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Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications
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Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2017) | Viewed by 98645

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Federico Pirzio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Interests: diode pumped solid state lasers and amplifiers, design and modeling; diode pumped femtosecond lasers; laser materials; nonlinear optics; parametric oscillators and amplifiers; microchip lasers; ultrafast fiber lasers and amplifiers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite the fact that more than half a century has already passed since the first demonstration of laser action in ruby crystal, solid-state lasers are still a hot research topic. Their unique versatility has made them irreplaceable tools in an astonishing variety of application: From the detection apparatus for gravitational waves, to the trapping and cooling of atoms, from minimally invasive surgery, to the remote sensing of atmospheric contaminant, from the mass production of smartphone displays, to the cutting and processing of solar cells. The list of actual or potential applications is continuously being updated at a pace that is set by the rate of advancing research.

This virtuous cycle is only made possible by the favorable interplay between continuous research progress, enabling new exciting applications, and the emergence of new needs from industrial markets and fundamental research fields, fostering the study of new materials, the development of new technologies, and the fast maturation of the existent ones.

It is my pleasure to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue of Applied Sciences, which is aimed at presenting recent advances in the field of Solid State Lasers. We will focus on new materials for generation/amplification of ultrashort laser pulses, for nonlinear frequency conversion, and on the recent advances in solid-state laser technologies and applications.

We invite the submission of original research articles. Review articles on a sub-topic of the Special Issue are also welcome, and should give a well-balanced overview of the field and include main results from other groups.

Dr. Federico Pirzio
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Diode pumped ultrafast solid state lasers and amplifiers
  • Tunable and new wavelength lasers
  • Optically pumped semiconductor lasers
  • Microchip and compact lasers
  • Ultrafast fiber lasers
  • Solid state laser sources based on nonlinear frequency conversion schemes
  • New materials for diode pumped ultrashort pulse generation/amplification
  • Solid state laser systems for special applications

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 155 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications
by Federico Pirzio
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(3), 460; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app8030460 - 17 Mar 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2667
Abstract
Even though more than half a century has already passed since the first demonstration of laser action in ruby crystal, solid-state lasers are still a hot research topic.[...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

905 KiB  
Article
A High-Power Continuous-Wave Mid-Infrared Optical Parametric Oscillator Module
by Yichen Liu, Xukai Xie, Jian Ning, Xinjie Lv, Gang Zhao, Zhenda Xie and Shining Zhu
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(1), 1; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app8010001 - 21 Dec 2017
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4873
Abstract
We demonstrate here a compact optical parametric oscillator module for mid-infrared generation via nonlinear frequency conversion. This module weighs only 2.5 kg and fits within a small volume of 220 × 60 × 55 mm3. The module can be easily aligned [...] Read more.
We demonstrate here a compact optical parametric oscillator module for mid-infrared generation via nonlinear frequency conversion. This module weighs only 2.5 kg and fits within a small volume of 220 × 60 × 55 mm3. The module can be easily aligned to various pump laser sources, and here we use a 50 W ytterbium (Yb)-doped fiber laser as an example. With a two-channel MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate crystal (MgO:PPLN), our module covers a tuning range of 2416.17–2932.25 nm and 3142.18–3452.15 nm. The highest output power exceeds 10.4 W at 2.7 μm, corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 24%. The measured power stability is 2.13% Root Meat Square (RMS) for a 10 h duration under outdoor conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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4209 KiB  
Article
High Power Fiber Laser Welding of Single Sided T-Joint on Shipbuilding Steel with Different Processing Setups
by Anna Unt, Ilkka Poutiainen, Stefan Grünenwald, Mikhail Sokolov and Antti Salminen
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(12), 1276; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7121276 - 08 Dec 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 10517
Abstract
Laser welding of thick plates in production environments is one of the main applications of high power lasers; however, the process has certain limitations. The small spot size of the focused beam produces welds with high depth-to-width aspect ratio but at times fails [...] Read more.
Laser welding of thick plates in production environments is one of the main applications of high power lasers; however, the process has certain limitations. The small spot size of the focused beam produces welds with high depth-to-width aspect ratio but at times fails to provide sufficient reinforcement in certain applications because of poor gap bridging ability. The results of welding shipbuilding steel AH36 with thickness of 8 mm as a single-sided T-joint using a 10 kW fiber laser are presented and discussed in this research paper. Three optical setups with process fibers of 200 µm, 300 µm and 600 µm core diameters were used to study the possibilities and limitations set by the beam delivery system. The main parameters studied were beam inclination angle, beam offset from the joint plane and focal point position. Full penetration joints were produced and the geometry of the welds was examined. It was found that process fibers with smaller core diameter produce deeper penetration but suffer from sensitivity to beam positioning deviation. Larger fibers are less sensitive and produce wider welds but have, in turn, lower penetration at equivalent power levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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1447 KiB  
Article
Short-Pulse-Width Repetitively Q-Switched ~2.7-μm Er:Y2O3 Ceramic Laser
by Xiaojing Ren, Yong Wang, Jian Zhang, Dingyuan Tang and Deyuan Shen
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(11), 1201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7111201 - 22 Nov 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4904
Abstract
A short-pulse-width repetitively Q-switched 2.7-μm Er:Y2O3 ceramic laser is demonstrated using a specially designed mechanical switch, a metal plate carved with slits of both slit-width and duty-cycle optimized. With a 20% transmission output coupler, stable pulse trains with durations (full-width [...] Read more.
A short-pulse-width repetitively Q-switched 2.7-μm Er:Y2O3 ceramic laser is demonstrated using a specially designed mechanical switch, a metal plate carved with slits of both slit-width and duty-cycle optimized. With a 20% transmission output coupler, stable pulse trains with durations (full-width at half-maximum, FWHM) of 27–38 ns were generated with a repetition rate within the range of 0.26–4 kHz. The peak power at a 0.26 kHz repetition rate was ~3 kW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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7063 KiB  
Article
Effect of Molybdenum on the Microstructures and Properties of Stainless Steel Coatings by Laser Cladding
by Kaiming Wang, Baohua Chang, Jiongshen Chen, Hanguang Fu, Yinghua Lin and Yongping Lei
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(10), 1065; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7101065 - 15 Oct 2017
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 6278
Abstract
Stainless steel powders with different molybdenum (Mo) contents were deposited on the substrate surface of 45 steel using a 6 kW fiber laser. The microstructure, phase, microhardness, wear properties, and corrosion resistance of coatings with different Mo contents were studied by scanning electron [...] Read more.
Stainless steel powders with different molybdenum (Mo) contents were deposited on the substrate surface of 45 steel using a 6 kW fiber laser. The microstructure, phase, microhardness, wear properties, and corrosion resistance of coatings with different Mo contents were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness tester, wear tester, and electrochemical techniques. The results show that good metallurgical bonding was achieved between the stainless steel coating and the substrate. The amount of M7(C, B)3 type borocarbide decreases and that of M2B and M23(C, B)6 type borocarbides increases with the increase of Mo content in the coatings. The amount of martensite decreases, while the amount of ferrite gradually increases with the increase of Mo content. When the Mo content is 4.0 wt. %, Mo2C phase appears in the coating. The microstructure of the coating containing Mo is finer than that of the Mo-free coating. The microhardness decreases and the wear resistance of the coating gradually improves with the increase of Mo content. The wear resistance of the 6.0 wt. % Mo coating is about 3.7 times that of the Mo-free coating. With the increase of Mo content, the corrosion resistance of the coating firstly increases and then decreases. When the Mo content is 2.0 wt. %, the coating has the best corrosion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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1641 KiB  
Article
Fast Frequency Acquisition and Phase Locking of Nonplanar Ring Oscillators
by Yunxiang Wang, Chen Wang, Yangping Tao, Yang Liu, Qiang Zhou, Jun Su, Zhiyong Wang, Shuangjin Shi and Qi Qiu
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(10), 1032; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7101032 - 09 Oct 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3552
Abstract
Optical phase locking is a critical technique in space coherent optical communication and active coherent laser beam combining. In a typical optical phase locking loop based on nonplanar ring oscillators, the pull-in range is normally less than 1 MHz, limited by loop delay [...] Read more.
Optical phase locking is a critical technique in space coherent optical communication and active coherent laser beam combining. In a typical optical phase locking loop based on nonplanar ring oscillators, the pull-in range is normally less than 1 MHz, limited by loop delay and frequency tuning bandwidth of the laser source. Phase locking cannot be achieved at large initial frequency differences. In this work, a fast laser frequency acquisition method is demonstrated. The frequency difference between the signal and local lasers was measured via frequency dividing and period counting, and the frequency control signal was generated by a frequency discrimination and control module, to reduce the frequency difference to the pull-in range of the loop. Under the coordinating function of the loop filter and the frequency discrimination and control module, phase locking under a large initial frequency difference was achieved. The frequency acquisition range reached 164 MHz, and the acquisition and locking time was measured to be 440 ms. Additionally, the acquisition time was shortened with the decrease in initial frequency difference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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1482 KiB  
Article
A High-Energy, 100 Hz, Picosecond Laser for OPCPA Pumping
by Hongpeng Su, Yujie Peng, Junchi Chen, Yanyan Li, Pengfei Wang and Yuxin Leng
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(10), 997; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7100997 - 27 Sep 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5371
Abstract
A high-energy diode-pumped picosecond laser system centered at 1064 nm for optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) pumping was demonstrated. The laser system was based on a master oscillator power amplifier configuration, which contained an Nd:YVO4 mode-locked seed laser, an LD-pumped Nd:YAG [...] Read more.
A high-energy diode-pumped picosecond laser system centered at 1064 nm for optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) pumping was demonstrated. The laser system was based on a master oscillator power amplifier configuration, which contained an Nd:YVO4 mode-locked seed laser, an LD-pumped Nd:YAG regenerative amplifier, and two double-pass amplifiers. A reflecting volume Bragg grating with a 0.1 nm reflective bandwidth was used in the regenerative amplifier for spectrum narrowing and pulse broadening to suit the pulse duration of the optical parametric amplifier (OPA) process. Laser pulses with an energy of 316.5 mJ and a pulse duration of 50 ps were obtained at a 100 Hz repetition rate. A top-hat beam distribution and a 0.53% energy stability (RMS) were achieved in this system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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15425 KiB  
Article
Temporally Programmable Hybrid MOPA Laser with Arbitrary Pulse Shape and Frequency Doubling
by Mingming Nie, Qiang Liu, Encai Ji, Xuezhe Cao and Xing Fu
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(9), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090892 - 01 Sep 2017
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5751
Abstract
An arbitrary pulse shape by compensating gain saturation in a solid-state Master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system made up of three Neodymium doped yttrium vanadate (Nd:YVO4) amplifiers is demonstrated. By investigating the amplifier dynamics in detail, car-shaped pulse shapes were obtained [...] Read more.
An arbitrary pulse shape by compensating gain saturation in a solid-state Master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system made up of three Neodymium doped yttrium vanadate (Nd:YVO4) amplifiers is demonstrated. By investigating the amplifier dynamics in detail, car-shaped pulse shapes were obtained with compensated pulse distortion. Desired pulse shapes, such as multiple-step, square, parabolic, and Gaussian pulses, were achieved, with a high peak power level of 41.6 kW and a narrow linewidth less than 0.06 nm. In addition, through second harmonic generation (SHG), a green laser with different pulse shapes was obtained, with a maximum conversion efficiency of 42.6%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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4341 KiB  
Article
Effect of Polishing-Induced Subsurface Impurity Defects on Laser Damage Resistance of Fused Silica Optics and Their Removal with HF Acid Etching
by Jian Cheng, Jinghe Wang, Jing Hou, Hongxiang Wang and Lei Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(8), 838; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7080838 - 15 Aug 2017
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7307
Abstract
Laser-induced damage on fused silica optics remains a major issue that limits the promotion of energy output of large laser systems. Subsurface impurity defects inevitably introduced in the practical polishing process incur strong thermal absorption for incident lasers, seriously lowering the laser-induced damage [...] Read more.
Laser-induced damage on fused silica optics remains a major issue that limits the promotion of energy output of large laser systems. Subsurface impurity defects inevitably introduced in the practical polishing process incur strong thermal absorption for incident lasers, seriously lowering the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT). Here, we simulate the temperature and thermal stress distributions involved in the laser irradiation process to investigate the effect of impurity defects on laser damage resistance. Then, HF-based etchants (HF:NH4F) are applied to remove the subsurface impurity defects and the surface quality, impurity contents and laser damage resistance of etched silica surfaces are tested. The results indicate that the presence of impurity defects could induce a dramatic rise of local temperature and thermal stress. The maximum temperature and stress can reach up to 7073 K and 8739 MPa, respectively, far higher than the melting point and compressive strength of fused silica, resulting in serious laser damage. The effect of impurity defects on laser damage resistance is dependent on the species, size and spatial location of the defects, and CeO2 defects play a dominant role in lowering the LIDT, followed by Fe and Al defects. CeO2 defects with radius of 0.3 μm, which reside 0.15 μm beneath the surface, are the most dangerous defects for incurring laser damage. By HF acid etching, the negative effect of impurity defects on laser damage resistance could be effectively mitigated. It is validated that with HF acid etching, the number of dangerous CeO2 defects is decreased by more than half, and the LIDT could be improved to 27.1 J/cm2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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Graphical abstract

2800 KiB  
Article
Design of 4 × 1 Power Beam Combiner Based on MultiCore Photonic Crystal Fiber
by Dror Malka, Eyal Cohen and Zeev Zalevsky
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(7), 695; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7070695 - 05 Jul 2017
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4922
Abstract
A novel concept of 4 × 1 power beam combiner based on multicore photonic crystal fiber is described. The light coupling obtained by integrating small air-holes in the multicore photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure allows light coupling between coherent laser sources to the [...] Read more.
A novel concept of 4 × 1 power beam combiner based on multicore photonic crystal fiber is described. The light coupling obtained by integrating small air-holes in the multicore photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure allows light coupling between coherent laser sources to the central core. The beam propagation method (BPM) and coupled mode theory were used for analyzing the proposed device. Simulation results show that four coherent fiber laser sources of 1 µm in a multicore PCF structure can be combined into one source after 2.6 mm light propagation, with a power efficiency of 99.6% and bandwidth of 220 nm. In addition, a higher 8 × 1 ratio combiner was demonstrated, based on the proposed device. Thus, the device can be very useful to combine beams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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Graphical abstract

2203 KiB  
Article
Non-Pulse-Leakage 100-kHz Level, High Beam Quality Industrial Grade Nd:YVO4 Picosecond Amplifier
by Zhenao Bai, Zhenxu Bai, Zhijun Kang, Fuqiang Lian, Weiran Lin and Zhongwei Fan
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(6), 615; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7060615 - 14 Jun 2017
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6151
Abstract
A non-pulse-leakage optical fiber pumped 100-kHz level high beam quality Nd:YVO4 picosecond amplifier has been developed. An 80 MHz, 11.5 ps mode-locked picosecond laser is used as the seed with single pulse energy of 1 nJ. By harnessing the double β-BaB2 [...] Read more.
A non-pulse-leakage optical fiber pumped 100-kHz level high beam quality Nd:YVO4 picosecond amplifier has been developed. An 80 MHz, 11.5 ps mode-locked picosecond laser is used as the seed with single pulse energy of 1 nJ. By harnessing the double β-BaB2O4 (BBO) crystal Pockels cells in both the pulse picker and regenerative amplifier, the seed pulse leakage of the output is suppressed effectively with an adjustable repetition rate from 200 to 500 kHz. Through one stage traveling-wave amplifier, a maximum output power of 24.5 W is generated corresponding to the injected regenerative amplified power of 9.73 W at 500 kHz. The output pulse duration is 16.9 ps, and the beam quality factor M2 is measured to be 1.25 with near-field roundness higher than 99% at the full output power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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Graphical abstract

6033 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study on the Laser Welding of Ti6Al4V Alloy Sheets in Flat and Horizontal Positions
by Baohua Chang, Zhang Yuan, Haitao Pu, Haigang Li, Hao Cheng, Dong Du and Jiguo Shan
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(4), 376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7040376 - 10 Apr 2017
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7199
Abstract
Laser welding has been increasingly utilized to manufacture a variety of components thanks to its high quality and speed. For components with complex shapes, the welding position needs be continuously adjusted during laser welding, which makes it necessary to know the effects of [...] Read more.
Laser welding has been increasingly utilized to manufacture a variety of components thanks to its high quality and speed. For components with complex shapes, the welding position needs be continuously adjusted during laser welding, which makes it necessary to know the effects of the welding position on the quality of the laser welds. In this paper, the weld quality under two (flat and horizontal) welding positions were studied comparatively in the laser welding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, in terms of weld profiles, process porosity, and static tensile strengths. Results show that the flat welding position led to better weld profiles, less process porosity than that of the horizontal welding position, which resulted from the different actions of gravity on the molten weld metals and the different escape routes for pores under different welding positions. Although undercuts showed no association with the fracture positions and tensile strengths of the welds, too much porosity in horizontal laser welds led to significant decreases in the strengths and specific elongations of welds. Higher laser powers and travel speeds were recommended, for both flat and horizontal welding positions, to reduce weld porosity and improve mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

13 pages, 1613 KiB  
Review
High-Power, Solid-State, Deep Ultraviolet Laser Generation
by Hongwen Xuan, Hironori Igarashi, Shinji Ito, Chen Qu, Zhigang Zhao and Yohei Kobayashi
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(2), 233; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app8020233 - 03 Feb 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8384
Abstract
At present, deep ultraviolet (DUV) lasers at the wavelength of fourth harmonics of 1 μm (266 nm/258 nm) and at the wavelength of 193 nm are widely utilized in science and industry. We review the generation of these DUV lasers by nonlinear frequency [...] Read more.
At present, deep ultraviolet (DUV) lasers at the wavelength of fourth harmonics of 1 μm (266 nm/258 nm) and at the wavelength of 193 nm are widely utilized in science and industry. We review the generation of these DUV lasers by nonlinear frequency conversion processes using solid-state/fiber lasers as the fundamental frequency. A DUV laser at 258 nm by fourth harmonics generation (FHG) could achieve an average power of 10 W with a beam quality of M2 < 1.5. Moreover, 1 W of average power at 193 nm was obtained by sum-frequency generation (SFG). A new concept of 193-nm DUV laser generation by use of the diamond Raman laser is also introduced. A proof-of-principle experiment of the diamond Raman laser is reported with the conversion efficiency of 23% from the pump to the second Stokes wavelength, which implies the potential to generate a higher power 193 nm DUV laser in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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1177 KiB  
Review
Highly Doped Phosphate Glass Fibers for Compact Lasers and Amplifiers: A Review
by Nadia Giovanna Boetti, Diego Pugliese, Edoardo Ceci-Ginistrelli, Joris Lousteau, Davide Janner and Daniel Milanese
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(12), 1295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7121295 - 13 Dec 2017
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7822
Abstract
In recent years, the exploitation of compact laser sources and amplifiers in fiber form has found extensive applications in industrial and scientific fields. The fiber format offers compactness, high beam quality through single-mode regime and excellent heat dissipation, thus leading to high laser [...] Read more.
In recent years, the exploitation of compact laser sources and amplifiers in fiber form has found extensive applications in industrial and scientific fields. The fiber format offers compactness, high beam quality through single-mode regime and excellent heat dissipation, thus leading to high laser reliability and long-term stability. The realization of devices based on this technology requires an active medium with high optical gain over a short length to increase efficiency while mitigating nonlinear optical effects. Multicomponent phosphate glasses meet these requirements thanks to the high solubility of rare-earth ions in their glass matrix, alongside with high emission cross-sections, chemical stability and high optical damage threshold. In this paper, we review recent advances in the field thanks to the combination of highly-doped phosphate glasses and innovative fiber drawing techniques. We also present the main performance achievements and outlook both in continuous wave (CW) and pulsed mode regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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5677 KiB  
Review
Laser Welding under Vacuum: A Review
by Meng Jiang, Wang Tao and Yanbin Chen
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(9), 909; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app7090909 - 05 Sep 2017
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 11772
Abstract
Laser welding has been widely used in various industry fields. In order to further alter and broaden its applicability, a novel technology of laser welding under vacuum is introduced. The combination of high power laser and low ambient pressure provides an excellent welding [...] Read more.
Laser welding has been widely used in various industry fields. In order to further alter and broaden its applicability, a novel technology of laser welding under vacuum is introduced. The combination of high power laser and low ambient pressure provides an excellent welding performance and quality. In this paper, an overview on laser welding under vacuum is presented. It begins with a short introduction about the research status of laser welding under vacuum. Next, the equipment of laser welding under vacuum is introduced. Then, the fundamental phenomena of laser welding under vacuum, including penetration depth, weld geometry, plasma plume, molten pool and keyhole behaviors, are summarized in detail. Finally, the applications and prospects of laser welding under vacuum are proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Lasers Materials, Technologies and Applications)
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