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Biomedicines
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Feature Review Papers on Brain and Nervous Related Diseases
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Feature Review Papers on Brain and Nervous Related Diseases

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 24793

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Kuen-Jer Tsai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
Interests: neurodegenerative diseases; dementia; Alzheimer's disease; frontotemporal lobe degeneration; stroke; drugs and treatments on brain diseases; stem cell therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Brain diseases such as neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases cause the cognitive compromise and further affect the physical fitness and quality of life in patients, to date, there is a lack of effective diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Since brain diseases are correlated with various pathological processes, targeting multiple mechanisms such as neuroinflammation and neuronal death to achieve the neuroprotective effects should be utilized. Nonpharmaceutical Interventions including brain stimulation therapy and cell therapy are believed to overcome brain diseases and worthwhile for investigation. Based on the rapid understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the genesis, progression, and maintenance of central nervous system pathologies, some limitations in the development of this field have also been progressively exposed. This Special Issue of Biomedicines attempts to comprehensively review the origin and research status of the brain disease field. We encourage authors contribute to this field by providing overviews of novel insights, clinical applications, current challenges, latest developments, recent advances and future trends. High-quality review articles are welcome for publication on the topic.

Prof. Dr. Kuen-Jer Tsai
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • brain diseases
  • neurological disorders
  • epilepsy
  • neurodegeneration
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • dementia
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • frontotemporal lobar degeneration
  • stroke
  • brain injury
  • neurogenesis
  • neuroinflammation
  • neuromodulation
  • physical treatment
  • drug treatment
  • cell therapy

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Review

22 pages, 1800 KiB  
Review
The Beneficial Role of Photobiomodulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
by Ayodeji Abijo, Chun-Yuan Lee, Chien-Ying Huang, Pei-Chuan Ho and Kuen-Jer Tsai
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1828; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11071828 - 26 Jun 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3732
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT), involves the use of light from a laser or light-emitting diode (LED) in the treatment of various disorders and it has recently gained increasing interest. Progressive neuronal loss with attendant consequences such as cognitive [...] Read more.
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT), involves the use of light from a laser or light-emitting diode (LED) in the treatment of various disorders and it has recently gained increasing interest. Progressive neuronal loss with attendant consequences such as cognitive and/or motor decline characterize neurodegenerative diseases. The available therapeutic drugs have only been able to provide symptomatic relief and may also present with some side effects, thus precluding their use in treatment. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in interest and attention in the use of PBM as a therapy in various neurodegenerative diseases in animal studies. Because of the financial and social burden of neurodegenerative diseases on the sufferers and the need for the discovery of potential therapeutic inventions in their management, it is pertinent to examine the beneficial effects of PBM and the various cellular mechanisms by which it modulates neural activity. Here, we highlight the various ways by which PBM may possess beneficial effects on neural activity and has been reported in various neurodegenerative conditions (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, TBI, stroke) with the hope that it may serve as an alternative therapy in the management of neurodegenerative diseases because of the biological side effects associated with drugs currently used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Brain and Nervous Related Diseases)
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12 pages, 269 KiB  
Review
Necessity of an Integrative Animal Model for a Comprehensive Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
by Won-Seok Lee and Bo-Eun Yoon
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1260; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11051260 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2097
Abstract
Animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been used to study and understand the behavioral, neural, and physiological mechanisms underlying ADHD. These models allow researchers to conduct controlled experiments and manipulate specific brain regions or neurotransmitter systems to investigate the underlying causes of [...] Read more.
Animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been used to study and understand the behavioral, neural, and physiological mechanisms underlying ADHD. These models allow researchers to conduct controlled experiments and manipulate specific brain regions or neurotransmitter systems to investigate the underlying causes of ADHD and test potential drug targets or treatments. However, it is essential to note that while these models can provide valuable insights, they do not ideally mimic the complex and heterogeneous nature of ADHD and should be interpreted cautiously. Additionally, since ADHD is a multifactorial disorder, environmental and epigenetic factors should be considered simultaneously. In this review, the animal models of ADHD reported thus far are classified into genetic, pharmacological, and environmental models, and the limitations of the representative models are discussed. Furthermore, we provide insights into a more reliable alternative model for the comprehensive study of ADHD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Brain and Nervous Related Diseases)
23 pages, 2872 KiB  
Review
Identification of Novel Biomarkers of Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Therapeutic Response by Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Human Biological Fluid Samples
by Megi Meneri, Elena Abati, Delia Gagliardi, Irene Faravelli, Valeria Parente, Antonia Ratti, Federico Verde, Nicola Ticozzi, Giacomo P. Comi, Linda Ottoboni and Stefania Corti
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1254; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11051254 - 23 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2290
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease resulting from mutations or deletions in SMN1 that lead to progressive death of alpha motor neurons, ultimately leading to severe muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as premature death in the absence of treatment. Recent [...] Read more.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease resulting from mutations or deletions in SMN1 that lead to progressive death of alpha motor neurons, ultimately leading to severe muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as premature death in the absence of treatment. Recent approval of SMN-increasing medications as SMA therapy has altered the natural course of the disease. Thus, accurate biomarkers are needed to predict SMA severity, prognosis, drug response, and overall treatment efficacy. This article reviews novel non-targeted omics strategies that could become useful clinical tools for patients with SMA. Proteomics and metabolomics can provide insights into molecular events underlying disease progression and treatment response. High-throughput omics data have shown that untreated SMA patients have different profiles than controls. In addition, patients who clinically improved after treatment have a different profile than those who did not. These results provide a glimpse on potential markers that could assist in identifying therapy responders, in tracing the course of the disease, and in predicting its outcome. These studies have been restricted by the limited number of patients, but the approaches are feasible and can unravel severity-specific neuro-proteomic and metabolic SMA signatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Brain and Nervous Related Diseases)
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9 pages, 1586 KiB  
Review
Gait Apraxia and Hakim’s Disease: A Historical Review
by David Milletti, Filippo Tamburini Randi, Giuseppe Lanzino, Fernando Hakim and Giorgio Palandri
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1086; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11041086 - 3 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2231
Abstract
In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the [...] Read more.
In 1965, Prof. Salomón Hakim described, for the first time, a condition characterized by normal pressure hydrocephalus and gait alterations. During the following decades, definitions such as “Frontal Gait”, “Bruns’ Ataxia” and “Gait Apraxia” have been frequently used in pertinent literature in the attempt to best define this peculiar motor disturbance. More recently, gait analysis has further shed light on the typical spatiotemporal gait alterations that characterize this neurological condition, but a clear and shared definition of this motor condition is still lacking. In this historical review, we described the origins of the terms “Gait Apraxia”, “Frontal Gait” and “Bruns’ Ataxia”, starting with the first works of Carl Maria Finkelburg, Fritsch and Hitzig and Steinthal during the second half of the 19th century and ending with Hakim’s studies and his formal definition of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). In the second part of the review, we analyze how and why these definitions of gait have been associated with Hakim’s disease in the literature from 1965 to the present day. The definition of “Gait and Postural Transition Apraxia” is then proposed, but fundamental questions about the nature and mechanisms underlying this condition remain unanswered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Brain and Nervous Related Diseases)
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15 pages, 3139 KiB  
Review
Converging Evidence of Similar Symptomatology of ME/CFS and PASC Indicating Multisystemic Dyshomeostasis
by David F. Marks
Biomedicines 2023, 11(1), 180; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines11010180 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 13713
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the evidence of similar symptomatology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Reanalysis of data from a study by Jason comparing symptom reports from two groups of ME/CFS and [...] Read more.
The purpose of this article is to review the evidence of similar symptomatology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Reanalysis of data from a study by Jason comparing symptom reports from two groups of ME/CFS and PASC patients shows a notably similar symptomatology. Symptom scores of the PASC group and the ME/CFS group correlated 0.902 (p < 0.0001) across items. The hypothesis is presented that ME/CFS and PASC are caused by a chronic state of multisystemic disequilibrium including endocrinological, immunological, and/or metabolic changes. The hypothesis holds that a changed set point persistently pushes the organism towards a pathological dysfunctional state which fails to reset. To use an analogy of a thermostat, if the ‘off switch’ of a thermostat intermittently stops working, for periods the house would become warmer and warmer without limit. The hypothesis draws on recent investigations of the Central Homeostasis Network showing multiple interconnections between the autonomic system, central nervous system, and brain stem. The hypothesis helps to explain the shared symptomatology of ME/CFS and PASC and the unpredictable, intermittent, and fluctuating pattern of symptoms of ME/CFS and PASC. The current theoretical approach remains speculative and requires in-depth investigation before any definite conclusions can be drawn. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Brain and Nervous Related Diseases)
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