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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2021) | Viewed by 31751

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Marina Nisnevitch

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Guest Editor

Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
Interests: enzymatic biosensors for water- and airborne organic pollutants; cytotoxins for eradication of bacteria

Dr. Galina Gayda

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Guest Editor

Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Interests: enzyme- and cell-based electrochemical biosensors for analysis of food and environmental samples

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is hard to imagine how humans managed to cope with multiple everyday problems in the past without biosensors—devices based on selective biorecognition enabling sensitive monitoring and measurement of target compounds by converting biological responses into electric or optical signals. Electrochemical biosensors based on amperometric, potentiometric, and impedance measurement, optical biosensors using surface plasmon resonance, optical fibers and piezoelectric biosensors based on microcantilevers are currently employed for detecting these signals.

Tissues, cells, organelles, biomolecules, and their complexes are used as biorecognition elements in biosensors for highly-selective analysis of practically important analytes, including organic and inorganic compounds, toxins, and microorganisms. The target analyte is usually either a substrate or an inhibitor of cell metabolism.

Enzyme biosensors are the most widely used devices, and some are produced commercially. The world biosensors market is expected to reach $22.68 billion by 2020, with an annual growth of 10% from 2014 to 2020. Cell-based biosensors consist of a transducer in conjunction with immobilized microbial cells, which are low-cost substitutes for enzymes.

Combining novel bio- and nanotechnologies is creating prospects for production of new materials for biosensors with advanced characteristics. Nanomaterials can be used as carriers for bioelements and as artificial enzymes (nanozymes).

In less than 60 years, biosensors have caused revolutionary changes in analytical chemistry, medicine, environmental studies, security, food industry including winemaking, by replacing complex and tedious traditional analyses with fast, selective, and accurate measurements of responses to specific analytes.

This Special Issue aims to represent up-to-date achievements in biosensing, including but not limited to the following topics:

Enzymatic biosensors;
Cell-based biosensors;
Immunosensors;
Optical biosensing (surface plasmon resonance, optical fibers, and piezoelectric biosensors);
Electrochemical biosensing (amperometric, potentiometric, impedance biosensors);
Nanomaterials for biosensing;
Magnetic sensors and biosensors;
Nanozymes-based sensors and biosensors;
Applications of biosensors.

Prof. Dr. Marina Nisnevitch
Dr. Galina Gayda
Guest Editors

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Keywords

biosensing
biosensors as analytical tools
optical and electrochemical biosensing
biorecognition elements
analytical characteristics of biosensors
development and applications of biosensors

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 444 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “World of Biosensing”

by Galina Gayda and Marina Nisnevitch

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1417; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13031417 - 20 Jan 2023

Viewed by 789

Abstract

The broad definition of the term biosensing relates to practically all processes of molecular recognition [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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Research

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16 pages, 8438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amperometric Biosensors for L-Arginine Determination Based on L-Arginine Oxidase and Peroxidase-Like Nanozymes

by Nataliya Stasyuk, Galina Gayda, Olha Demkiv, Lyubomyr Darmohray, Mykhailo Gonchar and Marina Nisnevitch

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 7024; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11157024 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

There are limited data on amperometric biosensors (ABSs) for L-arginine (Arg) determination based on oxidases that produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a byproduct of enzymatic reaction, and artificial peroxidases (POs) for decomposition of H₂O₂. The most frequently proposed Arg-sensitive oxidase-based ABSs contain at least two enzymes in the bioselective layer; this complicates the procedure and increases the cost of analysis. Therefore, the construction of a one-enzyme ABS for Arg analysis is a practical problem. In the current work, fabrication, and characterization of three ABS types for the direct measurement of Arg were proposed. L-arginine oxidase (ArgO) isolated from the mushroom Amanita phalloides was co-immobilized with PO-like nanozymes (NZs) on the surface of graphite electrodes. As PO mimetics, chemically synthesized NZs of CeCu (nCeCU) and NiPtPd (nNiPtPd), as well as green-synthesized hexacyanoferrate of copper (gCuHCF), were used. The novel ABSs exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to Arg, broad linear ranges and good storage stabilities. Two ABSs were tested on real samples of products containing Arg, including the pharmaceutical preparation “Tivortine”, juices, and wine. A high correlation (R = 0.995) was demonstrated between the results of testing “Tivortine” and juice using nCeCU/GE and nNiPtPd/GE. It is worth mentioning that only a slight difference (less than 1%) was observed for “Tivortin” between the experimentally determined content of Arg and its value declared by the producer. The proposed ArgO-NZ-based ABSs may be promising for Arg analysis in different branches of science, medicine, and industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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17 pages, 3416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changing Cross-Reactivity for Different Immunoassays Using the Same Antibodies: Theoretical Description and Experimental Confirmation

by Dmitriy V. Sotnikov, Anatoly V. Zherdev, Elena A. Zvereva, Sergei A. Eremin and Boris B. Dzantiev

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6581; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11146581 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2835

Abstract

Many applications of immunoassays involve the possible presence of structurally similar compounds that bind with antibodies, but with different affinities. In this regard, an important characteristic of an immunoassay is its cross-reactivity: the possibility of detecting various compounds in comparison with a certain standard. Based on cross-reactivity, analytical systems are assessed as either high-selective (responding strictly to a specific compound) or low-selective (responding to a number of similar compounds). The present study demonstrates that cross-reactivity is not an intrinsic characteristic of antibodies but can vary for different formats of competitive immunoassays using the same antibodies. Assays with sensitive detection of markers and, accordingly, implementation at low concentrations of antibodies and modified (competing) antigens are characterized by lower cross-reactivities and are, thus, more specific than assays requiring high concentrations of markers and interacting reagents. This effect was confirmed by both mathematical modeling and experimental comparison of an enzyme immunoassay and a fluorescence polarization immunoassay of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones. Thus, shifting to lower concentrations of reagents decreases cross-reactivities by up to five-fold. Moreover, the cross-reactivities are changed even in the same assay format by varying the ratio of immunoreactants’ concentrations and shifting from the kinetic or equilibrium mode of the antigen-antibody reaction. The described patterns demonstrate the possibility of modulating immunodetection selectivity without searching for new binding reactants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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14 pages, 2551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peroxidase-Like Metal-Based Nanozymes: Synthesis, Catalytic Properties, and Analytical Application

by Olha Demkiv, Nataliya Stasyuk, Roman Serkiz, Galina Gayda, Marina Nisnevitch and Mykhailo Gonchar

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 777; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11020777 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2611

Abstract

Nanozymes (NZs) are nanostructured artificial enzymes that mimic catalytic properties of natural enzymes. The NZs have essential advantages over natural enzymes, namely low preparation costs, stability, high surface area, self-assembling capability, size and composition-dependent activities, broad possibility for modification, and biocompatibility. NZs have wide potential practical applications as catalysts in biosensorics, fuel-cell technology, environmental biotechnology, and medicine. Most known NZs are mimetics of oxidoreductases or hydrolases. The present work aimed to obtain effective artificial peroxidase (PO)-like NZs (nanoPOs), to characterize them, and to estimate the prospects of their analytical application. NanoPOs were synthesized using a number of nanoparticles (NPs) of transition and noble metals and were screened for their catalytic activity in solution and on electrodes. The most effective nanoPOs were chosen as NZs and characterized by their catalytic activity. Kinetic parameters, size, and structure of the best nanoPOs (Cu/Ce^S) were determined. Cu/Ce^S-based sensor for H₂O₂ determination showed high sensitivity (1890 A·M⁻¹·m⁻²) and broad linear range (1.5–20,000 µM). The possibility to apply Cu/Ce^S-NZ as a selective layer in an amperometric sensor for hydrogen-peroxide analysis of commercial disinfectant samples was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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22 pages, 5291 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Theranostic Nanoplatforms of Thiolated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets and Gold Nanoparticles

by Pascal Tomasella, Vanessa Sanfilippo, Carmela Bonaccorso, Lorena Maria Cucci, Giuseppe Consiglio, Angelo Nicosia, Placido Giuseppe Mineo, Giuseppe Forte and Cristina Satriano

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5529; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10165529 - 10 Aug 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3024

Abstract

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced-thiolated GO (rGOSH) were used as 2D substrate to fabricate nanocomposites with nanoparticles of gold nanospheres (AuNS) or nanorods (AuNR), via in situ reduction of the metal salt precursor and seed-mediated growth processes. The plasmonic sensing capability of the gold-decorated nanosheets were scrutinized by UV-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed in order to prove the actual reduction that occurred concomitantly with the thiolation of GO, the increase in the hydrophobic character as well as the size, and preferential gathering of the gold nanoparticles onto the nanosheet substrates, respectively. Moreover, the theoretical electronic and infrared absorption (UV-VIS and IR) spectra were calculated within a time-dependent approach of density functional theory (DFT). Eventually, in vitro cellular experiments on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y line) were carried out in order to evaluate the nanotoxicity of the nanocomposites by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide tetrazolium reduction (MTT) colorimetric assay. Results pointed out the promising potential of these hybrids as plasmonic theranostic platforms with different hydrophilic or hydrophobic features as well as cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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10 pages, 1432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Influence of Liquid Motion in a Flow-Based System on an Enzyme Aggregation State with an Atomic Force Microscopy Sensor: The Effect of Glycerol Flow

by Vadim S. Ziborov, Tatyana O. Pleshakova, Ivan D. Shumov, Andrey F. Kozlov, Irina A. Ivanova, Anastasia A. Valueva, Vadim Yu. Tatur, Andrey N. Negodailov, Andrei A. Lukyanitsa and Yuri D. Ivanov

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4825; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10144825 - 14 Jul 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1768

Abstract

Atomic force microscopy is employed to study the influence of the motion of a glycerol solution through a coiled (spiral-wound) polymeric communication pipe on the aggregation state of a protein, with the example of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme. The measuring cell with the buffered solution of the protein was placed within the experimental setup over the pipe coil, through which glycerol was pumped. It is demonstrated that, in such a system, the flow of a non-aqueous liquid (glycerol) leads to a change in the physicochemical properties of a protein, whose solution was incubated in the measuring cell placed over the coil. Namely, changes in both the adsorbability onto mica and the aggregation state of the model HRP protein were observed. As glycerol-containing liquids are commonly used in biosensor operations, the results reported herein can be useful to the development of biosensor systems, in which polymeric communications are employed in sample delivery and thermal stabilization systems. The data obtained herein can also be of use for the development of specified hydrodynamic models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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12 pages, 1475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Influence of Liquid Motion in a Flow-based System on an Enzyme Aggregation State with an Atomic Force Microscopy Sensor: The Effect of Water Flow

by Yuri D. Ivanov, Tatyana O. Pleshakova, Ivan D. Shumov, Andrey F. Kozlov, Tatyana S. Romanova, Anastasia A. Valueva, Vadim Yu. Tatur, Igor N. Stepanov and Vadim S. Ziborov

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4560; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10134560 - 30 Jun 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2017

Abstract

The influence of liquid motion in flow-based systems on the aggregation state of an enzyme and on its enzymatic activity was studied, with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an example. Our experiments were carried out in a setup modeling the flow section of the biosensor communication with a measuring cell containing a protein solution. Studies were conducted for a biosensor measuring cell located along the axis of a spiral-moving liquid flow. The aggregation state of the protein was determined with an atomic force microscopy-based sensor (AFM sensor). It has been demonstrated that upon flowing of water through silicone biosensor communications, an increased aggregation of HRP protein was observed, but, at the same time, its enzymatic activity did not change. Our results obtained herein are useful in the development of models describing the influence of liquid flow in biosensor communications on the properties of enzymes and other proteins. This is particularly important for the development of serologic protein biosensors, which are beginning to be used for the early diagnosis of oncological diseases (such as brain cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer etc.). The results obtained herein should also be taken into account when considering possible changes in hemodynamics due to increased protein aggregation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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13 pages, 4145 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Sensors Based on Lab-Built Tapered Plastic Optical Fibers

by Nunzio Cennamo, Francesco Arcadio, Aldo Minardo, Domenico Montemurro and Luigi Zeni

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10124389 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2361

Abstract

In this work, we have compared several configurations of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on D-shaped tapered plastic optical fibers (TPOFs). Particularly, the TPOFs used to obtain the SPR sensors are made by a lab-built system based on two motorized linear positioning stages and a heating plate. Preliminarily, a comparative analysis has been carried out between two different configurations, one with and one without a thin buffer layer deposited between the core of TPOFs and the gold film. After this preliminary step, we have used the simpler configuration, obtained without the buffer layer, to realize different SPR D-shaped TPOF sensors. This study could be of interest in SPR D-shaped multimode plastic optical fiber (POF) sensors because, without the tapers, the performances decrease when the POF’s diameter decreases, whereas the performances improve in SPR D-shaped tapered POF sensors, where the diameter decreases in the D-shaped sensing area. The performances of the SPR sensors based on different taper ratios have been analyzed and compared. The SPR-TPOF sensors have been tested using water–glycerin mixtures with refractive indices ranging from 1.332 to 1.381 RIU. According to the theory, the experimental results have demonstrated that, as the taper ratio increases, the sensitivity of the SPR sensor increases as well, while on the contrary the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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17 pages, 2747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Smart Terrain Identification Technique Based on Electromyography, Ground Reaction Force, and Machine Learning for Lower Limb Rehabilitation

by Shuo Gao, Yixuan Wang, Chaoming Fang and Lijun Xu

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2638; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10082638 - 11 Apr 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3536

Abstract

Automatic terrain classification in lower limb rehabilitation systems has gained worldwide attention. In this field, a simple system architecture and high classification accuracy are two desired attributes. In this article, a smart neuromuscular–mechanical fusion and machine learning-based terrain classification technique utilizing only two electromyography (EMG) sensors and two ground reaction force (GRF) sensors is reported for classifying three different terrains (downhill, level, and uphill). The EMG and GRF signals from ten healthy subjects were collected, preprocessed and segmented to obtain the EMG and GRF profiles in each stride, based on which twenty-one statistical features, including 9 GRF features and 12 EMG features, were extracted. A support vector machine (SVM) machine learning model is established and trained by the extracted EMG features, GRF features and the fusion of them, respectively. Several methods or statistical metrics were used to evaluate the goodness of the proposed technique, including a paired-t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test for correlation analysis of the selected features and ten-fold cross-validation accuracy, confusion matrix, sensitivity and specificity for the performance of the SVM model. The results show that the extracted features are highly correlated with the terrain changes and the fusion of the EMG and GRF features produces the highest accuracy of 96.8%. The presented technique allows simple system construction to achieve the precise detection of outcomes, potentially advancing the development of terrain classification techniques for rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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13 pages, 5170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospinning-Derived PLA/Shellac/PLA Sandwich—Structural Membrane Sensor for Detection of Alcoholic Vapors with a Low Molecular Weight

by Shi-Cai Wang, Jun-Wei Liang, Ying-Bang Yao, Tao Tao, Bo Liang and Sheng-Guo Lu

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(24), 5419; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9245419 - 11 Dec 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

The development of gas sensors for detecting alcoholic vapors with a low molecular weight is essential for environmental protection, industrial process control, and the monitoring of the living atmosphere in daily life to avoid health problems in human beings. Here, poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/shellac/PLA sandwich-structural membranes were fabricated via an electrospinning approach and the interaction with alcoholic vapors with a low molecular weight was investigated. It was found that the PLA/shellac/PLA sandwich-structural membrane exhibited fast response to the alcoholic vapors with low molecular weight, especially for methanol vapor. After being treated with alcohol vapor with a low molecular weight, the PLA/shellac/PLA sandwich-structural membrane could change its transmission in a short time (~5 s) and with a concentration of 10 wt% of methanol (ethanol) in water. In the meantime, the PLA/shellac/PLA sandwich-structural membrane can hopefully be potentially used again after evaporating the alcoholic vapor at an elevated temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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9 pages, 2174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitive Detection of E. coli in Artificial Seawater by Aptamer-Coated Magnetic Beads and Direct PCR

by Zoi Kotsiri, Apostolos Vantarakis, Francesco Rizzotto, Devon Kavanaugh, Nalini Ramarao and Jasmina Vidic

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(24), 5392; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9245392 - 10 Dec 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3734

Abstract

The ‘One Health’ approach recommended by WHO recognizes the inseparable link between human, animal and environmental health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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Review

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25 pages, 6368 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Recent Development of Morphology Controlled Conducting Polymer Nanomaterial-Based Biosensor

by Sunghun Cho and Jun Seop Lee

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5889; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10175889 - 25 Aug 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4074

Abstract

Biosensors are of particular importance for the detection of biological analytes at low concentrations. Conducting polymer nanomaterials, which often serve as sensing transducers, are renowned for their small dimensions, high surface-to-volume ratio, and amplified sensitivity. Despite these traits, the widespread implementation of conventional conducting polymer nanomaterials is hampered by their scarcity and lack of structural uniformity. Herein, a brief overview of the latest developments in the synthesis of morphologically tunable conducting polymer-based biosensors is discussed. Research related to the dimensional (0, 1, 2, and 3D) hetero-nanostructures of conducting polymers are highlighted in this paper, and how these structures affect traits such as the speed of charge transfer processes, low-working temperature, high sensitivity and cycle stability are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue World of Biosensing)

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