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Applied Sciences
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New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II
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New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2024) | Viewed by 7027

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Luis Laim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: structural fire engineering; fire testing methods; structural analysis and design; fire design; buckling phenomenon; steel and composite structures; computational intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Aldina Santiago

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: structural fire engineering; fire testing methods; structural analysis and design; fire design; steel and composite structures; blast; impact; wildland-urban interface
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nicola Tondini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
Interests: structural fire engineering; localized fires; steel and composite structures; fire following earthquake; earthquake engineering; structural analysis and design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Investigation, development and innovation play an important role in fire safety engineering and society at large. The rapid development and change of urban areas and products, as well as rapid worldwide technological progress, bring new challenges to the fire security of buildings, especially to energy-efficient buildings and civil structures located in wildland-urban interface areas. Furthermore, fire standards do not yet provide complete guidance on various aspects, including measures and constraints for advanced design (e.g., for advanced fire modelling and coupled thermo-mechanical analysis) so that the use of high-performance computation systems can be performed effectively and safely while still allowing performance-based design and advanced evolutionary optimizations. Therefore, we encourage you to send manuscripts containing scientific findings within the broad field of fire safety engineering (list of keywords below) that can help to overcome all these challenges and make the world more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Both theoretical and practice-oriented papers, including experimental and numerical studies, case studies and reviews, are encouraged.

This new Special Issue is a continuation of the previous Special Issue, “New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response”, which was closed on 30 May 2022 including almost 16 valuable peer-reviewed papers. The new Special Issue continues to welcome scholars to contribute their new research.

Dr. Luis Laim
Dr. Aldina Santiago
Dr. Nicola Tondini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fire resistance
  • fire protection materials
  • fire testing methods
  • performance-based design
  • fire dynamics
  • heat transfer
  • energy efficiency and safety
  • computational intelligence
  • wildland-urban interface
  • climate change

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2673 KiB  
Article
Fire Behavior of Wood–Glass and Jute–Glass Hybrid Laminates Manufactured by Vacuum Infusion
by Letícia Zimermann Pires, Ohayna Lisboa Santos, Agnė Kairytė, Jurga Šeputytė-Jucikė, Sylwia Makowska, Daniele Battegazzore, Alberto Frache, Rafael de Avila Delucis, Pedro Henrique Gonzalez de Cademartori and Andrey Pereira Acosta
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app14083450 - 19 Apr 2024
Viewed by 288
Abstract
This study explores the fire behavior of wood–glass and jute–glass hybrid laminates, with a focus on the influence of jute and wood veneers as new materials for composite production. Five-layer hybrid laminates were manufactured using the vacuum infusion process (VIP). Combustion and carbonization [...] Read more.
This study explores the fire behavior of wood–glass and jute–glass hybrid laminates, with a focus on the influence of jute and wood veneers as new materials for composite production. Five-layer hybrid laminates were manufactured using the vacuum infusion process (VIP). Combustion and carbonization performances were assessed using a cone calorimeter based on the ISO 5660 method. This study evaluates flammability through key parameters including ignition time, heat release rate, and smoke production. The results indicated that the ignition time was significantly longer (ca. 64 s) for the glass–jute laminate (GJGJG), compared to the wood–glass laminate (WGWGW) (ca. 53 s). The heat release rate of laminates containing organic components was higher than the sample composed only of glass mat (G5) but their rates were all lower than the polyester reference resin. WGWGW, compared to the GJGJG sample, was able to produce a good-quality protective shield and, therefore, postpone the occurrence of the heat release peak. In this way, the fire growth rate index (FIGRA) best performance was accomplished by the WGWGW sample (2.7 ± 0.3 kW/m2 × s), which was even better than that of the G5 sample. The total-smoke-released value was highest for polyester, 7361 ± 839 m2/m2, followed by WGWGW, 2873 ± 188 m2/m2, and J5, 2484 ± 216 m2/m2. Among the hybrid laminates, the best performance was obtained by GJGJG, 1860 ± 49 m2/m2, but compared to the G5 laminates, it was only ~36% higher. The specific extinction area (SEA) is a smoke parameter related to the mass of the samples; the best result was obtained by WGWGW with 697 ± 31 m2/kg. Finally, the neat polyester and all laminates achieved UL 94HB classification, with firing rates below 40 mm/min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II)
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27 pages, 12115 KiB  
Article
Construction and Application of Safety Management Scenarios at Construction Sites
by Qiang Yang, Xiaojie Yan, Wenkai Chen and Juncheng Fan
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app14010404 - 01 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1106
Abstract
With the rapid development of the construction industry, there have been an uncountable number of damages caused by safety accidents at construction sites. Traditional safety management methods are no longer able to meet the needs of production. This paper presents the concept of [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of the construction industry, there have been an uncountable number of damages caused by safety accidents at construction sites. Traditional safety management methods are no longer able to meet the needs of production. This paper presents the concept of constructing safety management scenarios for construction engineering sites. Using a production base project as a research case, it analyzes the natural and human factors involved in constructing spatial–temporal scenarios at construction sites. By employing a spatial–temporal overlay method to analyze multiple safety assessment indicators, a spatial–temporal safety management scenario for the production base project is established. Subsequently, BIM and GIS technologies are applied to perform a spatial–temporal simulation of the construction site safety management scenario. This process delineates safety and hazard areas across different construction phases based on time and spatial dimensions, enabling a comprehensive safety assessment of the construction site of the production base project. The study offers a reference and guidance for improving the level of safety management at construction project sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II)
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13 pages, 6507 KiB  
Article
Influence of Internal Pressure on Hollow Section Steel Members in Fire
by Andrei Kervalishvili and Ivar Talvik
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 149; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app14010149 - 23 Dec 2023
Viewed by 696
Abstract
Structural steel hollow section members are extensively utilized in civil engineering due to their excellent mechanical performance, favourable geometry for corrosion protection, and aesthetic appeal. Degradation in material properties of steel and thermal expansion at high temperatures must be regarded in designs for [...] Read more.
Structural steel hollow section members are extensively utilized in civil engineering due to their excellent mechanical performance, favourable geometry for corrosion protection, and aesthetic appeal. Degradation in material properties of steel and thermal expansion at high temperatures must be regarded in designs for fire situations. The closed inner space of hollow sections presents challenges at elevated temperatures. The present study examines the effect of expanding air on the stress state in section walls of hermetically sealed circular and rectangular hollow sections. The effect of the gas pressure is calculated analytically and numerically. The pressure of the expanding air may substantially reduce the capacity of a tubular member. The influence on resistance depends on temperature, volume of the air in the tubular member, and geometry of the hollow section. The results of the study indicate that rectangular hollow sections with relatively large width-to-thickness ratios are more sensitive to internal pressure than circular hollow sections. The temperature range where the adverse effect of internal pressure occurs can include realistic critical temperatures in practical design and therefore deserve special attention to ensure the required safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II)
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24 pages, 11312 KiB  
Article
Regulation of Calcium Source and Addition Method for MICP in Repairing High-Temperature Concrete Damage
by Hong Wei, Yanan Fan, Hongxiu Du, Renwang Liang and Xiaoyuan Wang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5528; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13095528 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1383
Abstract
After exposure to high temperatures, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete structures are significantly reduced, and effective measures must be taken for reinforcement and repair. High-temperature concrete damage manifests as looseness, spalling, and cracks, which are suitable for microbial-induced carbonate precipitation. When [...] Read more.
After exposure to high temperatures, the mechanical properties and durability of concrete structures are significantly reduced, and effective measures must be taken for reinforcement and repair. High-temperature concrete damage manifests as looseness, spalling, and cracks, which are suitable for microbial-induced carbonate precipitation. When repairing high-temperature concrete damage with microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), the calcium source is an important influencing factor. The type of calcium source and the method used to add calcium source will directly affect the mineralized products, which in turn affect the quality of the repair. In this study, the mineralized products of Sporosarcina pasteurii were qualitatively analyzed and the appropriate type of calcium source and addition method were determined. The repair effect on high-temperature concrete damage was also verified. The results showed that the mineralized products of Sporosarcina pasteurii were calcium carbonate, with mixed vaterite and calcite crystals. Calcium acetate was found to be the most appropriate calcium source, while the pre-calcium-source addition method was shown to be optimal. At each damage temperature, the compressive strength showed a certain degree of recovery, and the water absorption exhibited a certain degree of reduction. At 600 °C, the compressive strength of the repaired specimens increased up to 202.68% compared with the damaged specimens and the water absorption of the repaired specimens was 34.32% lower than that of the damaged specimens. The higher the damage temperature, the more obvious the repair effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II)
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19 pages, 18417 KiB  
Article
Fire Behavior and Adhesion of Magnesium Phosphate Coatings for the Protection of Steel Structures
by Nicoleta Florentina Cirstea, Alina Badanoiu, Georgeta Voicu, Robert Catalin Ciocoiu and Aurelian Cristian Boscornea
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12620; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app122412620 - 09 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1169
Abstract
This paper presents the main properties of magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) to be used as coatings for passive fire protection of steel structures. The influence of various additions, i.e., waste glass powder, fly ash, a styrene–acrylic dispersion, and expandable graphite, on the fire [...] Read more.
This paper presents the main properties of magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) to be used as coatings for passive fire protection of steel structures. The influence of various additions, i.e., waste glass powder, fly ash, a styrene–acrylic dispersion, and expandable graphite, on the fire behavior and the adhesion to steel substrates of magnesium phosphate coatings is presented in this paper. The setting time of studied cements is extended when magnesia, the main component of MPCs, is partially replaced with fly ash or/and waste glass powder. The mineralogical composition of these cements, before and after thermal treatment at 1050 °C, was assessed by X-ray diffraction and could explain the changes in compressive strength, volume, and mass recorded for the thermally treated specimens. The studied magnesium phosphate coatings have a good adherence to the steel substrate (assessed by a pull-off test) both before and after direct contact with a flame (fire test) and decrease the temperature of the steel substrate by 30% with respect to the one recorded for the uncoated steel plate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II)
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Review

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20 pages, 872 KiB  
Review
Evacuation Simulation under Threat of Wildfire—An Overview of Research, Development, and Knowledge Gaps
by Shahab Mohammad Beyki, Aldina Santiago, Luís Laím and Hélder D. Craveiro
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9587; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13179587 - 24 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1595
Abstract
Wildfires have become a common incident over the past decades, and they have been threatening people’s lives and assets. In the communities close to wildlands or wildland–urban interfaces (WUI), these threats become increasingly serious, and in case of wildfires, people are advised or [...] Read more.
Wildfires have become a common incident over the past decades, and they have been threatening people’s lives and assets. In the communities close to wildlands or wildland–urban interfaces (WUI), these threats become increasingly serious, and in case of wildfires, people are advised or often have to evacuate the area to save their lives. In order to have a safe and effective evacuation, data on people’s behavior and decisions during wildfires, evacuation modeling, and traffic simulations are required. This paper reviews past and recent research on evacuation, human behavior in wildfires, evacuation modeling, and traffic simulation. Similar research on evacuation in other situations is also reviewed, and the applicability of the models and simulations on wildfires is discussed. Different stages for an evacuation modeling design are assessed, and the gaps and challenges in obtaining an effective evacuation model are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Civil Structure for Fire Response Volume II)
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