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Applied Sciences
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Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass
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Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2020) | Viewed by 25267

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Philippe Michaud

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Guest Editor
Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Interests: biochemistry; carbohydrate-acting enzymes; proteins; polysaccharides; bioprocesses; biosourced materials; biorefinery; biotechnology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Slim Abdelkafi

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Unité de Biotechnologie des Algues, Département de Génie Biologique, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Interests: microbiology; biochemistry; biological engineering; algae

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are now recognized as renewable polymers with variable structures and as valuable macromolecules for the industry. In the context of circular economy, biotechnology, forestry, and agrofood by-products or bioresources (e.g., algae, fungi, bacteria, crops and plants, waste products) containing high levels of polysaccharides have become a research opportunity for their applications in numerous fields, such as materials, drugs, texturing agents, bioactive compounds, and others. To produce these novel functional poly- and oligosaccharides, their extraction and purification from complex biomass and their structural and physico-chemical characterizations are essential. New strategies for their enzymatic and chemical modification using carbohydrate active enzymes or green reagents allow to obtain original structures not available in nature. The biorefinery concept consists in the sustainable processing of biomas using green technologies to produce valuable compounds which allow environmental and economic sustainability. Applied to polysaccharides produced universally among living organisms, biorefinery opens the way to selective extraction and co-extraction of biopolymers such as poly- and oligosaccharides from biomass, adding a higher value to them.

In this Special Issue, we invite submissions exploring the process for polysaccharide extraction from biomass, the recent advances in their structures elucidation and modification, the identification of new bioresources and by-products to provide the scientific and industrial community with a comprehensive view of the current state of knowledge on polysaccharides. Survey papers and reviews are also welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Philippe Michaud
Prof. Dr. Slim Abdelkafi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • polysaccharide
  • oligosaccharide
  • hydrolase
  • lyase
  • biomass
  • green chemistry

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2542 KiB  
Article
Prebiotic Activity of Poly- and Oligosaccharides Obtained from Plantago major L. Leaves
by Paolina Lukova, Mariana Nikolova, Emmanuel Petit, Redouan Elboutachfaiti, Tonka Vasileva, Plamen Katsarov, Hristo Manev, Christine Gardarin, Guillaume Pierre, Philippe Michaud, Ilia Iliev and Cédric Delattre
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(8), 2648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10082648 - 11 Apr 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3407
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prebiotic potential of Plantago major L. leaves water-extractable polysaccharide (PWPs) and its lower molecular fractions. The structure of PWPs was investigated by high pressure anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), size exclusion chromatography coupled with [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prebiotic potential of Plantago major L. leaves water-extractable polysaccharide (PWPs) and its lower molecular fractions. The structure of PWPs was investigated by high pressure anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering detector (SEC-MALLS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The chemical composition and monosaccharide analyses showed that galacturonic acid was the main monosaccharide of PWPs followed by glucose, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and xylose. FTIR study indicated a strong characteristic absorption peak at 1550 cm−1 corresponding to the vibration of COO− group of galacturonic acid. The PWPs was subjected to hydrolysis using commercial enzymes to obtain P. major low molecular fraction (PLM) which was successively separated by size exclusion chromatography on Biogel P2. PWPs and PLM were examined for in vitro prebiotic activity using various assays. Results gave evidence for changes in optical density of the bacteria cells and pH of the growth medium. A heterofermentative process with a lactate/acetate ratio ranged from 1:1 to 1:5 was observed. The ability of PLM to stimulate the production of certain probiotic bacteria glycohydrolases and to be fermented by Lactobacillus sp. strains was successfully proved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass)
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18 pages, 2693 KiB  
Article
Structural Features and Rheological Properties of a Sulfated Xylogalactan-Rich Fraction Isolated from Tunisian Red Seaweed Jania adhaerens
by Faiez Hentati, Cédric Delattre, Christine Gardarin, Jacques Desbrières, Didier Le Cerf, Christophe Rihouey, Philippe Michaud, Slim Abdelkafi and Guillaume Pierre
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1655; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10051655 - 01 Mar 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2830
Abstract
A novel sulfated xylogalactan-rich fraction (JSP for J. adhaerens Sulfated Polysaccharide) was extracted from the red Tunisian seaweed Jania adhaerens. JSP was purified using an alcoholic precipitation process and characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) [...] Read more.
A novel sulfated xylogalactan-rich fraction (JSP for J. adhaerens Sulfated Polysaccharide) was extracted from the red Tunisian seaweed Jania adhaerens. JSP was purified using an alcoholic precipitation process and characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with a multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR, 1D and 2D). JSP was then evaluated regarding its physicochemical and rheological properties. Results showed that JSP was mainly composed of an agar-like xylogalactan sharing the general characteristics of corallinans. The structure of JSP was mainly composed of agaran disaccharidic repeating units (→3)-β-d-Galp-(1,4)-α-l-Galp-(1→)n and (→3)-β-d-Galp-(1,4)-3,6-α-l-AnGalp-(1→)n, mainly substituted on O-6 of (1,3)-β-d-Galp residues by β-xylosyl side chains, and less with sulfate or methoxy groups. (1,4)-α-l-Galp residues were also substituted by methoxy and/or sulfate groups in the O-2 and O-3 positions. Mass-average and number-average molecular masses (Mw) and (Mn), intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) for JSP were, respectively, 8.0 × 105 g/mol, 1.0 × 105 g/mol, 76 mL/g and 16.8 nm, showing a flexible random coil conformation in solution. The critical overlap concentration C* of JSP was evaluated at 7.5 g/L using the Williamson model. In the semi-diluted regime, JSP solutions displayed a shear-thinning behavior with a great viscoelasticity character influenced by temperature and monovalent salts. The flow characteristics of JSP were described by the Ostwald model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass)
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14 pages, 280 KiB  
Article
Combined Effect of Spirulina Platensis and Punica Granatum Peel Extacts: Phytochemical Content and Antiphytophatogenic Activity
by Hajer Ben Hlima, Thouraya Bohli, Mariem Kraiem, Abdelmottaleb Ouederni, Lotfi Mellouli, Philippe Michaud, Slim Abdelkafi and Slim Smaoui
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(24), 5475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9245475 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3357
Abstract
Biological control is one of the effective methods for managing plant diseases in food production and quality. In fact, there is a growing trend to find new bio-sources, such as marine algae and vegetal by-products. In this study, pomegranate (Punica granatum) [...] Read more.
Biological control is one of the effective methods for managing plant diseases in food production and quality. In fact, there is a growing trend to find new bio-sources, such as marine algae and vegetal by-products. In this study, pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel (S1) and Spirulina platensis (S2) alone and in combinations, pomegranate peel/Spirulina: 25%/75% (S3) and 50%/50% (S4) were evaluated for antimycotoxigenic and antiphytopathogenic fungal properties. The chemical composition (moisture, dry matter, protein, lipid and ash) as well as total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins content were evaluated in the four extracts. Using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods, the anti Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata activities were measured and their correlations with phytochemical content were evaluated. Interestingly, combinations between Spirulina at 75% and pomegranate peel at 25% (S3) have a significant impact (p < 0.05) on the antifungal activity compared to S1, S2 and S4. These findings underlie the effectiveness of biocontrols over standard fungicides and imply that existing methods can be further improved by synergistic effects while maintaining food safety in an eco-friendly manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass)
20 pages, 5914 KiB  
Article
Carotenoids Overproduction in Dunaliella Sp.: Transcriptional Changes and New Insights through Lycopene β Cyclase Regulation
by Fatma Elleuch, Hajer Ben Hlima, Mohamed Barkallah, Patrick Baril, Slim Abdelkafi, Chantal Pichon and Imen Fendri
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(24), 5389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9245389 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3897
Abstract
Dunaliella is a green microalga known for its ability to produce high levels of carotenoids under well-defined growing conditions. Molecular responses to the simultaneous effect of increasing salinity, light intensity and decrease of nitrogen availability were investigated in terms of their effect on [...] Read more.
Dunaliella is a green microalga known for its ability to produce high levels of carotenoids under well-defined growing conditions. Molecular responses to the simultaneous effect of increasing salinity, light intensity and decrease of nitrogen availability were investigated in terms of their effect on different metabolic pathways (isoprenoids synthesis, glycolysis, carbohydrate use, etc.) by following the transcriptional regulation of enolase (ENO), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB), carotene globule protein (CGP), chloroplast-localized heat shock protein (HSP70), and chloroplast ribulose phosphate-3-epimerase (RPE) genes. The intracellular production of carotenoid was increased five times in stressed Dunaliella cells compared to those grown in an unstressed condition. At transcriptional levels, ENO implicated in glycolysis, and revealing about polysaccharides degradation, showed a two-stage response during the first 72 h. Genes directly involved in β-carotene accumulation, namely, CGP and LCYB, revealed the most important increase by about 54 and 10 folds, respectively. In silico sequence analysis, along with 3D modeling studies, were performed to identify possible posttranslational modifications of CGP and LCYB proteins. Our results described, for the first time, their probable regulation by sumoylation covalent attachment as well as the presence of expressed SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) protein in Dunaliella sp. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass)
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21 pages, 1537 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Exopolysaccharide Production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Co-Culture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by Annalisse Bertsch, Denis Roy and Gisèle LaPointe
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 4026; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9194026 - 26 Sep 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4919
Abstract
Lactobacillus strains are known to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) with recognized health benefits (i.e. prebiotic and immunomodulation) but production is limited by low yields. Co-culture has been shown to improve metabolite productivity, particularly bacteriocins and EPS. Although lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts are [...] Read more.
Lactobacillus strains are known to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) with recognized health benefits (i.e. prebiotic and immunomodulation) but production is limited by low yields. Co-culture has been shown to improve metabolite productivity, particularly bacteriocins and EPS. Although lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts are found in several fermented products, the molecular mechanisms linked to the microbial interactions and their influences on EPS biosynthesis are unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of co-culture on EPS production by three Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains (ATCC 9595, R0011, and RW-9595M) in association with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation, in both mono and co-culture, was carried out and the expression of key LAB genes was monitored. After 48 h, results revealed that EPS production was enhanced by 39%, 49%, and 42% in co-culture for R0011, ATCC 9595, and RW-9595M, respectively. Each strain showed distinctive gene expression profiles. For a higher EPS production, higher EPS operon expression levels were observed for RW-9595M in co-culture. The construction of gene co-expression networks revealed common correlations between the expression of genes related to the EPS operons, sugar metabolism, and stress during EPS production and microbial growth for the three strains. Our findings provide insight into the positive influence of inter-kingdom interactions in stimulating EPS biosynthesis, representing progress toward the development of a bio-ingredient with broad industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass)
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9 pages, 1271 KiB  
Article
Biopurification of Oligosaccharides by Immobilized Kluyveromyces Lactis
by In-Seok Yeo, Yeo-Jin Yoon, Nari Seo, Hyun Joo An and Jae-Han Kim
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(14), 2845; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9142845 - 17 Jul 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2651
Abstract
Oligosaccharides with diverse and complex structures such as milk oligosaccharides have physiological functions including modulating intestinal microbiota or stimulating immune cell responses. However, milk carbohydrates include about 40–50% of lactose which requires a cost-effective method to separate. We developed a new method to [...] Read more.
Oligosaccharides with diverse and complex structures such as milk oligosaccharides have physiological functions including modulating intestinal microbiota or stimulating immune cell responses. However, milk carbohydrates include about 40–50% of lactose which requires a cost-effective method to separate. We developed a new method to purify the oligosaccharides from carbohydrate mixtures such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) by exploiting immobilized Kluyveromyces lactis as microbial catalysts. Evaluation of media components exhibited no significant differences in the lactose removal efficiency when nutrient-rich media, minimal salt media, and distilled water without any media components were used. With the immobilization on alginate beads, the lactose removal efficiency was increased 3.4 fold compared to that of suspension culture. When the immobilized cells were reused to design a continuous process, 4 h of pre-activation enhanced the lactose eliminating performance 2.5 fold. Finally, immobilized K. lactis was used as microbial catalysts for the biopurification of HMOs and GOSs, and lactose was effectively removed without altering the overall distribution of oligosaccharides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass)
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14 pages, 652 KiB  
Article
Effect of Spirulina platensis Biomass with High Polysaccharides Content on Quality Attributes of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Common Barbel (Barbus barbus) Fish Burgers
by Mohamed Barkallah, Ali Ben Atitallah, Faiez Hentati, Mouna Dammak, Bilel Hadrich, Imen Fendri, Mohamed Ali Ayadi, Philippe Michaud and Slim Abdelkafi
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(11), 2197; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app9112197 - 29 May 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3542
Abstract
Lately, microalgae have been used as natural additives in fish-transformed products to improve their nutritional quality. In this research, the effects of adding Spirulina platensis at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% w/v on both the texture and the sensory characteristics [...] Read more.
Lately, microalgae have been used as natural additives in fish-transformed products to improve their nutritional quality. In this research, the effects of adding Spirulina platensis at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% w/v on both the texture and the sensory characteristics of canned burgers were studied. In fact, the addition of Spirulina platensis to fish burgers improves their nutritional composition. Compared to the results of the other fish burger treatments, the treatments that contain 1% of Spirulina platensis had better texture and sensory properties (p < 0.05). Besides, these treatments showed higher swelling ability as well as water and oil holding capacities, due to the important dietary fibers and polysaccharides contents found in Spirulina platensis. No mold or foodborne pathogens were detected in any of the canned burgers up to 8 months of storage at 4 °C. Furthermore, burgers prepared with Spirulina were distinguished by the lowest mean (a* and b*) values (p < 0.05), which shows that the yellow color gradually diminished towards a greenish color. Because of the presence of polysaccharides and pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycocyanin), Spirulina platensis considerably ameliorates the antioxidant activities of the newly prepared fish burgers. On the whole, we can conclude that Spirulina platensis can be used as a nutritious additive to produce new fish-based products with high alimentary qualities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Biomass)
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