candidate against H5Nx Viruses

by Yu-Hsuan Yang, Ching-Hui Tai, Dayna Cheng, Ya-Fang Wang and Jen-Ren Wang

Viruses 2022, 14(5), 925; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14050925 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2836

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have been reported to be the source of infections in several outbreaks in the past decades. In a previous study, we screened out a broad-spectrum virus strain, H5N6-Sichuan subtype, by using a lentiviral pseudovirus system. In this project, we aimed to investigate the potential of H5N6 virus-like particles (VLPs) serving as a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate against H5Nx viruses. We cloned the full-length M1 gene and H5, N6 genes derived from the H5N6-Sichuan into pFASTBac vector and generated the VLPs using the baculovirus-insect cell system. H5N6 VLPs were purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the presence of H5, N6 and M1 proteins was verified by Western blot and SDS-PAGE. The hemagglutination titer of H5N6 VLPs after purification reached 5120 and the particle structure remained as viewed by electron microscopy. The H5N6 VLPs and 293T mammalian cell-expressed H5+N6 proteins were sent for mice immunization. Antisera against the H5+N6 protein showed 80 to 320 neutralizing antibody titers to various H5Nx pseudoviruses. In contrast, H5N6 VLPs not only elicited higher neutralizing antibody titers, ranging from 640 to 1280, but also induced higher IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ and TNF production, thus indicating that H5N6 VLPs may be a potential vaccine candidate for broad-spectrum H5Nx avian influenza vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Functional Analyses of Host Proteins Interacting with the p17 Protein of Avian Reovirus

by Chengcheng Zhang, Xinyi Liu, Fuxi Zhao, Qingqing Zhang, Wei Zuo, Mengjiao Guo, Xiaorong Zhang and Yantao Wu

Viruses 2022, 14(5), 892; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14050892 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1998

Abstract

Avian reovirus (ARV) causes viral arthritis, chronic respiratory diseases, retarded growth and malabsorption syndrome. However, the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report the host cellular proteins that interact with ARV p17 by yeast two-hybrid screening. In this study, the p17 gene was cloned into pGBKT7 to obtain the bait plasmid pGBKT7-p17. After several rounds of screening of a chicken cDNA library, 43 positive clones were identified as possible host factors that interacted with p17. A BLAST search of the sequences was performed on the NCBI website, which ultimately revealed 19 interacting proteins. Gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome analyses indicated that the acquired proteins were involved in multicellular organismal processes, metabolic processes, and biological regulation. When the subcellular localization of the host protein and ARV p17 protein was investigated, we observed colocalization of p17-GFP with IGF2BP1-RED and PQBP1-RED in the transfected cells but not with FGF1-RED. The direct interaction of ARV p17 protein with IGF2BP1 and PQBP1 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and GST pulldown assays. We used RT-qPCR to assess the expression variation during ARV infection. The results showed that IGF2BP1, PAPSS2, RPL5, NEDD4L, PRPS2 and IFI16 were significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of FGF1, CDH2 and PQBP1 was markedly decreased in DF-1 cells infected with ARV. Finally, we demonstrated that IGF2BP1 had a positive effect on ARV replication, while PQBP1 had the opposite effect. Our findings provide valuable information for better insights into ARV's pathogenesis and the role of the p17 protein in this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Analysis of the Complete S1 Gene in Japanese Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains

by Masaji Mase, Kanae Hiramatsu, Satoko Watanabe and Hiroshi Iseki

Viruses 2022, 14(4), 716; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14040716 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2159 | Correction

Abstract

The complete nucleotide sequence of the S1 glycoprotein gene of the Japanese infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains was determined and genetically analyzed. A total of 61 Japanese IBV strains were classified into seven genotypes, namely GI-1, 3, 7, 13, 18, 19, and GVI-1 using the classification scheme that was proposed by Valastro et al, with three exceptions. These genotypes practically corresponded to those defined in Japan, namely Mass, Gray, JP-II, 4/91, JP-I, JP-III, and JP-IV, which have been identified through their partial nucleotide sequences containing hypervariable regions 1 and 2. In addition, three exceptive strains were considered to be derived from recombination within the S1 gene of IBV strains G1-13 and GI-19. By analyzing the amino acid polymorphism of the S1 glycoprotein among Japanese genotypes, a diversity was observed based on the genotype-specific amino acid residue, the proteolytic cleavage motif at the S1/S2 cleavage site, and the position of the potential N-glycosylation sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Insertion and Deletion in the Meq Protein Encoded by Highly Oncogenic Marek’s Disease Virus on Transactivation Activity and Virulence

by Jumpei Sato, Shiro Murata, Zhiyuan Yang, Benedikt B. Kaufer, Sotaro Fujisawa, Hikari Seo, Naoya Maekawa, Tomohiro Okagawa, Satoru Konnai, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Mark S. Parcells and Kazuhiko Ohashi

Viruses 2022, 14(2), 382; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14020382 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Marek’s disease virus (MDV) causes malignant lymphoma in chickens (Marek’s disease, MD). Although MD is currently controlled by vaccination, MDV strains have continuously increased in virulence over the recent decades. Polymorphisms in Meq, an MDV-encoded oncoprotein that serves as a transcription factor, have been associated with the enhanced virulence of the virus. In addition, insertions and deletions in Meq have been observed in MDV strains of higher virulence, but their contribution to said virulence remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the contribution of an insertion (L-Meq) and a deletion in the Meq gene (S-Meq) to its functions and MDV pathogenicity. Reporter assays revealed that both insertion and deletion enhanced the transactivation potential of Meq. Additionally, we generated RB-1B-based recombinant MDVs (rMDVs) encoding each Meq isoform and analyzed their pathogenic potential. rMDV encoding L-Meq indueced the highest mortality and tumor incidence in infected animals, whereas the rMDV encoding S-Meq exhibited the lowest pathogenicity. Thus, insertion enhanced the transactivation activity of Meq and MDV pathogenicity, whereas deletion reduced pathogenicity despite having increased transactivation activity. These data suggest that other functions of Meq affect MDV virulence. These data improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the evolution of MDV virulence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pathogenicity of Avian Polyomaviruses and Prospect of Vaccine Development

by Chen-Wei Wang, Yung-Liang Chen, Simon J. T. Mao, Tzu-Chieh Lin, Ching-Wen Wu, Duangsuda Thongchan, Chi-Young Wang and Hung-Yi Wu

Viruses 2022, 14(9), 2079; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14092079 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Polyomaviruses are nonenveloped icosahedral viruses with a double-stranded circular DNA containing approximately 5000 bp and 5–6 open reading frames. In contrast to mammalian polyomaviruses (MPVs), avian polyomaviruses (APVs) exhibit high lethality and multipathogenicity, causing severe infections in birds without oncogenicity. APVs are classified into 10 major species: Adélie penguin polyomavirus, budgerigar fledgling disease virus, butcherbird polyomavirus, canary polyomavirus, cormorant polyomavirus, crow polyomavirus, Erythrura gouldiae polyomavirus, finch polyomavirus, goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus, and Hungarian finch polyomavirus under the genus Gammapolyomavirus. This paper briefly reviews the genomic structure and pathogenicity of the 10 species of APV and some of their differences in terms of virulence from MPVs. Each gene’s genomic size, number of amino acid residues encoding each gene, and key biologic functions are discussed. The rationale for APV classification from the Polyomavirdae family and phylogenetic analyses among the 10 APVs are also discussed. The clinical symptoms in birds caused by APV infection are summarized. Finally, the strategies for developing an effective vaccine containing essential epitopes for preventing virus infection in birds are discussed. We hope that more effective and safe vaccines with diverse protection will be developed in the future to solve or alleviate the problems of viral infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3186 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pigeon Circovirus over Three Decades of Research: Bibliometrics, Scoping Review, and Perspectives

by Benji Brayan Ilagan Silva, Michael Louie R. Urzo, Jaymee R. Encabo, Alea Maurice Simbulan, Allen Jerard D. Lunaria, Susan A. Sedano, Keng-Chih Hsu, Chia-Chi Chen, Yu-Chang Tyan and Kuo-Pin Chuang

Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1498; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14071498 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2645

Abstract

The pigeon circovirus (PiCV), first described in the literature in the early 1990s, is considered one of the most important infectious agents affecting pigeon health. Thirty years after its discovery, the current review has employed bibliometric strategies to map the entire accessible PiCV-related research corpus with the aim of understanding its present research landscape, particularly in consideration of its historical context. Subsequently, developments, current knowledge, and important updates were provided. Additionally, this review also provides a textual analysis examining the relationship between PiCV and the young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS), as described and propagated in the literature. Our examination revealed that usages of the term ‘YPDS’ in the literature are characterizations that are diverse in range, and neither standard nor equivalent. Guided by our understanding of the PiCV research corpus, a conceptualization of PiCV diseases was also presented in this review. Proposed definitions and diagnostic criteria for PiCV subclinical infection (PiCV-SI) and PiCV systemic disease (PiCV-SD) were also provided. Lastly, knowledge gaps and open research questions relevant to future PiCV-related studies were identified and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Avian Viruses Research in Asia)

► Show Figures