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Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete
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Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 11753

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ki-Bong Park

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Guest Editor
Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
Interests: building construction; construction materials; concrete engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. L. Edwards

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Interests: glass materials; concrete
Dr. Jiaqing Wang

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Guest Editor
College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Interests: sustainable infrastructure materials; rubberized concrete; fiber-reinforced concrete; utilization of MSW; asphalt concrete materials; material macro and micro characterizations; FEM fracture analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will showcase some of the latest research on stone-based materials, clay science, industrial mineralogy, glass materials, advanced epoxy-based materials, concrete, and technogenesis.

Clay minerals are difficult objects to study, so any research providing results aimed at methodological support of the analysis of clay materials and the development/implementation of an integrated analytical approach to the study of clay materials is of great significance.

Glass is a material that we encounter in many forms in our everyday lives; as an artistic medium, it is evocative and has an innate beauty that has captured the creative imagination. Novel glass and glass-ceramic materials can be used in optical devices like high-power solid-state and fibre lasers, optical amplifiers, fluorescent devices, colour displays, scintillators, as well as optical and thermal sensors.

With the development of the times, more and more concrete structures have been demolished. The recycling and utilization of concrete has become an urgent problem in many countries. The recycling and utilization of concrete structures have many benefits, such as saving land resources, eliminating soil pollution, and promoting economic growth. At the same time, the recycling and utilization of concrete is also facing many challenges, such as the low performance of concrete caused by recycled aggregates, environmental pollution caused by waste gypsum, and the lack of clear design standards for recycled concrete.

Epoxy resins have gained broad use in electronic applications due to their beneficial properties such as excellent adhesion, low shrinkage, low dielectric constant, and outstanding mechanical and thermal properties. Advanced epoxy-based materials may include metal/epoxy, carbon-based fillers/epoxy, inorganic materials/epoxy, epoxy/polymeric materials, and fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Advanced epoxy-based materials have a wide range of applications, such as adhesives for electronic devices, bio-based epoxy resins, paints/coatings, wind turbine composites, automotive/aerospace composites, and other adhesives for numerous applications.

With the rapid development of infrastructure constructions, more advanced materials have been investigated and applied. Recently, construction materials, including Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy, and Concrete, were discovered to be properly utilized for the infrastructure establishment. In addition, the sustainable techniques in these materials have also been universally studied.

Particularly welcomes innovative interdisciplinary research with wide impact. Possible paper topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete
  • Cement
  • Minerals
  • Sustainable buildings
  • Construction materials
  • Glass-Ceramic materials
  • Rock
  • Strength, Durability, Sustainability
  • Supplementary cementitious materials
  • Life cycle carbon dioxide
  • Self-healing concrete
  • Ultra-high performance concrete
  • Optimal design of concrete

Prof. Ki-Bong Park
Prof. Dr. L. Edwards
Dr. Jiaqing Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2753 KiB  
Article
Monte Carlo Investigation of Gamma Radiation Shielding Features for Bi2O3/Epoxy Composites
by Karem G. Mahmoud, M. I. Sayyed, Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Jack Arayro and Yasser Maghrbi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1757; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13031757 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1576
Abstract
Three different samples were synthesized based on polyepoxide resin, a solidifying agent, and a Bi2O3 doping compound. The polyepoxide resin and solidifying agent were added in a 2:1 ratio by weight and the Bi2O3 compound was added [...] Read more.
Three different samples were synthesized based on polyepoxide resin, a solidifying agent, and a Bi2O3 doping compound. The polyepoxide resin and solidifying agent were added in a 2:1 ratio by weight and the Bi2O3 compound was added in ratios of 0, 5, and 10 wt. %. The density of the synthesized composites was measured using an MH-300A densimeter with an uncertainty in measurement of 0.001 g/cm3. The measurements showed that the density of the fabricated composite varied from 1.103 g/cm3 to 1.20 g/cm3 when the reinforcing Bi2O3 compound was raised from 0 wt. % to 10 wt. %. Furthermore, the γ-ray shielding parameters were evaluated based on the simulated mean track length of γ-photons inside the synthesized composites using MCNP-5 code. The simulated results show an enhancement in the shielding parameter when increasing the Bi2O3 concentration, where the linear attenuation coefficient values increased from 0.101 cm−1 to 0.118 cm−1 as the Bi2O3 concentration increased from 0 to 10 wt. %. The increase in the LAC has a positive effect on the other shielding properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete)
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21 pages, 3353 KiB  
Article
Development of an Analytical Model for the FRP Retrofitted Deficient Interior Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints
by Asad Zia, Zhang Pu, Ivan Holly, Tariq Umar and Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2339; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12052339 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1693
Abstract
Beam-column joints (BCJs) constructed until the 1970s carry a low shear capability due to the absence of shear reinforcement. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are more reliable than other materials to strengthen a weak BCJ. To date, plenty of analytical models have been developed to [...] Read more.
Beam-column joints (BCJs) constructed until the 1970s carry a low shear capability due to the absence of shear reinforcement. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are more reliable than other materials to strengthen a weak BCJ. To date, plenty of analytical models have been developed to analyze the actual contribution of the FRP to the shear strength of RC BCJs. However, the models developed are either too complex in computational efforts or based on empirical coefficients that result in compromised results. The models that formulate the contribution of FRP to the shear strength of the FRP-strengthened deficient interior BCJ are very limited, and such models are too complex. An adequate BCJs’ FRP strain equation must still be developed to address these issues. Therefore, the FRP effective strain equation and contribution of FRP to RC BCJs are derived in this research work using an updated database of the appropriate BCJs. The initial analytical model of Bousselham, which Del Vecchio later improved, is further extended to FRP-strengthened deficient interior BCJs. For this purpose, an updated database of the 32 tests around the world of FRP-strengthened interior BCJs deficient in seismic reinforcement is prepared. Firstly, the experimental effective FRP strain is derived using the experimental database. Then, a power-type equation is derived for the effective FRP strain by considering the crucial parameters of the FRP-strengthened interior BCJs. Finally, the experimental shear strengths and those determined with the proposed equation of the FRP-strengthened joints are compared. The average ratio between the experimental and analytical (proposed model) joint shear strengths of the considered specimens ensured the accuracy of the suggested model. The suggested approach makes computing the FRP enhancements required to avoid shear failure in interior joints easy and reliable for researchers and field engineers interested in seismically reinforcing existing structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete)
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10 pages, 2786 KiB  
Article
Thermoluminescence Sensitization of Phyllite Natural Rock
by Entesar Almogait, Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Nourah Alhammad and M. I. Sayyed
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 637; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12020637 - 10 Jan 2022
Viewed by 1091
Abstract
A sensitization procedure is used to enhance the thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity of phyllite to emit radiation. Phyllite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock made from slate. This study examines naturally grown phyllite rock, which had not been previously studied. Using a Thermo [...] Read more.
A sensitization procedure is used to enhance the thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity of phyllite to emit radiation. Phyllite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock made from slate. This study examines naturally grown phyllite rock, which had not been previously studied. Using a Thermo 3500 manual reader, the TL sensitivity of phyllite as a function of dosage was measured. The doses required to perform this study were administered using a 60Co source. The statistical regression test of the data had a significance level of p < 0.05. The study also included thermal and pre-dose effects. Using the sensitization procedure, the nonlinearity in TL dose–response was removed, and the sensitivity was increased 44 times that of its original value. The fading study showed a dependence on the test dose. According to the obtained results, the combination of linear dose–response and high sensitivity to gamma radiation makes phyllite an important rock for dating and retrospective dosimetry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete)
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19 pages, 5726 KiB  
Article
Radiological Investigation on Sediments: A Case Study of Wadi Rod Elsayalla the Southeastern Desert of Egypt
by Ahmed E. Abdel Gawad, Khaled Ali, Hassan Eliwa, M. I. Sayyed, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, David A. Bradley, Hamid Osman, Basem H. Elesawy and Mohamed Y. Hanfi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11884; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112411884 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1533
Abstract
The presence of heavy radioactive minerals in the studied granitoids from which the Wadi sediments leads to the study of the exposure to emitted gamma rays from the terrestrial radionuclides, such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K. The geological study revealed [...] Read more.
The presence of heavy radioactive minerals in the studied granitoids from which the Wadi sediments leads to the study of the exposure to emitted gamma rays from the terrestrial radionuclides, such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K. The geological study revealed that the Wadi sediments derived from the surrounding granitoids, such as syenogranite, alkali feldspar granite, and quartz syenite. The mineral analysis confirmed that the granitoids were enriched with radioactive minerals, such as uranothorite as well as monazite, zircon, yttrocolumbite, and allanite. The mean activity of the 238U, 232Th, and 40K concentrations are 62.2 ± 20.8, 84.2 ± 23.3, and 949.4 ± 172.5 Bq kg−1, respectively, for the investigated Wadi sediments, exceeding the reported limit of 33, 45 and 412 Bq kg−1, respectively. Public exposure to emitted gamma radiation is detected by estimating many radiological hazard indices, such as the radium equivalent content (Raeq), external and internal hazard indices (Hex and Hin), annual effective dose (AED), annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE), and excess lifetime cancer (ELCR). The obtained results of the radiological hazards parameters showed that public exposure to emitted gamma radiation can induce various dangerous health effects. Thus, the application of the investigated sediments in different building materials and infrastructures fields is not safe. A multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) was applied to detect radionuclide correlations with the radiological hazard parameters estimated in the granite samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete)
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15 pages, 2140 KiB  
Article
Impact of Modifier Oxides on Mechanical and Radiation Shielding Properties of B2O3-SrO-TeO2-RO Glasses (Where RO = TiO2, ZnO, BaO, and PbO)
by M. I. Sayyed, M. Kh. Hamad, Mohammad Hasan Abu Mhareb, K. A. Naseer, K. A. Mahmoud, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Hamid Osman and Basem H. Elesawy
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10904; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112210904 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 1808
Abstract
The influence of modifier oxides (TiO2, ZnO, BaO, and PbO) on the mechanical and radiation shielding properties of boro-tellurate glasses is investigated. Samples with a composition of B2O3-SrO-TeO2-RO (RO represents the modifier oxides) were fabricated [...] Read more.
The influence of modifier oxides (TiO2, ZnO, BaO, and PbO) on the mechanical and radiation shielding properties of boro-tellurate glasses is investigated. Samples with a composition of B2O3-SrO-TeO2-RO (RO represents the modifier oxides) were fabricated using the melt quench method, and their physical, mechanical, and radiation attenuation parameters were reported. For this aim, Monte Carlo simulation was employed to predict the radiation attenuation parameters, while the Makishima-Mackenzie model was adopted to determine the mechanical properties. The tightly packed structure with better cross-linkage density is possessed by the Ti-containing glass (SBT-Ti) system among the titled glass batch. The higher Poisson and micro-hardness values of the SBT-Ti glass indicate its structure’s reduced free volume and better compactness. For the glass with PbO, the linear and mass attenuation coefficients are highly increased compared to those glasses doped with TiO2, ZnO, and BaO. The thinner half-value layer was reported at 0.015 MeV, taking values 0.006, 0.005, 0.004, and 0.002 for samples with TiO2, ZnO, BaO, and PbO, respectively. SBT-Pb sample (with PbO) has a thinner HVL compared to other fabricated glass samples. The fabricated glasses’ thickness (Deq) equivalent to 1 cm of lead (Pb) was reported. The results demonstrated that Deq is high at low energy and equals 11.62, 8.81, 7.61, 4.56 cm for SBT-Ti, SBT-Zn, SBT-Ba, and SBT-Pb glass samples, respectively. According to the Deq results, the fabricated glasses have a shielding capacity between 30 and 43% compared to the pure Pb at gamma-ray energy of 1.5 MeV. At high energy (8 MeV), the transmission factor values for a thickness of 1 cm of the fabricated samples reach 88.68, 87.83, 85.95, and 83.11% for glasses SBT-Ti, SBT-Zn, SBT-Ba, and SBT-Pb, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete)
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15 pages, 5460 KiB  
Article
Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Insulation Properties of Lightweight Concrete
by Marzena Kurpińska, Leszek Kułak, Tadeusz Miruszewski and Marcin Byczuk
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10544; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112210544 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Predicting the properties of concrete before its design and application process allows for refining and optimizing its composition. However, the properties of lightweight concrete are much harder to predict than those of normal weight concrete, especially if the forecast concerns the insulating properties [...] Read more.
Predicting the properties of concrete before its design and application process allows for refining and optimizing its composition. However, the properties of lightweight concrete are much harder to predict than those of normal weight concrete, especially if the forecast concerns the insulating properties of concrete with artificial lightweight aggregate (LWA). It is possible to use porous aggregates and precisely modify the composition of lightweight concrete (LWC) with specific insulating properties. In this case, it is advisable to determine the parameters of the components and perform preliminary laboratory tests, and then use theoretical methods (e.g., artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict not only the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete, but also its thermal insulation properties. Fifteen types of lightweight concrete, differing in light filler, were tested. Lightweight aggregates with different grain diameters and lightweight aggregate grains with different porosity were used. For the tests, expanded glass was applied as a filler with very good thermal insulation properties and granulated sintered fly ash, characterized by a relatively low density and high crushing strength in the group of LWAs. The aim of the work is to demonstrate the usefulness of an ANN for the determination of the relationship between the selection of the type and quantity of LWA and porosity, density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity (TC) of the LWC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete)
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18 pages, 3468 KiB  
Article
Adsorption of Yttrium Ions on 3-Amino-5-Hydroxypyrazole Impregnated Bleaching Clay, a Novel Sorbent Material
by Ahmed K. Sakr, Mohamed F. Cheira, Mohamed A. Hassanin, Hamed I. Mira, Saad A. Mohamed, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Hamid Osman, Emad M. Eed, M. I. Sayyed and Mohamed Y. Hanfi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10320; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110320 - 03 Nov 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
In this work, spent bleaching clay (SBC) was treated with ethyl acetate and impregnation with 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (AHIBC) that utilized as economical sorbent material. The uptake of yttrium ions from aqueous solution using AHIBC was studied under batch process as a function of pH [...] Read more.
In this work, spent bleaching clay (SBC) was treated with ethyl acetate and impregnation with 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (AHIBC) that utilized as economical sorbent material. The uptake of yttrium ions from aqueous solution using AHIBC was studied under batch process as a function of pH of the solution, contact time, adsorbent dosage, Yttrium ions concentration, and ambient temperature. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved at the value of pH = 6.0 and agitation time of 60 min at room temperature. The utmost adsorption capacity of Y(III) ions on AHIBC was 171.32 mg·g−1. Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic models were applied to the experimental data obtained. Adsorption follows a pseudo–second–order kinetic model, while the adsorption isotherm fits the Langmuir model. A negative value of Gibbs free energy ΔG° revealed that the adsorption of the Y ions on the AHIBC adsorbent was spontaneously in nature. In addition, the electrostatic interaction process between the metal ions and AHIBC was favorable. The negative value of ΔH° states that Y ions adsorption was an exothermic process. Desorption efficiency reduced from 97% to 80% after eight consecutive rounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stone, Clay, Glass, Epoxy and Concrete)
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