Neonatal Seizures and Purinergic Signalling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Neonatal Seizures
2.1. Aetiologies of Neonatal Seizures
2.2. Animal Models of Neonatal Seizures
2.3. Current Treatment for Neonatal Seizures
3. The Purinergic System
3.1. Purine Release
3.2. The Purinergic Receptor Family
3.2.1. P1 Receptor Family
3.2.2. P2 Receptor Family
3.3. Ectonucleotidases
4. Purinergic Signalling during CNS Development
4.1. Expression and Function of Proteins Involved in Purine Release during Development
4.1.1. P1 Receptor Expression and Function during CNS Development
4.1.2. P2 Receptor Expression and Function during CNS Development
4.1.3. The Dual Role of the P2X7 Receptor during CNS Development
4.2. Extracellular Purine Metabolism during Development
5. Purinergic Signalling and Neonatal Seizures
5.1. Targeting of P1 Receptors
5.2. Targeting of P2 Receptors
5.3. Potential Purinergic Targets to Explore
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADK | Adenosine kinase |
Ado | Adenosine |
ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
AMP | Adenosine monophosphate |
ASD | Antiseizure drugs |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
cAMP | Cyclic AMP |
CNS | Central nervous system |
CNTs | Concentrative nucleoside transporters |
EEG | Electroencephalogram |
E-NPPs | Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase and/or phosphodiesterases |
E-NTPDases | Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases |
ENTs | Equilibrative nucleoside transporters |
GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
HIE | Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
KA | Kainic acid |
MCAO | Medial carotid artery occlusion |
MGE | Medial ganglionic eminence |
NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
NMDA | N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor |
NPCs | Neural progenitor cells |
NSCs | Neural stem cells |
NTs | Nucleotides |
OPCs | Oligodendrocyte precursor cells |
Panx | Pannexin |
PTZ | Pentylenetetrazole |
SVZ | Subventricular zone |
TNAP | Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase |
UDP | Uridine monophosphate |
UTP | Uridine triphosphate |
VNUT | Vesicular nucleotide transporter |
VZ | Ventricular zone |
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Target Receptor | Compound | Seizure Model | Species, Age and Gender | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | |||||
Nonspecific P1 | 2-chloroadenosine (1, 4 and 10 mg/kg, i.p) (agonist) | Cortical epileptic after discharges (drug administered 5 min first after discharge) | Rats (P12, P18 and P25); sex not specified | Behavioural and EEG-detected seizures were only reduced at P18. | [282] |
Nonspecific P1 | 2-chloroadenosine (1, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) (agonist) | PTZ 100 mg/kg s.c. (90 mg/kg in P18). (drugs were administered 30 min before seizure induction) | Rats (P7, P12, P18, P25 and P90); males | Anticonvulsive effect was seen at all ages. Suppression of tonic seizures was only at P12 and younger. Suppression of generalised seizures was at P18 and above. | [283] |
A1 | 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg to 12-day-old rats and 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg to 25-day-old rats, i.p) (agonist) | Rats (P12 and P25); males | 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine led to marked anticonvulsant effects in P12. Minimal effects were seen in P25. No effect was seen with DPCPX. | ||
DPCPX (1 and 2 mg/kg i.p.) (Antagonist) | |||||
A2A | CGS 21680 (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) (agonist) | Highest dose of CGS 21680 (5mg/kg) reduced seizure severity only at P25. No effect was observed in P12 at any dose. No effect was observed with ZM 241385. | |||
ZM 241385 (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) (antagonist) | |||||
A1 | 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (0.5) and 1 mg/kg i.p.) (agonist) | Cortical epileptic after discharges (drugs were administered 5 min after first stimulation) | Rats (P12, P18 and P25); males | Duration reduced after discharges with agonist and proconvulsant action of antagonist at P12 and P18. At P25, both agonistic and antagonistic action are proconvulsive. | [284] |
DPCPX (1 and 2 mg/kg, i.p.) (antagonist) | |||||
A2A | CGS 21680 (0.5 and 5 mg/kg i.p.) (Agonist) | CGS 21680 is anticonvulsive at all ages. While ZM 241385 action is anticonvulsive at P12 and P18, it is proconvulsive at P25 at the highest dose. | |||
ZM 241385 (1 and 5 mg/kg i.p.) (antagonist) | |||||
Nonspecific P1 | 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p) (agonist) | Hippocampal epileptic after discharges. (drug administered 10 min prior to the stimulation procedure) | Rats (P12–P60); males | Anticonvulsive effect was seen in all ages bar P25. Hippocampal A1 protein expression peaks at P10 and decreases with age. | [285] |
P2 | |||||
P2X7 | A-438079 (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p) (antagonist) | Intra-amygdala KA (2 µg in 0.2 µL PBS) (drug administered 1 h post-KA injection) | Rats (P10); mixed sex group | A-438079 reduced seizure severity, subsequent neuronal damage and inflammation. | [40] |
P2X7 | A-438079 0.5, 5, 15, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) (antagonist) | Global hypoxia (5% O2 15 min) (drugs administered 5 min prior to hypoxia) | Mice (P7); mixed sex group | P2X7 expression is increased 24 h following hypoxia-induced seizures in the hippocampus. P2X7 expression increased in tissue from patients who experienced HIE and seizures. Both compounds reduced seizure severity. A-438079 reduced post-seizure inflammation. | [14] |
JNJ-47965567 (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) (antagonist) |
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Menéndez Méndez, A.; Smith, J.; Engel, T. Neonatal Seizures and Purinergic Signalling. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7832. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21217832
Menéndez Méndez A, Smith J, Engel T. Neonatal Seizures and Purinergic Signalling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7832. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21217832
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenéndez Méndez, Aida, Jonathon Smith, and Tobias Engel. 2020. "Neonatal Seizures and Purinergic Signalling" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7832. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21217832