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Applied Sciences
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Laser Sintering (LS) for Additive Manufacturing with Polymers
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Laser Sintering (LS) for Additive Manufacturing with Polymers

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 10259

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Manfred Schmid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Innovation Center for Additive Manufacturing, Inspire AG, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
Interests: additive manufacturing; laser sintering of polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Laser Sintering (LS) with plastics is one of the most promising additive manufacturing (AM) technologies today. It is currently regarded as the process that is most likely, in the future, to permanently cross the border between prototyping and the serial production of functional parts. This step is challenging because it means that the technology must meet certain requirements that are also valid for traditional and established production processes. Only by succeeding in this step will wide industry acceptance of LS be expected in the future.

However, LS with polymers is a complex process, as, on the one hand, the material has to fulfil a specific multiplicity of intrinsic and extrinsic properties, and, on the other hand, process conditions influence the sintering results (part quality) to a great extent. For this reason, the request for new polymer powders suitable for LS-processing is also challenging. On the side of the materials, the molecular design of polymers and process additives are topics to tune the properties towards LS. Furthermore, powder production, in order to gain the desired particle distributions and shape factors, is keen to see progress. Understanding powder behavior in general, and specifically under the circumstances of LS-processing, is another core subject for further advancement. Physical processes, such as the interaction of laser radiation with materials on the photon level, should be understood, as well as the crystallization and melting behavior of polymers under complex LS-process conditions. LS equipment improvements on all levels, e.g., regarding powder supply and handling, improved heating systems, and, of course, the whole field of data control and evaluation, as well as for quality purposes, are important for progress as well. This Special Issue of Applied Science aims to cover all these topics and will further subjects related to LS-technology and will collect articles presenting outstanding progress of ongoing research at all levels of material and process enhancement to push technology forward. Articles reporting both concise reviews of recently-obtained results and new findings produced in this broad research area are highly welcome. Furthermore, the topics are not entirely limited to LS and will also be related to processes based on polymer powders, such as Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) or High-Speed-Sintering (HSS) will be accepted.

Dr. Manfred Schmid
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Laser Sintering (LS)
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Laser
  • Polymer Powder
  • Powder Behaviour
  • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Powder Properties
  • Material-Radiation interaction
  • LS-Process-Parameter
  • LS-Equipment
  • Related Powder-based Processes (MJF, HSS)

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4458 KiB  
Article
Production and Processing of a Spherical Polybutylene Terephthalate Powder for Laser Sintering
by Rob G. Kleijnen, Manfred Schmid and Konrad Wegener
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(7), 1308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9071308 - 29 Mar 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6061
Abstract
This work describes the production of a spherical polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) powder and its processing with selective laser sintering (SLS). The powder was produced via melt emulsification, a continuous extrusion-based process. PBT was melt blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG), creating an emulsion of [...] Read more.
This work describes the production of a spherical polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) powder and its processing with selective laser sintering (SLS). The powder was produced via melt emulsification, a continuous extrusion-based process. PBT was melt blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG), creating an emulsion of spherical PBT droplets in a PEG matrix. Powder could be extracted after dissolving the PEG matrix phase in water. The extrusion settings were adjusted to optimize the size and yield of PBT particles. After classification, 79 vol. % of particles fell within a range of 10–100 µm. Owing to its spherical shape, the powder exhibited excellent flowability and packing properties. After powder production, the width of the thermal processing (sintering) window was reduced by 7.6 °C. Processing of the powder on a laser sintering machine was only possible with difficulties. The parts exhibited mechanical properties inferior to injection-molded specimens. The main reason lied in the PBT being prone to thermal degradation and hydrolysis during the powder production process. Melt emulsification in general is a process well suited to produce a large variety of SLS powders with exceptional flowability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Sintering (LS) for Additive Manufacturing with Polymers)
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20 pages, 855 KiB  
Article
Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict the Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 2200 (PA12) in Additive Manufacturing
by Ivanna Baturynska
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 1060; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9061060 - 13 Mar 2019
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3719
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive technology for the manufacturing industry due to flexibility in its design and functionality, but inconsistency in quality is one of the major limitations preventing utilizing this technology for the production of end-use parts. The prediction of mechanical [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive technology for the manufacturing industry due to flexibility in its design and functionality, but inconsistency in quality is one of the major limitations preventing utilizing this technology for the production of end-use parts. The prediction of mechanical properties can be one of the possible ways to improve the repeatability of results. The part placement, part orientation, and STL model properties (number of mesh triangles, surface, and volume) are used to predict tensile modulus, nominal stress, and elongation at break for polyamide 2200 (also known as PA12). An EOS P395 polymer powder bed fusion system was used to fabricate 217 specimens in two identical builds (434 specimens in total). Prediction is performed for XYZ, XZY, ZYX, and Angle orientations separately, and all orientations together. The different non-linear models based on machine learning methods have higher prediction accuracy compared with linear regression models. Linear regression models only have prediction accuracy higher than 80% for Tensile Modulus and Elongation at break in Angle orientation. Since orientation-based modeling has low prediction accuracy due to a small number of data points and lack of information about the material properties, these models need to be improved in the future based on additional experimental work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Sintering (LS) for Additive Manufacturing with Polymers)
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