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Applied Sciences
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Reliability of Materials and the Systems: Volume II
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Reliability of Materials and the Systems: Volume II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (16 May 2021) | Viewed by 5201

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hyunseok Oh

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Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
Interests: prognostics and health management (PHM); industrial artificial intelligence (AI); reliability assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Sang-Jae Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
Interests: self-charging power cell; hybrid fuel cell; energy harvesting; nanogenerator; nanobiosensor
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Insu Jeon

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
Interests: hydrogels; organogels; biomaterials; functional soft materials; flexible electrical devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Reliability is now receiving significant attention from industries such as electronics, automotive, heavy-chemical industries, and power plants. The international competitiveness of the industries in a globalized economy is closely tied to the high reliability of materials and systems.

To this end, this Special Issue aims to showcase the latest reliability theory and applications, prognostics and health management (PHM) research trends, advanced material processing technologies, reliability assessment, theoretical and experimental reliability analysis, and other related topics.

Warm Regards,

Prof. Dr. Hyunseok Oh
Prof. Dr. Sang-Jae Kim
Prof. Dr. Insu Jeon
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Reliability
  • Prognostics and health management
  • Advanced materials
  • Accelerated life testing
  • Risk assessment
  • Industrial artificial intelligence

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1710 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Triboelectric Nanogenerator Output by Micro Plasma Generation in a Micro-Cracked Surface Structure
by Jinhyoung Park, Hanchul Cho and Yong-Seok Lee
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4262; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11094262 - 08 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2342
Abstract
Energy harvesting, especially for powering low-power internet-of-things (IoT) devices, is gaining attention in recent years. Triboelectric nanogenerators have been studied to improve the output by applying a structure that can concentrate electrons on the surface of the generator materials. For enhancing the triboelectrification [...] Read more.
Energy harvesting, especially for powering low-power internet-of-things (IoT) devices, is gaining attention in recent years. Triboelectric nanogenerators have been studied to improve the output by applying a structure that can concentrate electrons on the surface of the generator materials. For enhancing the triboelectrification output, we herein focused on the power output line. A method for increasing the amount of electrons on the power lead by potential difference and their acceleration was studied. A rod was shaken by external vibrations; the accumulated charges were discharged in a manner similar to that of a lightning rod. Micro plasma was generated when the rod made contact with the mating micro-cracked surface innumerable times. The micro-cracked surface was fabricated with a diamond tip moving horizontally to the surface. As the resistance of the micro plasma was close to zero, the amount of electron movement was instantaneously accelerated. This type of triboelectric generator can be fabricated in the form of an electric box. By using this triboelectric power amplifier, voltage can be amplified 2 to 3 times, and the current can be amplified 10 to 15 times; thus, enhanced energy harvesting efficiency is attained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Materials and the Systems: Volume II)
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13 pages, 2392 KiB  
Article
Health-Monitoring Methodology for High-Temperature Steam Pipes of Power Plants Using Real-Time Displacement Data
by Woosung Choi and Jihoon Han
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2256; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11052256 - 04 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1745
Abstract
We developed a health-monitoring methodology for high-temperature steam pipes that estimated the life prediction of creep–fatigue interaction by directly measuring the displacement of hot parts. Three different methods (boiler code, design stress, and operating stress) were used to estimate the stress of the [...] Read more.
We developed a health-monitoring methodology for high-temperature steam pipes that estimated the life prediction of creep–fatigue interaction by directly measuring the displacement of hot parts. Three different methods (boiler code, design stress, and operating stress) were used to estimate the stress of the high-temperature pipe system. As a theoretical approach, the German boiler standard code calculates the stress according to the pipe shape, while design stress, which is also called allowable stress, was determined by a function of the operating temperature. The operating stress was immediately calculated using the surrogate model, with maximum displacement measured using the 3D displacement measurement system. To achieve the surrogate model, the stress was estimated by the pipe-stress analysis under the given displacements, and the surface-response model was developed to relate the stress and displacement. We showed that those methods are efficient methods to predict the stress and are applicable in health-monitoring methodology. Finally, the creep life and the low-cycle fatigue life were investigated using the Larson–Miller parameter equation, as well as the Smith, Hirschberg, and Manson equations. Our proposed monitoring system can be used to predict the fatigue and creep life of high-temperature steam pipes in real time, and we believe that the system can be applied to actual maintenance in thermal power plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Materials and the Systems: Volume II)
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14 pages, 4239 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation and Design of a High-Temperature, High-Pressure Fluid Transport Pipe
by Jiyoung Yoon, Junkyu Park and Jinhyoung Park
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5890; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10175890 - 25 Aug 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2059
Abstract
When designing a hand caliber with a high-temperature, high-pressure internal fluid transport pipe, reliability, safe use, and performance must be considered. Reliability refers to the stress caused by thermo-mechanical load; safe use refers to the low-temperature burns that might occur upon contact, and [...] Read more.
When designing a hand caliber with a high-temperature, high-pressure internal fluid transport pipe, reliability, safe use, and performance must be considered. Reliability refers to the stress caused by thermo-mechanical load; safe use refers to the low-temperature burns that might occur upon contact, and high-temperature burns caused by gas leakage occurring in the cylinder gap; and performance refers to projectile velocity. In this study, numerical simulation methods for heat transfer, structure analysis, and gas leakage are proposed so that solutions can be designed to account for the above three criteria. Furthermore, a hand-caliber design guide is presented. For heat transfer and structural analysis, mesh size, the transient convective heat transfer coefficient, and boundary conditions are described. Regarding gas leakage, methods reflecting projectile motion and determination of the molecular weight of the propellant are described. As a result, a designed hand caliber will have a high reliability, because the thermo-mechanical stress is lower than the yield stress. There will be little risk of low-temperature burns, but there will be a high temperature-burn risk, owing to gas leakage in the cylinder gap. The larger the cylinder-gap size, the greater the gas leakage and the smaller projectile velocity. The presented numerical simulation method can be applied to evaluate various aspects of other structures that require high-temperature, high-pressure fluid-transport pipes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Materials and the Systems)
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18 pages, 18293 KiB  
Article
Modified Recurrence Plot for Robust Condition Monitoring of Electrode Tips in a Resistance Spot Welding System
by Wonho Jung, Hyunseok Oh, Dong Ho Yun, Young Gon Kim, Jong Pil Youn and Jae Hong Park
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5860; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175860 - 24 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1840
Abstract
Degraded electrodes in a resistance spot welding system should be replaced to ensure that weld quality is maintained. Welding electrodes are subjected to different environmental and operational loading conditions during use. When they are replaced with a fixed interval, replacement may occur too [...] Read more.
Degraded electrodes in a resistance spot welding system should be replaced to ensure that weld quality is maintained. Welding electrodes are subjected to different environmental and operational loading conditions during use. When they are replaced with a fixed interval, replacement may occur too early (raising maintenance costs) or too late (leading to quality issues). This motivates condition monitoring strategies for resistance spot welding electrode tips. Thus, this paper proposes a modified recurrence plot (RP) for robust condition monitoring of welding electrode tips in resistance spot welding systems. The overall procedure for the proposed condition monitoring approach consists of three steps: (1) transformation of a one-dimensional signal to a two-dimensional image, (2) unsupervised feature extraction with LeNet architecture-based convolutional neural networks, and (3) health indicator calculation. RP methods convert dynamic resistance waveforms to RPs. The original RP method provides an image with binary-colored pixels (i.e., black or white) that makes this method insensitive to the change of the waveform signal. The proposed RP method is devised to be sensitive to the change of the waveform signal, while enhancing robustness to external noise. The performance of the proposed RP method is evaluated by examining simulated aperiodic waveform signals with and without external noise. A case study is presented to examine the proposed method’s ability to monitor the condition of resistance spot welding electrodes. The results show that the proposed method outperforms handcrafted, feature-based condition monitoring methods. This study can be used to accurately determine the lifetime of welding electrodes in real time during the spot welding process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Materials and the Systems)
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21 pages, 10955 KiB  
Article
Random Fiber Array Generation Considering Actual Noncircular Fibers with a Particle-Shape Library
by Myeong-Seok Go, Shin-Mu Park, Do-Won Kim, Do-Soon Hwang and Jae Hyuk Lim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5675; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10165675 - 15 Aug 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2727
Abstract
In this work, we generated a set of random representative volume elements (RVEs) of unidirectional composites considering actual noncircular cross-sections and positions of fibers with the aid of a shape-library approach. The cross-section of the noncircular carbon fiber was extracted from the M55J/M18 [...] Read more.
In this work, we generated a set of random representative volume elements (RVEs) of unidirectional composites considering actual noncircular cross-sections and positions of fibers with the aid of a shape-library approach. The cross-section of the noncircular carbon fiber was extracted from the M55J/M18 composite using image processing and a signed-distance-based mesh trimming scheme, and they were stored in a particle-shape library. The obtained noncircular fibers randomly chosen from the particle-shape library were applied to random fiber array generation algorithms to generate RVEs of various fiber volume fractions. To check the randomness of the proposed RVEs, we calculated spatial and physical metrics, and concluded that the proposed method is sufficiently random. Furthermore, to compare the effective elastic properties and the maximum von Mises stress in the matrix, it was applied to composite materials with different relative ratios of elastic moduli of M55J/M18 and T300/PR319. In the case of T300/PR319 having a high RRT (relative ratio of the transverse elastic moduli), simulation results were deviated up to about 5% in the effective elastic properties and 13% in the maximum von Mises stress in the matrix according to the fiber shapes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Materials and the Systems)
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16 pages, 8200 KiB  
Article
Static Residual Tensile Strength Response of GFRP Composite Laminates Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact
by Jong-Il Kim, Yong-Hak Huh and Yong-Hwan Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5480; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10165480 - 07 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2456
Abstract
The dependency of the static residual tensile strength for the Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) laminates after impact on the impact energy level and indent shape is investigated. In this study, two different laminates, unidirectional, [0°2]s) and TRI (tri-axial, (±45°/0°) [...] Read more.
The dependency of the static residual tensile strength for the Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) laminates after impact on the impact energy level and indent shape is investigated. In this study, two different laminates, unidirectional, [0°2]s) and TRI (tri-axial, (±45°/0°)2]s), were prepared using the vacuum infusion method, and an impact indent on the respective laminates was created at different energy levels with pyramidal and hemispherical impactors. Impact damage patterns, such as matrix cracking, delamination, debonding and fiber breakage, could be observed on the GFRP laminates by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and it is found that those were dependent on the impactor head shape and laminate structure. Residual in-plane tensile strength of the impacted laminates was measured and the reduction of the strength is found to be dependent upon the impact damage patterns. Furthermore, in this study, stress concentrations in the vicinity of the indents were determined from full-field stress distribution obtained by three-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (3D DIC) measurement. It was found that the stress concentration was associated with the reduction of the residual strength for the GFRP laminates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Materials and the Systems)
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13 pages, 4805 KiB  
Article
Reliability-Enhanced Camera Lens Module Classification Using Semi-Supervised Regression Method
by Sung Wook Kim, Young Gon Lee, Bayu Adhi Tama and Seungchul Lee
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3832; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app10113832 - 31 May 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has become the primary issue in the era of Industry 4.0, accelerating the realization of a self-driven smart factory. It is transforming various manufacturing sectors including the assembly line for a camera lens module. The recent development of bezel-less smartphones necessitates [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence has become the primary issue in the era of Industry 4.0, accelerating the realization of a self-driven smart factory. It is transforming various manufacturing sectors including the assembly line for a camera lens module. The recent development of bezel-less smartphones necessitates a large-scale production of the camera lens module. However, assembling the necessary parts of a module needs much room to be improved since the procedure followed by its inspection is costly and time-consuming. Consequently, the collection of labeled data is often limited. In this study, a reliable means to predict the state of an unseen camera lens module using simple semi-supervised regression is proposed. Here, an experimental study to investigate the effect of different numbers of training samples is demonstrated. The increased amount of data using simple pseudo-labeling means is shown to improve the general performance of deep neural network for the prediction of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) by as much as 18%, 15% and 25% in terms of RMSE, MAE and R squared. The cross-validation technique is used to ensure a generalized predictive performance. Furthermore, binary classification is conducted based on a threshold value for MTF to finally demonstrate the better prediction outcome in a real-world scenario. As a result, the overall accuracy, recall, specificity and f1-score are increased by 11.3%, 9%, 1.6% and 7.6% showing that the classification of camera lens module has been improved through the suggested semi-supervised regression method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Materials and the Systems)
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