Novel Developments on Volatile Compounds and Sensory Analysis of Alcoholic Beverages

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2021) | Viewed by 16916

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Quinta da Almoinha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal
Interests: oenology; flavour compounds; wine brandy ageing; sensory analysis of wine brandies and wines

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Guest Editor
Spanish National Research Council (MBG-CSIC), El Palacio-Salcedo, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
Interests: viticulture and oenology; grape and wine quality; volatile compounds and sensory analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Alcoholic beverages, obtained by fermentation or by distillation of a fermented product of agricultural origin, are composed of hundreds of volatile compounds. These compounds have been extensively studied due to their impact on the aroma of beverages, knowing that there are odorant compounds and odourless compounds. Given that the aroma of beverages is a determining factor of their quality and acceptability for consumers, volatile compounds with an impact on the aroma of alcoholic beverages deserve particular attention from researchers. On the other hand, some of these compounds have been studied due to their importance in food safety, such as methanol or ethyl carbamate, among others. In addition, the occurrence/absence or the amount of some compounds could be used as markers of the used technology or the signal of a product fault.

Volatile compounds, belonging to many chemical families, are present in alcoholic beverages in very different amounts, arising either from raw material (e.g., grapes, barley, hops), secondary metabolites of fermentation (yeast/bacteria) or from aging when applied (e.g., in oak wood).

In recent years, the search for diversification of products and processes, such as the use of different raw materials and fermentation with different yeasts or aging with different woods, poses new challenges to the study of volatile compounds in alcoholic beverages.

In this context, this Special Issue aims to focus on new approaches to volatile compound methods, as well as new approaches in their sensory evaluation for the study of alcoholic beverages (fermented beverages from different raw materails such as cider, wine, beer, or other and distillates such as spirits). Possible subjects comprise but are not limited to the following:

  • New analytical approach for volatile quantification;
  • Olfactometric studies;
  • New sensory approaches;
  • Different technologies and their influence on volatile composition and/or sensory composition;
  • New raw material and its influence on volatile composition and/or sensory composition.

Dr. Ilda Caldeira
Dr. Mar Vilanova
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • volatile compounds
  • alcoholic beverages
  • sensory analysis
  • volatile analysis methods

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 2299 KiB  
Article
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as Flavoring Agent for Alcoholic Beverages
by Ylenia Pieracci, Luisa Pistelli, Matteo Lari, Matteo Iannone, Andrea Marianelli, Roberta Ascrizzi, Laura Pistelli and Guido Flamini
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 9864; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11219864 - 22 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2419
Abstract
The present work is an evaluation of the chemical composition of the aroma and the sensorial characters of a beer flavored with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers. Moreover, the total polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents and the antioxidant activity of the plant materials and beers [...] Read more.
The present work is an evaluation of the chemical composition of the aroma and the sensorial characters of a beer flavored with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers. Moreover, the total polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents and the antioxidant activity of the plant materials and beers were assessed. A comparison with a liqueur flavored with the same hibiscus flowers was also performed. Non-terpene derivatives constituted the main class of components of the aroma of both samples, representing 96.4% of the whole volatilome in the control beer and 99.0% in the hibiscus one. Among this class, esters were the most abundant compounds, being significantly higher in the treated sample (77.6%) than in the control (68.4%), followed by the alcohols (20.9% in control beer and 18.8% in hibiscus beer). From a sensorial point of view, the control beer was characterized by malty and hoppy notes, attributable to the noticeable content in myrcene and α-humulene in its headspace, while in the hibiscus beer, floral and fruity notes, typical of esters and alcohols, prevailed. The polyphenol content was significantly higher in the treated beer (143.96 mg/g) than in the control, as well as the total flavonoids and the total anthocyanins, and, consequently, the antioxidant activity (DPPH-assay). Full article
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15 pages, 3543 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a Spirit Beverage Produced with Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Fruit and Aged with Oak Wood at Laboratorial Scale
by Ofélia Anjos, Soraia Inês Pedro, Débora Caramelo, Andreia Semedo, Carlos A. L. Antunes, Sara Canas and Ilda Caldeira
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5065; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11115065 - 30 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2933
Abstract
Arbutus unedo spirit is a valuable product in Mediterranean countries. This spirit is usually marketed in Portugal without wood ageing. This work aims to characterize the ageing effect on the Arbutus unedo spirit, for three and six months with oak wood (Quercus [...] Read more.
Arbutus unedo spirit is a valuable product in Mediterranean countries. This spirit is usually marketed in Portugal without wood ageing. This work aims to characterize the ageing effect on the Arbutus unedo spirit, for three and six months with oak wood (Quercus robur L.) submitted to different toasting levels, based on its chemical composition and its sensory properties. For this purpose, several parameters were analysed: acidity, pH, dry extract, and volatile compounds (methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and fusel alcohols). The volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS and quantified by GC-FID. Sensory analysis was performed by a trained panel, who have profiled this beverage, as well as the changes acquired during ageing. Spectroscopic techniques, namely FTIR–ATR, were applied to discriminate the different beverages produced. The results highlighted an increase in Arbutus unedo spirit’s quality with the wood contact, mainly based on the sensory attributes. Additionally, they showed that the best beverages were produced using oak wood with medium toasting levels during three months of ageing. Full article
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18 pages, 1529 KiB  
Article
How Different Fermentation Type Affects Volatile Composition of Plum Jerkums
by Magdalena Januszek and Paweł Satora
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4658; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11104658 - 19 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1545
Abstract
Quality of plum jerkum is significantly associated to the profile of volatile compounds. Therefore, we decided to assess the impact of various fermentation types on selected properties of plum jerkums, especially compounds which contribute to the aroma of the finished product. We used [...] Read more.
Quality of plum jerkum is significantly associated to the profile of volatile compounds. Therefore, we decided to assess the impact of various fermentation types on selected properties of plum jerkums, especially compounds which contribute to the aroma of the finished product. We used the following yeast strains: S. cerevisiae S1, H. uvarum H2, and Ethanol RED (S. cerevisiae). Moreover, we considered spontaneous fermentation. S. cerevisiae and H. uvarum strains were isolated during the fermentation of Čačanska Lepotica or Węgierka Dąbrowicka (plum cultivars), respectively. As for fermentation type, spontaneous fermentation of H. uvarum H2 provided the best results. It could be associated to the fact that plum juices fermented with H. uvarum H2 presented the highest concentration of terpenoids, esters, or some higher alcohols. In the current paper, application of indigenous strains of yeasts resulted in the required oenological characteristics, e.g., highest fermentation efficiency and concentration of ethanol was determined in juices fermented with Ethanol RED (S. cerevisiae) and also with S. cerevisiae S1. Our results suggested that indigenous strains of yeasts present in plums demonstrate great potential for the production of plum jerkums of high quality. Full article
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15 pages, 1452 KiB  
Article
Wine Spirit Ageing with Chestnut Staves under Different Micro-Oxygenation Strategies: Effects on the Volatile Compounds and Sensory Profile
by Ilda Caldeira, Cláudia Vitória, Ofélia Anjos, Tiago A. Fernandes, Eugénia Gallardo, Laurent Fargeton, Benjamin Boissier, Sofia Catarino and Sara Canas
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3991; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11093991 - 28 Apr 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2570
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the wine spirit aged by an alternative process (staves combined with different micro-oxygenation levels) and its comparison with the traditional process (wooden barrels). This evaluation was made by analyzing the volatile compounds and sensory profile [...] Read more.
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the wine spirit aged by an alternative process (staves combined with different micro-oxygenation levels) and its comparison with the traditional process (wooden barrels). This evaluation was made by analyzing the volatile compounds and sensory profile of the spirits during 365 days of ageing. The findings confirmed the role played by oxygen in the volatile profile of aged wine spirits. Samples of alternative ageing modalities were well distinguished from those of wooden barrels based on the volatile profile, namely on the concentrations of several volatile phenols. From a sensory point of view, the results are promising with high overall consistency scores obtained from samples of alternative ageing process modalities. Full article
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11 pages, 556 KiB  
Article
Rootstock Effect on Volatile Composition of Albariño Wines
by Mar Vilanova, Zlatina Genisheva, Miguel Tubío, Katia Alvarez, José Ramón Lissarrague and José Maria Oliveira
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2135; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11052135 - 28 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
Background: Rootstock is a viticultural practice used to combat the devastating Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch). Additionally, it is well-known that wine aroma composition depends mainly on variety, viticulture management and winemaking; therefore, rootstocks can affect to berry quality. This study evaluated the influence of [...] Read more.
Background: Rootstock is a viticultural practice used to combat the devastating Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch). Additionally, it is well-known that wine aroma composition depends mainly on variety, viticulture management and winemaking; therefore, rootstocks can affect to berry quality. This study evaluated the influence of nine rootstocks (110R, SO4, 196-17C, Riparia G, 161-49C, 420A, Gravesac, 3309C and 41B) on volatile composition of Albariño wine in two consecutive vintages. Material and Methods: Volatile compounds belonging to eight groups (alcohols, C6-compounds, ethyl esters+acetates, terpenes + C13-norisoprenoids, volatile phenols, volatile acids, lactones and carbonyl compounds) were determined in Albariño wines by GC–MS, during 2009 and 2010 vintages. Results: Rootstock 110R had a positive influence on Albariño wines, increasing total volatile concentration, due mainly to 2-phenylethanol, decanoic and hexanoic acids, ethyl esters and acetates, and C13-norisoprenoids. However, the higher contribution of volatile fatty acids to Albariño wine was shown when grapevines were grafted onto SO4. Conclusions: This work provides new information about the impact of rootstocks on Albariño wine volatile composition, where 110R had a positive influence on Albariño wines under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Salnés Valley (Galicia, Spain). Full article
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23 pages, 2226 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Three Approaches to Assess the Flavour Characteristics of Scotch Whisky Spirit
by Martina Daute, Frances Jack, Irene Baxter, Barry Harrison, John Grigor and Graeme Walker
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1410; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11041410 - 04 Feb 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4326
Abstract
This study compared the use of three sensory and analytical techniques: Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA), Napping, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the assessment of flavour in nine unmatured whisky spirits produced using different yeasts. Hierarchical Multiple Factor Analysis (HMFA) showed a similar [...] Read more.
This study compared the use of three sensory and analytical techniques: Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA), Napping, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the assessment of flavour in nine unmatured whisky spirits produced using different yeasts. Hierarchical Multiple Factor Analysis (HMFA) showed a similar pattern of sample discrimination (RV scores: 0.895–0.927) across the techniques: spirits were mostly separated by their Alcohol by Volume (ABV). Low ABV spirits tended to have heavier flavour characteristics (feinty, cereal, sour, oily, sulphury) than high ABV spirits, which were lighter in character (fruity, sweet, floral, solventy, soapy). QDA differentiated best between low ABV spirits and GC-MS between high ABV spirits, with Napping having the lowest resolution. QDA was time-consuming but provided quantitative flavour profiles of each spirit that could be readily compared. Napping, although quicker, gave an overview of the flavour differences of the spirits, while GC-MS provided semi-quantitative ratios of 96 flavour compounds for differentiating between spirits. Ester, arenes and certain alcohols were found in higher concentrations in high ABV spirits and other alcohols and aldehydes in low ABV spirits. The most comprehensive insights on spirit flavour differences produced by different yeast strains are obtained through the application of a combination of approaches. Full article
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