Research

Jump to: Review

8 pages, 795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of the Insertion Loss of Barriers on Rigid Ground in the Time Domain

by Jun Gu, Xuelei Feng and Yong Shen

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 2018; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12042018 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1187

This paper presents a method for calculating the insertion loss of barriers on the ground. The method combines the classic imaging method for an analysis of sound propagation with the secondary source model for diffraction by barriers in the time domain, which is [...] Read more.

This paper presents a method for calculating the insertion loss of barriers on the ground. The method combines the classic imaging method for an analysis of sound propagation with the secondary source model for diffraction by barriers in the time domain, which is different from other frequency-domain methods. The validity of the proposed method is verified by comparing the theoretical results with those derived from the MacDonald method, and a valid approximation for the infinite barrier is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Domain Sound Field Reproduction with Pressure and Particle Velocity Jointly Controlled

by Xuanqi Hu, Jiale Wang, Wen Zhang and Lijun Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10880; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112210880 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

Particle velocity has been introduced to improve the performance of spatial sound field reproduction systems with an irregular loudspeaker array setup. However, existing systems have only been developed in the frequency domain. In this work, we propose a time-domain sound field reproduction method [...] Read more.

Particle velocity has been introduced to improve the performance of spatial sound field reproduction systems with an irregular loudspeaker array setup. However, existing systems have only been developed in the frequency domain. In this work, we propose a time-domain sound field reproduction method with both sound pressure and particle velocity components jointly controlled. To solve the computational complexity problem associated with the multi-channel setup and the long-length filter design, we adopt the general eigenvalue decomposition-based approach and the conjugate gradient method. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through numerical simulations with both a regular loudspeaker array layout and an irregular loudspeaker array layout in a room environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Auditory Presence Using Electroencephalography

by Shufeng Zhang, Xuelei Feng and Yong Shen

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10461; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110461 - 07 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1787

Abstract

Presence is used to assess the subjective experience of being in one place when physically situated in another. Recently, the research on presence has gained increasing attention due to the wide use of immersive audio technologies. Currently, the most widely-used measurement of presence [...] Read more.

Presence is used to assess the subjective experience of being in one place when physically situated in another. Recently, the research on presence has gained increasing attention due to the wide use of immersive audio technologies. Currently, the most widely-used measurement of presence is based on post-experiment self-report questionnaires. It is reliable but imperfect due to the psychological changes caused by the act of answering the questionnaire when immersed in the virtual environment. Therefore, the present work aims to find an objective way to measure presence, and electroencephalography (EEG) was investigated as a possible tool for this objective measurement. In this study, two listening tests were conducted, where eight loudspeakers were used to reproduce urban soundscapes to stimulate auditory presence. Presence was measured by both questionnaires and EEG. Results showed a significant correlation between T/B (Theta/Beta Ratio) extracted from EEG and subjective presence levels assessed by questionnaires, suggesting the possible use of EEG to measure presence objectively. This study could bring some insight for the research of presence, and related technologies, such as VR, video games and immersive audio production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Zone Active Noise Control Strategy for the Scattered Sound Control of an Infinite Rigid Cylinder

by Yuwei Feng, Xiaolin Wang, Xiaoyan Cui, Ming Wu and Jun Yang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10011; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110011 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

Active noise control can be used to reduce the scattered sound of a reflecting object to make it invisible to incident acoustic waves. For the multi-zone active noise control of scattered sound from an infinite rigid cylinder, an active control strategy is proposed [...] Read more.

Active noise control can be used to reduce the scattered sound of a reflecting object to make it invisible to incident acoustic waves. For the multi-zone active noise control of scattered sound from an infinite rigid cylinder, an active control strategy is proposed that combines the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm with constraint points and regularized least squares (RLS) algorithm. The proposed control strategy is used to promote control performance through optimizing the secondary loudspeaker placement of an active noise control system. Compared with the RLS algorithm employing the uniformly placed loudspeakers and the traditional LASSO algorithm, the proposed strategy has better reduction performance both in the forward-scattered and backward-scattered sound target areas, and there is less sound amplification in the far field. From 400 Hz–1100 Hz, the proposed strategy provides a 5 dB–16 dB reduction performance advantage in the target area compared to the RLS algorithm employing uniformly placed loudspeakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Complexity Volterra Filtered-Error LMS Algorithm with a Kronecker Product Decomposition

by Jinhui Zhang, Chengshi Zheng, Fangjie Zhang and Xiaodong Li

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(20), 9637; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11209637 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1275

Abstract

Nonlinear active control is very important in many practical applications. Many well-known nonlinear active noise control algorithms may suffer from high computational complexity and low convergence speed, especially in the nonlinear secondary path case. Thus, it is still an actively researched topic for [...] Read more.

Nonlinear active control is very important in many practical applications. Many well-known nonlinear active noise control algorithms may suffer from high computational complexity and low convergence speed, especially in the nonlinear secondary path case. Thus, it is still an actively researched topic for reducing complexity and improving the convergence rate. This paper presents a low-complexity Volterra filtered-error least mean square algorithm when taking a decomposable Volterra model into account for active control of nonlinear noise processes, which is referred as DVMFELMS. The computational complexity analysis shows that the proposed DVMFELMS algorithm can significantly reduce the nonlinear active noise control system’s complexity. The simulation results further show that the proposed algorithm can achieve promising performance compared with the Volterra-based FELMS algorithm and other state-of-the-art nonlinear filters, while the decomposable error of the Volterra kernel may be introduced inevitably. Moreover, the proposed DVMFELMS algorithm shows a better convergence rate in the broadband primary noise case due to fewer parameters used in each sub-filter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Late Reverberant Spectral Variance Estimation for Single-Channel Dereverberation Using Adaptive Parameter Estimator

by Zhaoqi Zhang, Xuelei Feng and Yong Shen

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8054; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11178054 - 30 Aug 2021

Viewed by 1587

Abstract

The estimation of the late reverberant spectral variance (LRSV) is of paramount importance in most reverberation suppression algorithms. This letter proposes an improved single-channel LRSV estimator based on Habets LRSV estimator by using an adaptive parameter estimator. Instead of estimating the direct-to-reverberation ratio [...] Read more.

The estimation of the late reverberant spectral variance (LRSV) is of paramount importance in most reverberation suppression algorithms. This letter proposes an improved single-channel LRSV estimator based on Habets LRSV estimator by using an adaptive parameter estimator. Instead of estimating the direct-to-reverberation ratio (DRR), the proposed LRSV estimator directly estimates the parameter

κ

in a generalized statistical model since the experimental results show that even the

κ

calculated using measured ground truth DRR may not be the optimal parameter for the LRSV estimator. Experimental results using synthetic reverberant signals demonstrate the superiority of the proposed estimator to conventional approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Modeling of Piezoelectric Cantilever MEMS Loudspeakers

by Wei Liu, Jie Huang, Yong Shen and Jiazheng Cheng

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6323; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11146323 - 08 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2130

Abstract

Piezoelectric microelectromechanical system (MEMS) loudspeakers have received extensive attention in recent years. In particular, the piezoelectric cantilever MEMS loudspeaker, which uses multilayer piezoelectric cantilever actuators (MPCAs), has attracted attention because of its small size, low cost, ease of manufacture, and desirable piston movement. [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric microelectromechanical system (MEMS) loudspeakers have received extensive attention in recent years. In particular, the piezoelectric cantilever MEMS loudspeaker, which uses multilayer piezoelectric cantilever actuators (MPCAs), has attracted attention because of its small size, low cost, ease of manufacture, and desirable piston movement. However, owing to the complex driving principles of MPCAs, no adequately efficient and appropriate method currently exists that can be used to analyze and predict the performance of piezoelectric cantilever MEMS loudspeakers. In this study, the equivalent circuit method (ECM) is adopted to theoretically model piezoelectric cantilever MEMS loudspeakers, and an ECM model with a special MPCA transformer for electromechanical conversion is proposed. With the proposed ECM model, the performance characteristics of piezoelectric cantilever MEMS loudspeakers, such as the displacement and sound pressure response, can be calculated efficiently and conveniently. To verify the accuracy of the ECM model, the finite element method is adopted for simulation, and the simulated results are compared with those of the ECM models. A satisfactory agreement was found, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed ECM model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 7338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adjustable Structure for Feedback Active Headrest System Using the Virtual Microphone Method

by Zeqiang Zhang, Ming Wu, Chen Gong, Lan Yin and Jun Yang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5033; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11115033 - 29 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2321

Abstract

Active headrest is an essential application for active noise control, capable of reducing low-frequency disturbance around an error microphone. However, in most cases, attaching microphones to ears is not feasible and noise attenuation performance is vulnerable to plant response variations. This paper presents [...] Read more.

Active headrest is an essential application for active noise control, capable of reducing low-frequency disturbance around an error microphone. However, in most cases, attaching microphones to ears is not feasible and noise attenuation performance is vulnerable to plant response variations. This paper presents a multichannel feedback active headrest system combined with the virtual microphone method and a manually adjustable headrest structure for users. Applying the virtual microphone method can transfer the attenuation target from the distant microphone to the ear. The proposed adjustable headrest structure allows for secondary loudspeakers and the corresponding microphone to be moved as a single unit while maintaining the relative distances between the secondary loudspeakers and microphones constant to ensure that the related plant responses are consistent. Experiments were conducted to validate the performance against multi-sinusoidal machine noise. The results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed structure over conventional structures. Additionally, the applicability of the three commonly used virtual sensing methods (the auxiliary filter method, remote microphone method, and virtual microphone method) in various practical conditions was verified when using the proposed adjustable headrest structure. Furthermore, 10 volunteers were involved in the evaluation, and the robustness of the proposed system for various users was confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

16 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Sound Field Control

by Jun Yang, Ming Wu and Lu Han

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7319; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12147319 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2811

Abstract

Sound field control (SFC) technology enables the active management of audio delivered within an acoustical environment. It includes three research directions: sound field reproduction, personal audio systems, and active noise control. Sound field reproduction uses loudspeaker arrays to replicate a sound field in [...] Read more.

Sound field control (SFC) technology enables the active management of audio delivered within an acoustical environment. It includes three research directions: sound field reproduction, personal audio systems, and active noise control. Sound field reproduction uses loudspeaker arrays to replicate a sound field in a target region; personal audio systems extend sound field reproduction over multiple regions so that different listeners can hear personalized audio in a shared space; and active noise control aims to cancel the original sound field in the target area by generating a secondary sound field. In this paper, we briefly review the advances of the three different types of techniques with a discussion of their algorithms and applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sound Field Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Sound Field Control

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (9 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI