Techno-Economic Model for Scaling Up of Hydrogen Refueling Stations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A realistic dataset for HRSs dedicated to heavy-duty applications;
- Economic evaluation for large fleets;
- The economy of scale effect on major components (compressor, electrolyzer);
- A sensitivity analysis of the impact of hydrogen delivery and production costs on the LCOH.
2. Description and Case Studies of Hydrogen Refueling Stations
2.1. On-Site Hydrogen Stations: The Pau and Aalborg HRSs
2.2. Delivery Hydrogen Stations: The London, Rotterdam, and Versailles HRSs
3. System Boundary
3.1. Delivery Cost Assumptions
3.2. On-Site Production Cost Assumptions
3.3. Compression, Storage, and Dispensing Assumptions
4. Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculation
5. Results Analysis
Sensitivity Analysis
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydrogen Source | Nominal Capacity | Storage Specs | Dispenser Pressure | Fleet Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
London | Delivery trailer 450 kg/trailer @350 bar | 400 kg/day ≈300 km | 900 kg @350 bar 350 kg @500 bar | 350 bar | 10 |
Rhoon RET Rhoon PZH | Delivery pipeline @30 bar | 200 kg/day ≈100 km | 90 kg @495 bar 65 kg @877 bar 95 kg @495 bar | 350 bar | 2 4 |
Versailles SAVAC Versailles BEGreen | Delivery trailer 350 kg/trailer @200 bar | 200 kg/day ≈200 km | 350 kg @200 bar 100 kg @495 bar 60 kg @877 bar | 350/700 bar | 2 5 |
Pau SMTU | On-site PEM electrolysis | 174 kg/day | 230 kg @20 bar 630 kg @600 bar | 350 bar | 8 |
Aalborg | On-site PEM electrolysis | 100 kg/day | 10 kg @35 bar 114 kg @300 bar 118 kg @450 bar | 350 bar | 3 |
London | Rotterdam | Versailles | Pau | Aalborg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily travelled distance per bus (km) | 180 | 250 | 200 | 240 | 180 |
Average H2 consumption (kg/100 km) | 12 | 9.5 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8 |
Average mass dispensed (kg) | 16 | 27.78 | 24.55 | 27.21 | 23.75 |
Average refueling time (min) | 9.4 | 23.1 | 24.1 | 27.2 | 20 |
London | Versailles | Rotterdam | |
---|---|---|---|
Average mileage (km) | 300 | 200 | 100 |
Delivered quantity (kg) | 450 | 350 | Upon request |
Delivery pressure (bar) | 350 | 200 | 30 |
Number of vehicles (trip/week) | 36 | 37 | - |
Lease price (€/month) | 2150 | - | |
Delivery price (€/km) | 0.423 | - | |
H2 retail price (€/kg) | 4.00 | 5.50 | 4.00 |
Civil works (€) | - | 110,000 | - |
Pau | Aalborg | |
---|---|---|
HHV-based system efficiency (%) | 78.6 | |
Specific energy consumption (kWh/Nm3) | 4.5 | |
Output pressure (bar) | 20 | |
Water consumption (l/kgH2 produced) | 28.4 | |
Auxiliary consumption (kWh/Nm3) | 5% SEC | |
Electricity price—average for year 2020 (€/kWh) | 0.036 | 0.035 |
Water price (€/m3) | 2.6 | 5.3 |
O&M OPEX (€) | 5% CAPEX | |
CAPEX (€/kg) | C = Cbase(Sbase/S)0.45 |
London | Rotterdam | Versailles | Pau | Aalborg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max no. of FCBs refueling in 1 h | 6.67 | 5.67 | 9 | 11.17 | 5.17 |
Lingering time | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Total time of refill operation | 19.41 | 30.89 | 27.80 | 31.79 | 22.77 |
Max no. of FCBs per dispenser | 3.09 | 1.94 | 2.16 | 1.89 | 2.63 |
No. of dispensers | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
CAPEX (k€) | OPEX (k€/year) | LCOH, CAPEX (€/kg) | LCOH, OPEX (€/kg) | LCOH, Total (€/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
London | 6112 | 4775 | 0.76 | 5.75 | 6.51 |
Rotterdam | 7584 | 4303 | 0.86 | 4.72 | 5.57 |
Versailles | 6645 | 4066 | 1.04 | 6.15 | 7.19 |
Aalborg | 6232 | 1478 | 1.16 | 2.67 | 3.83 |
Pau | 10,904 | 2418 | 1.42 | 3.05 | 4.47 |
Delivery Distance (km) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2 retail price (€/kg) | 180 | 220 | 260 | 300 | 340 | 380 | 500 | |
2.0 | 5.19 € | 5.28 € | 5.38 € | 5.47 € | 5.56 € | 5.65 € | 5.93 € | |
3.5 | 6.68 € | 6.77 € | 6.86 € | 6.95 € | 7.05 € | 7.14 € | 7.42 € | |
4.0 | 6.76 € | 7.26 € | 7.36 € | 7.45 € | 7.54 € | 7.63 € | 7.91 € | |
5.5 | 8.66 € | 8.75 € | 8.84 € | 8.93 € | 9.03 € | 9.12 € | 9.40 € | |
7.5 | 10.64 € | 10.73 € | 10.82 € | 10.91 € | 11.01 € | 11.10 € | 11.38 € | |
9.5 | 12.62 € | 12.71 € | 12.80 € | 12.89 € | 12.99 € | 13.08 € | 13.36 € | |
11.5 | 14.60 € | 14.69 € | 14.78 € | 14.87 € | 14.97 € | 15.06 € | 15.34 € |
HRS Capacity (kg/Day) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electricity price (€/Mwh) | 100 | 300 | 500 | 900 | 1300 | 1700 | 2100 | |
30 | 6.30 € | 4.92 € | 4.63 € | 4.35 € | 4.21 € | 4.13 € | 4.07 € | |
50 | 7.22 € | 6.29 € | 5.99 € | 5.72 € | 5.58 € | 5.50 € | 5.43 € | |
70 | 8.58 € | 7.65 € | 7.36 € | 7.09 € | 6.95 € | 6.68 € | 6.80 € | |
90 | 9.95 € | 9.02 € | 8.73 € | 8.46 € | 8.32 € | 8.23 € | 8.17 € | |
110 | 11.32 € | 10.39 € | 10.10 € | 9.83 € | 9.69 € | 9.60 € | 9.54 € | |
130 | 12.69 € | 11.76 € | 11.47 € | 11.19 € | 11.05 € | 10.97 € | 10.91 € |
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Caponi, R.; Bocci, E.; Del Zotto, L. Techno-Economic Model for Scaling Up of Hydrogen Refueling Stations. Energies 2022, 15, 7518. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15207518
Caponi R, Bocci E, Del Zotto L. Techno-Economic Model for Scaling Up of Hydrogen Refueling Stations. Energies. 2022; 15(20):7518. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15207518
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaponi, Roberta, Enrico Bocci, and Luca Del Zotto. 2022. "Techno-Economic Model for Scaling Up of Hydrogen Refueling Stations" Energies 15, no. 20: 7518. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en15207518