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Applied Sciences
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LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping
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LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 September 2021) | Viewed by 10943

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yu-Chung Hsieh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental & Engineering Geology Division, Central Geological Survey, MOEA, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
Interests: airborne LiDAR (ALS); unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); photogrammetry; remote sensing; Earth surface processes; geohazards; engineering geology; geological mapping

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to announce the opening of a new Special Issue in the journal Applied Sciences. The topic of the Special Issue will be “LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping”.

Geology is the science comprising the study of the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geological mapping is the most basic work in geological research. With the development of high-resolution DEMs, geological mapping could also see improvements in its resolution, quality, and application range. In this issue, we would like to update the analytical methods for discovering and understanding the LiDAR DEMs for geological mapping.

This Special Issue is designed to explore knowledge on the scientific applications of these state-of-the-art tools. Prospective authors are invited to contribute to this Special Issue by submitting an original manuscript of their latest research results in the field of advances of LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping, including:

New technological developments of platforms and/or sensors;

Analytical methods and algorithms for datasets of LiDAR DEMs;

Applied use of geological mapping in:

-Geological applications (lithological classification, geological structures, neotectonics, seismology, etc.);

-Geomorphology;

-Geohazards, engineering/geotechnical, and environmental and/or contamination;

-Terrain, bathymetry, and DEM analytical techniques;

-Natural resources, mineral and geothermal exploration;

-Oil & Gas;

-Classification, multi-temporal analysis, and modelling.

We hope you will contribute your high-quality research, and we look forward to reading your valuable results.

Dr. Yu-Chung Hsieh
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • LiDAR
  • DEM
  • geological mapping
  • geological applications
  • geomorphology
  • geohazards

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 10432 KiB  
Article
High-Resolution LiDAR Digital Elevation Model Referenced Landslide Slide Observation with Differential Interferometric Radar, GNSS, and Underground Measurements
by Kuo-Lung Wang, Jun-Tin Lin, Hsun-Kuang Chu, Chao-Wei Chen, Chia-Hao Lu, Jyun-Yen Wang, Hsi-Hung Lin and Chung-Chi Chi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112311389 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2861
Abstract
The area of Taiwan is 70% hillsides. In addition, the topography fluctuates wildly, and it is active in earthquakes and young orogenic movements. Landslides are a widespread disaster in Taiwan. However, landslides are not a disaster until someone enters the mountain area for [...] Read more.
The area of Taiwan is 70% hillsides. In addition, the topography fluctuates wildly, and it is active in earthquakes and young orogenic movements. Landslides are a widespread disaster in Taiwan. However, landslides are not a disaster until someone enters the mountain area for development. Therefore, landslide displacement monitoring is the primary task of this study. Potential landslide areas with mostly slate geological conditions were selected as candidate sites in this study. The slate bedding in this area is approximately 30 to 75 degrees toward the southeast, which means that creep may occur due to gravity deformation caused by high-angle rock formation strikes. In addition, because the research site is located in a densely vegetated area, the data noise is very high, and it is not easy to obtain good results. This study chose ESA Sentinel-1 data for analysis and 1-m LiDAR DEM as reference elevation. The 1-m LiDAR DEM with high accuracy can help to detect more complex deformation from DInSAR. The Sentinel-1 series of satellites have a regular revisit period. In addition, the farm areas of roads, bridges, and buildings in the study area provided enough reflections to produce good coherence. Sentinel-1 images from March 2017 to June 2021 were analyzed, obtaining slope deformation and converting it to the vertical direction. Deformation derived from SAR is compared with other measurements, including GNSS and underground slope inclinometer. The SBAS solution process provides more DInSAR pairs to overcome the problem of tremendous noise and has increased accuracy. Moreover, the SBAS method’s parameter modification derives more candidate points in the vegetated area. The vertical deformation comparison between the GNSS installation location and the ascending SBAS solution’s vertical deformation is consistent. Moreover, the reliable facing of the slope toward the SAR satellite is discussed. Due to the limitations of the GNSS stations, this study proposes a method to convert the observed deformation from the slope inclinometer and convert it to vertical deformation. The displacement of the slope indicator is originally a horizontal displacement. It is assumed that it is fixed at the farthest underground, and the bottom-to-top movement is integrated with depth. The results show that the proposed equation to convert horizontal to vertical displacement fits well in this condition. The activity of landslides within the LiDAR digital elevation model identified as scars is also mapped. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping)
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19 pages, 15256 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Geological Structures Using UAV Lidar and Its Effects on the Failure Mechanism of Deep-Seated Landslide in Lantai Area, Taiwan
by Meei-Ling Lin, Yen-Cheng Chen, Yao-Hsien Tseng, Kuo-Jen Chang and Kuo-Lung Wang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10052; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110052 - 27 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
The deep-seated landslide in the Lantai area, Taiwan, has a long history of landslide activity and often damages the sole access road to the Tai-Ping Mountain National Forest Recreation Area. This study adopted the high-resolution digital terrain model (DTMH) derived from UAV mounted [...] Read more.
The deep-seated landslide in the Lantai area, Taiwan, has a long history of landslide activity and often damages the sole access road to the Tai-Ping Mountain National Forest Recreation Area. This study adopted the high-resolution digital terrain model (DTMH) derived from UAV mounted LiDAR point cloud data for mapping geological structures and verified through field investigation. A slope model was proposed with mapped geological structures and shear zone, and numerical analysis was conducted using finite difference analysis. The failure mechanism was found to be significantly affected by the shear zone bounded by geological structures, which would not have been uncovered without the high-resolution DTM (DTMH). The resulting landslide behavior consisted well with mapped scarp, borehole data, and conformed with the event records. These results provided vital information supporting hazard mitigation strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping)
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19 pages, 20989 KiB  
Article
Application of Geological Mapping Using Airborne-Based LiDAR DEM to Tunnel Engineering: Example of Dongao Tunnel in Northeastern Taiwan
by Pai-Chiao Lo, Wei Lo, Tai-Tien Wang and Yu-Chung Hsieh
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11104404 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2783
Abstract
The use of digital elevation models (DEMs) that use airborne-based light detection and the ranging technique (airborne-based LiDAR) to understand large-scale geological structures has become important in geological surveying and mapping. Taking the Dongao Tunnel area in northeastern Taiwan as the study area, [...] Read more.
The use of digital elevation models (DEMs) that use airborne-based light detection and the ranging technique (airborne-based LiDAR) to understand large-scale geological structures has become important in geological surveying and mapping. Taking the Dongao Tunnel area in northeastern Taiwan as the study area, this study used the airborne-based LiDAR DEM and related value-added maps to interpret the topographic and geomorphic features of the area and identify locations for geological investigation. The characteristics of the rock mass were observed on-site and revealed by excavation of the highway tunnel in the study area; they were compared with the interpreted topographic and geomorphic features to determine the potential of using 1 m-resolution LiDAR DEM in geological surveys and in the evaluation of engineering characteristics of underground rock masses. The results of this study demonstrated that the DEM accurately captured geomorphic features: the strata composed of slate and schist had distinct appearances in both the clinometric map and the hillshade map; the locations of faults, lineaments, and drainage were consistent with those observed on-site, and the positions of these features were captured more accurately than those on conventional maps. Evident microrelief features, including the distribution of scarps, erosion gullies, and mini-drainage systems provide an effective basis for interpreting a deep-seated gravitational deformation slope and for an on-site inspection for validation. The use of high-resolution LiDAR DEM to interpret geomorphic features along with geological surveys provides a more comprehensive understanding of the survey area, supporting surveys and geological mapping, revealing the locations of potential slope failures, and enabling the assessment of tunnel engineering risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping)
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16 pages, 12533 KiB  
Article
Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Acquired Topography for Quantifying Typhoon-Driven Landslide Volume and Its Potential Topographic Impact on Rivers in Mountainous Catchments
by Kuo-Jen Chang, Chun-Wei Tseng, Chih-Ming Tseng, Ta-Chun Liao and Ci-Jian Yang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 6102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10176102 - 02 Sep 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2780
Abstract
Landslides are highly erosional processes that dominate sediment mobilization and reshape landscapes in orogenic belts. Therefore, quantifying and characterizing landslide volume is essential to disaster prevention and understanding landscape evolution in mountainous rivers. Progressive development of the structure-from-motion (SfM) and multi-view stereo (MVS) [...] Read more.
Landslides are highly erosional processes that dominate sediment mobilization and reshape landscapes in orogenic belts. Therefore, quantifying and characterizing landslide volume is essential to disaster prevention and understanding landscape evolution in mountainous rivers. Progressive development of the structure-from-motion (SfM) and multi-view stereo (MVS) photogrammetric techniques and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) provides low-cost and high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), compared to traditional aerial photogrammetry at the same resolution. In this study, we quantified landslide volume and change in river channel volume at meter-scale accuracy for the Laishe River catchment of southern Taiwan from 2009 to 2015, which provides reliable data for discussing sediment transport and morphological response. The observations indicate that Typhoon Morakot in August 2009, induced a landslide volume of 31.63 million (M) m3, which is equal to 87% of the six-year sediment production. Typhoon Morakot also caused the deposition of 8.2 M m3 in the Laishe River. Additionally, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using UAVs to quantify the migration of landslide material and changes in channel area and volume, and the detection of landslide dams. In conclusion, two sources of images, especially those by UAVs, were used to decipher the consequence and potential hazard, social impact, and morphological changes in a mountainous river. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue LiDAR DEMs for Geological Mapping)
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