An Investigation of Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Machining of Micro-Hole Array
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Ultrasonic Effect
1.1.1. Pumping Effect
1.1.2. Cavitation Effect
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.1.1. Stainless Steel Work-Piece
2.1.2. Integrated Array Tool Electrode
2.1.3. Electrolyte
2.2. Experimental Instruments
2.3. Experimental Parameters and Measurement
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of Conventional Electrochemical Machining of Micro-Hole Array
3.2. Influence of Electrolyte Jet on Machining Micro-Hole Array
3.3. Influence of Ultrasonic Assistance on Machining Micro-Hole Array
3.4. Influence of Ultrasonic Amplitude on Machining Micro-Hole Array
3.5. Influence of Working Voltage on Machining Micro-Hole Array
3.6. Influence of Pulse-off Time on Machining Micro-Hole Array
3.7. Influence of Electrode Feed Rate on Machining Micro-Hole Array
4. Conclusions
- In the electrochemical machining of the micro-hole array with ultrasonic assistance, the electrolyte can be effectively renewed in the machining gap and the reaction product can be discharged from the gap. When the ultrasonic amplitude increases from level 1 to level 9, machining speed can be increased by over 500%.
- Working voltage is one of the key parameters that influence the machining gap in the feed direction and the lateral machining gap. When working voltage increases from 11 V to 15 V, the average diagonal length increases from 1229 μm to 1290 μm, and the amount of variation in diagonal length increases from 42 μm to 115 μm.
- When increasing the electrode feed rate and decreasing the duration of an electrochemical reaction, machining accuracy can be improved. When the electrode feed rate increases from 1 μm/s to 5 μm/s, the average diagonal length shortens from 1292 μm to 1200 μm, and the amount of variation in diagonal length decreases from 126 μm to 44 μm.
- Suitable working parameters for the ultrasonic-assisted process are an ultrasonic amplitude of level 9, a working voltage of 11 V, a pulse-off time of 50 μs and an electrode feed rate of 5 μm/s.
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rajurkar, K.P.; Levy, G.; Malshe, A.; Sundaram, M.; McGeough, J.; Hu, X.; Resnick, R.; DeSilva, A. Micro and nano machining by electro-physical and chemical processes. CIRP Ann. 2006, 55, 643–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuster, R.; Kirchner, V.; Allongue, P.; Ertl, G. Electrochemical micromachining. Science 2000, 289, 98–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kozak, J.; Rajurkar, K.P.; Makkar, Y. Selected problems of micro-electrochemical machining. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2004, 149, 426–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahn, S.H.; Ryu, S.H.; Choi, D.K.; Chu, C.N. Electro-chemical micro drilling using ultra short pulses. Precis. Eng. 2004, 28, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hewidy, M.; Ebeid, S.; Rajurkar, K.P.; El-Safti, M. Electrochemical machining under orbital motion conditions. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2001, 109, 339–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Natsu, W.; Nakayama, H.; Yu, Z. Improvement of ecm characteristics by applying ultrasonic vibration. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 2012, 13, 1131–1136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradley, C.; Samuel, J. Controlled phase interactions between pulsed electric fields, ultrasonic motion, and magnetic fields in an anodic dissolution cell. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2018, 140, 041010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tsui, H.P.; Hung, J.C.; You, J.C.; Yan, B.H. Improvement of electrochemical microdrilling accuracy using helical tool. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2008, 23, 499–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.K. A Study on Magnetic Field Assisted Micro Electro-Chemical Milling; National Central University: Taoyuan, Taiwan, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Park, M.S.; Chu, C.N. Micro-electrochemical machining using multiple tool electrodes. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, 1451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Zhu, D. Fabrication of multiple electrodes and their application for micro-holes array in ecm. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2009, 41, 42–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skrabalak, G.; Stwora, A. Electrochemical, electrodischarge and electrochemical-discharge hole drilling and surface structuring using batch electrodes. Procedia CIRP 2016, 42, 766–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arab, J.; Adhale, P.; Mishra, D.K.; Dixit, P. Micro-hole array formation in glass using electrochemical discharge machining. Procedia Manuf. 2019, 34, 349–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, B.; Zhao, B.; Ding, W.; Su, H. Investigation of the wear characteristics of microcrystal alumina abrasive wheels during the ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding of ptmcs. Wear 2021, 477, 203844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Yang, L.; Wang, Y.; Lin, B.; Dong, Y.; Shi, C. Mechanism study on ultrasonic vibration assisted face grinding of hard and brittle materials. J. Manuf. Process. 2020, 50, 520–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suárez, A.; Veiga, F.; de Lacalle, L.N.L.; Polvorosa, R.; Lutze, S.; Wretland, A. Effects of ultrasonics-assisted face milling on surface integrity and fatigue life of ni-alloy 718. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2016, 25, 5076–5086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ainhoa, C.; Luis, N.L.L.; Francisco, J.C.; Aitzol, L. Ultrasonic Assisted Turning of mild steels. Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol. 2010, 37, 60–70. [Google Scholar]
Parameters | Description |
---|---|
Tool electrode length (mm) | 75 |
Tool electrode tip size (mm) | 0.8 × 0.8 |
Tool electrode tip diagonal length (mm) | 1.13 |
Tool electrode tip length (mm) | 10 |
Distance between two tool electrode tips (mm) | 0.8 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Ultrasonic vibration amplitude (level/μm) | 3/1.93, 5/2.23, 7/2.56, 9/2.87 |
Working voltage (V) | 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 |
Pulse-off time (τoff, μs) | 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 |
Electrode feed rate (μm/s) | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Tool electrode stroke (µm) | 450 |
Initial machining gap (µm) | 100 |
Pulse-on time (τon, μs) | 50 |
ultrasonic vibration frequency (kHz) | 26.5 |
Electrolyte concentration (wt%) | 10 |
Electrolyte temperature (°C) | 30 |
Electrolyte jet pressure (Psi) | 1 |
Distance from work-piece surface (mm) | 10 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Working voltage (V) | 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 |
Pulse-on/Pulse-off time (τon/τoff, μs) | 50/50 |
Electrode feed rate (μm/s) | 1 |
Initial machining gap (µm) | 100 |
Tool electrode stroke (µm) | 450 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shen, Z.-Y.; Tsui, H.-P. An Investigation of Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Machining of Micro-Hole Array. Processes 2021, 9, 1615. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9091615
Shen Z-Y, Tsui H-P. An Investigation of Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Machining of Micro-Hole Array. Processes. 2021; 9(9):1615. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9091615
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Zhe-Yong, and Hai-Ping Tsui. 2021. "An Investigation of Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Machining of Micro-Hole Array" Processes 9, no. 9: 1615. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9091615