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Crystals
Special Issues
Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions
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Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 36349

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Simone Anzellini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
Interests: characterization of materials under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature; phase diagrams; melting curves; equation of states; diamond anvil cells; synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Daniel Errandonea

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Física Aplicada-ICMUV, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 València, Spain
Interests: high-pressure; phase transitions; oxides; X-ray diffraction; novel technological materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The characterisation of the physical and chemical properties of transition metals and their compounds under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has always attracted the interest of a wide scientific community. Their properties have numerous implications in fields ranging from solid-state physics, chemistry and materials science to Earth and planetary science.

In the last few decades, thanks to advancements in experimental techniques and computer simulations, the rate of new important discoveries in this field has significantly increased: from the prediction and the experimental observation of new ultra-hard materials to the combined characterisation of textural, structural, magnetic and chemical pressure-induced evolutions; and from the possible observation of topological transitions in the Fermi surface for valence electrons to newly predicted pressure-induced core level crossing transitions. 

The present Special Issue provides a forum for describing and discussing contemporary achievements in extreme conditions research. In particular, the authors are invited to contribute articles presenting new experimental and theoretical advances related to this field. Contributions discussing pressure (temperature)-induced evolution of electronic, magnetic or structural properties of transition metals, as well as phase diagrams, melting curves and equation of states of geophisically relevant compounds are welcome. Discussions on the mechanism of these transformations and their influence on the physical and chemical properties are also welcome. The volume is also open to feature and short review articles of current hot topics.

Dr. Simone Anzellini
Prof. Dr. Daniel Errandonea
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Extreme conditions research
  • Phase transitions
  • Structural, electronic and magnetic properties
  • Textural evolution
  • Phase diagrams modelling and characterisation
  • New materials
  • Equation of state
  • Melting curves
  • Symmetry-breaking

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 157 KiB  
Editorial
Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions
by Simone Anzellini and Daniel Errandonea
Crystals 2021, 11(10), 1185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11101185 - 29 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1515
Abstract
The characterisation of the physical and chemical properties of transition metals and their compounds under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has always attracted the interest of a wide scientific community [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

32 pages, 6111 KiB  
Article
Thermostructural and Elastic Properties of PbTe and Pb0.884Cd0.116Te: A Combined Low-Temperature and High-Pressure X-ray Diffraction Study of Cd-Substitution Effects
by Roman Minikayev, Fatemeh Safari, Andrzej Katrusiak, Wojciech Szuszkiewicz, Andrzej Szczerbakow, Anthony Bell, Elżbieta Dynowska and Wojciech Paszkowicz
Crystals 2021, 11(9), 1063; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11091063 - 03 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
Rocksalt-type (Pb,Cd)Te belongs to IV–VI semiconductors exhibiting thermoelectric properties. With the aim of understanding of the influence of Cd substitution in PbTe on thermostructural and elastic properties, we studied PbTe and Pb0.884Cd0.116Te (i) at low temperatures (15 to 300 [...] Read more.
Rocksalt-type (Pb,Cd)Te belongs to IV–VI semiconductors exhibiting thermoelectric properties. With the aim of understanding of the influence of Cd substitution in PbTe on thermostructural and elastic properties, we studied PbTe and Pb0.884Cd0.116Te (i) at low temperatures (15 to 300 K) and (ii) at high pressures within the stability range of NaCl-type PbTe (up to 4.5 GPa). For crystal structure studies, powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods were used. Modeling of the data included the second-order Grüneisen approximation of the unit-cell-volume variation, V(T), the Debye expression describing the mean square atomic displacements (MSDs), <u2>(T), and Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BMEOS). The fitting of the temperature-dependent diffraction data provided model variations of lattice parameter, the thermal expansion coefficient, and MSDs with temperature. A comparison of the MSD runs simulated for the PbTe and mixed (Pb,Cd)Te crystal leads to the confirmation of recent findings that the cation displacements are little affected by Cd substitution at the Pb site; whereas the Te displacements are markedly higher for the mixed crystal. Moreover, information about static disorder caused by Cd substitution is obtained. The calculations provided two independent ways to determine the values of the overall Debye temperature, θD. The resulting values differ only marginally, by no more than 1 K for PbTe and 7 K for Pb0.884Cd0.116Te crystals. The θD values for the cationic and anionic sublattices were determined. The Grüneisen parameter is found to be nearly independent of temperature. The variations of unit-cell size with rising pressure (the NaCl structure of Pb0.884Cd0.116Te sample was conserved), modeled with the BMEOS, provided the dependencies of the bulk modulus, K, on pressure for both crystals. The K0 value is 45.6(2.5) GPa for PbTe, whereas that for Pb0.884Cd0.116Te is significantly reduced, 33.5(2.8) GPa, showing that the lattice with fractional Cd substitution is less stiff than that of pure PbTe. The obtained experimental values of θD and K0 for Pb0.884Cd0.116Te are in line with the trends described in recently reported theoretical study for (Pb,Cd)Te mixed crystals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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21 pages, 6202 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Specimen Size and Test Procedure on the Creep Behavior of ME21 Magnesium Alloy
by Bettina Camin and Maximilian Gille
Crystals 2021, 11(8), 918; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11080918 - 07 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Lightweight constructions and materials offer the opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector. As components in vehicles are often exposed to higher temperatures above 40% of the melting temperature, there is a risk of creep. The creep behavior usually is [...] Read more.
Lightweight constructions and materials offer the opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector. As components in vehicles are often exposed to higher temperatures above 40% of the melting temperature, there is a risk of creep. The creep behavior usually is investigated based on standard procedures. However, lightweight constructions frequently have dimensions not adequately represented by standardized specimen geometries. Therefore, comparative creep experiments on non-standardized miniature and standardized specimens are performed. Due to a modified test procedure specified by a miniature creep device, only the very first primary creep stage shows a minor influence, but subsequently, no effect on the creep process is detected. The creep behavior of hot extruded and heat treated ME21 magnesium alloy is investigated. It is observed that the creep parameters determined by the miniature and standard creep tests are different. As the deviations are systematic, qualitatively, evidence of the creep behavior is achieved. The creep parameters obtained, and particularly the creep strain and the strain rate, show a higher creep resistance of the miniature specimen. An initial higher number of twinned grains and possible multiaxiality in the gauge volume of the miniature specimen can be responsible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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11 pages, 18098 KiB  
Article
Thermal Convection in the Core of Ganymede Inferred from Liquid Eutectic Fe-FeS Electrical Resistivity at High Pressures
by Joshua A. H. Littleton, Richard A. Secco and Wenjun Yong
Crystals 2021, 11(8), 875; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11080875 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
The core of Ganymede is suggested to be mainly Fe but with a significant proportion of S. Effects of S as a core constituent are freezing-point depression, allowing for a molten core at relatively low core temperatures, and modification of transport properties that [...] Read more.
The core of Ganymede is suggested to be mainly Fe but with a significant proportion of S. Effects of S as a core constituent are freezing-point depression, allowing for a molten core at relatively low core temperatures, and modification of transport properties that can influence the dynamo and thermal evolution. The electrical resistivity of solid and liquid Fe-FeS (~24–30 wt.% S) was measured up to 5 GPa and thermal conductivity was calculated using the Wiedemann–Franz law. These first well-constrained experimental data on near eutectic Fe-FeS compositions showed intermediate values of electrical and thermal conductivities compared to the end-members. Eutectic temperatures were delineated from the solid to liquid transition, inferred from sharp changes in electrical resistivity, at each pressure. Combined with thermal models, our calculated estimates of the adiabatic heat flow of a molten Fe-FeS eutectic composition core model of Ganymede showed that thermal convection is permissible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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10 pages, 3611 KiB  
Article
Effect of High Pressure and Temperature on the Evolution of Si Phase and Eutectic Spacing in Al-20Si Alloys
by Rong Zhang, Chunming Zou, Zunjie Wei and Hongwei Wang
Crystals 2021, 11(6), 705; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11060705 - 20 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1769
Abstract
The microstructure of the Si phase in Al-20Si alloys solidified under high pressure was investigated. The results demonstrate that the morphology of Si phase transformed (bulk→short rod→long needle) with the increase of superheat temperature under high pressure. At a pressure of 3 GPa [...] Read more.
The microstructure of the Si phase in Al-20Si alloys solidified under high pressure was investigated. The results demonstrate that the morphology of Si phase transformed (bulk→short rod→long needle) with the increase of superheat temperature under high pressure. At a pressure of 3 GPa and a superheat temperature of 100 K, a microstructure with a uniform distribution of fine Si phases on the α-Al matrix was obtained in the Al-20Si alloy. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to analyze the spacing variation of the lamellar Al-Si eutectics under the effect of pressure. The lamellar Al-Si eutectics appeared at 2 GPa and superheat temperatures of 70–150 K, and at 3 GPa and superheat temperatures of 140–200 K. With the increase of pressure from 2 GPa to 3 GPa, the average spacing of lamellar Al-Si eutectics decreased from 1.2–1.6 μm to 0.9–1.1 μm. In binary alloys, the effect of pressure on the eutectic spacing is related to the volume change of the solute phase from liquid to solid. When the volume change of the solute phase from liquid to solid is negative, the lamellar eutectic spacing decreases with increasing pressure. When it is positive, the eutectic spacing increases with increasing pressure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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14 pages, 25397 KiB  
Article
Ab Initio Phase Diagram of Copper
by Samuel R. Baty, Leonid Burakovsky and Daniel Errandonea
Crystals 2021, 11(5), 537; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11050537 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3194
Abstract
Copper has been considered as a common pressure calibrant and equation of state (EOS) and shock wave (SW) standard, because of the abundance of its highly accurate EOS and SW data, and the assumption that Cu is a simple one-phase material that does [...] Read more.
Copper has been considered as a common pressure calibrant and equation of state (EOS) and shock wave (SW) standard, because of the abundance of its highly accurate EOS and SW data, and the assumption that Cu is a simple one-phase material that does not exhibit high pressure (P) or high temperature (T) polymorphism. However, in 2014, Bolesta and Fomin detected another solid phase in molecular dynamics simulations of the shock compression of Cu, and in 2017 published the phase diagram of Cu having two solid phases, the ambient face-centered cubic (fcc) and the high-PT body-centered cubic (bcc) ones. Very recently, bcc-Cu has been detected in SW experiments, and a more sophisticated phase diagram of Cu with the two solid phases was published by Smirnov. In this work, using a suite of ab initio quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations based on the Z methodology, which combines both direct Z method for the simulation of melting curves and inverse Z method for the calculation of solid–solid phase boundaries, we refine the phase diagram of Smirnov. We calculate the melting curves of both fcc-Cu and bcc-Cu and obtain an equation for the fcc-bcc solid–solid phase transition boundary. We also obtain the thermal EOS of Cu, which is in agreement with experimental data and QMD simulations. We argue that, despite being a polymorphic rather than a simple one-phase material, copper remains a reliable pressure calibrant and EOS and SW standard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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13 pages, 13366 KiB  
Article
P–V–T Equation of State of Iridium Up to 80 GPa and 3100 K
by Simone Anzellini, Leonid Burakovsky, Robin Turnbull, Enrico Bandiello and Daniel Errandonea
Crystals 2021, 11(4), 452; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11040452 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 3269
Abstract
In the present study, the high-pressure high-temperature equation of the state of iridium has been determined through a combination of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments using laser-heating diamond-anvil cells (up to 48 GPa and 3100 K) and density-functional theory calculations (up to [...] Read more.
In the present study, the high-pressure high-temperature equation of the state of iridium has been determined through a combination of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments using laser-heating diamond-anvil cells (up to 48 GPa and 3100 K) and density-functional theory calculations (up to 80 GPa and 3000 K). The melting temperature of iridium at 40 GPa was also determined experimentally as being 4260 (200) K. The results obtained with the two different methods are fully consistent and agree with previous thermal expansion studies performed at ambient pressure. The resulting thermal equation of state can be described using a third-order Birch–Murnaghan formalism with a Berman thermal-expansion model. The present equation of the state of iridium can be used as a reliable primary pressure standard for static experiments up to 80 GPa and 3100 K. A comparison with gold, copper, platinum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, and osmium is also presented. On top of that, the radial-distribution function of liquid iridium has been determined from experiments and calculations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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18 pages, 2929 KiB  
Article
Anomalous Behavior in the Atomic Structure of Nb3Sn under High Pressure
by Irene Schiesaro, Simone Anzellini, Rita Loria, Raffaella Torchio, Tiziana Spina, René Flükiger, Tetsuo Irifune, Enrico Silva and Carlo Meneghini
Crystals 2021, 11(4), 331; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11040331 - 25 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2778
Abstract
In the present study, the local atomic structure of a Nb3Sn superconductor sample has been probed by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) as a function of hydrostatic pressure (from ambient up to 26 GPa) using a diamond anvil cell set-up. The [...] Read more.
In the present study, the local atomic structure of a Nb3Sn superconductor sample has been probed by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) as a function of hydrostatic pressure (from ambient up to 26 GPa) using a diamond anvil cell set-up. The analysis of the Nb-K edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data was carried out combining standard multi shell structural refinement and reverse Monte Carlo method to provide detailed in situ characterization of the pressure-induced evolution of the Nb local structure in Nb3Sn. The results highlight a complex evolution of Nb chains at the local atomic scale, with a peculiar correlated displacement of Nb–Nb and Nb–Nb–Nb configurations. Such a local effect appears related to anomalies evidenced by X-ray diffraction in other superconductors belonging to the same A15 crystallographic structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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14 pages, 5915 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Commercial Purity Aluminum Modified by Zirconium Micro-Additives
by Ahmad Mostafa, Wail Adaileh, Alaa Awad and Adnan Kilani
Crystals 2021, 11(3), 270; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11030270 - 09 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2521
Abstract
The mechanical properties and the fractured surfaces of commercial purity aluminum modified by zirconium micro-additives were investigated by means of experimental examination. A commercial purity Al specimen was used as a reference material and seven Al-Zr alloys in the 0.02–0.14 wt.% Zr composition [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties and the fractured surfaces of commercial purity aluminum modified by zirconium micro-additives were investigated by means of experimental examination. A commercial purity Al specimen was used as a reference material and seven Al-Zr alloys in the 0.02–0.14 wt.% Zr composition range (with 0.02 wt.% Zr step) were prepared by microalloying methods. Optical microscopy was used to examine the microstructures and to calculate the grain sizes of the prepared specimens. The phase assemblage diagrams were plotted and the relative amounts of solid phases were calculated at room temperature using FactSage thermochemical software and databases. Proof stress, strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent were measured from the stress-strain curves obtained from tensile experiments and Charpy impact energy was calculated for all specimens. The experiments showed that the grain size of commercial purity Al was reduced by adding any Zr concentration in the investigated composition range, which could be due to the nucleation of new grains at Al3Zr particle sites. Accordingly, the microhardness number, tensile properties and Charpy impact energy were improved, owing to the large grain-boundary areas resulted from the refining effect of Zr, which can limit the movement of dislocations in the refined samples. The basic fracture mode in all specimens was ductile, because Al has an FCC structure and remains ductile even at low temperatures. The ductile fractures took place in a transgranular manner as could be concluded from the fractured surface features, which include voids, ridges and cavitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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11 pages, 21949 KiB  
Article
High-Pressure Spectroscopy Study of Zn(IO3)2 Using Far-Infrared Synchrotron Radiation
by Akun Liang, Robin Turnbull, Enrico Bandiello, Ibraheem Yousef, Catalin Popescu, Zoulikha Hebboul and Daniel Errandonea
Crystals 2021, 11(1), 34; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11010034 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2566
Abstract
We report the first high-pressure spectroscopy study on Zn(IO3)2 using synchrotron far-infrared radiation. Spectroscopy was conducted up to pressures of 17 GPa at room temperature. Twenty-five phonons were identified below 600 cm−1 for the initial monoclinic low-pressure polymorph of [...] Read more.
We report the first high-pressure spectroscopy study on Zn(IO3)2 using synchrotron far-infrared radiation. Spectroscopy was conducted up to pressures of 17 GPa at room temperature. Twenty-five phonons were identified below 600 cm−1 for the initial monoclinic low-pressure polymorph of Zn(IO3)2. The pressure response of the modes with wavenumbers above 150 cm−1 has been characterized, with modes exhibiting non-linear responses and frequency discontinuities that have been proposed to be related to the existence of phase transitions. Analysis of the high-pressure spectra acquired on compression indicates that Zn(IO3)2 undergoes subtle phase transitions around 3 and 8 GPa, followed by a more drastic transition around 13 GPa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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11 pages, 2874 KiB  
Article
High-Pressure Structural Behavior and Equation of State of Kagome Staircase Compound, Ni3V2O8
by Daniel Diaz-Anichtchenko, Robin Turnbull, Enrico Bandiello, Simone Anzellini and Daniel Errandonea
Crystals 2020, 10(10), 910; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst10100910 - 08 Oct 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2633
Abstract
We report on high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements on Ni3V2O8 at room-temperature up to 23 GPa. According to this study, the ambient-pressure orthorhombic structure remains stable up to the highest pressure reached in the experiments. We have also [...] Read more.
We report on high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements on Ni3V2O8 at room-temperature up to 23 GPa. According to this study, the ambient-pressure orthorhombic structure remains stable up to the highest pressure reached in the experiments. We have also obtained the pressure dependence of the unit-cell parameters, which reveals an anisotropic compression behavior. In addition, a room-temperature pressure–volume third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state has been obtained with parameters: V0 = 555.7(2) Å3, K0 = 139(3) GPa, and K0′ = 4.4(3). According to this result, Ni3V2O8 is the least compressible kagome-type vanadate. The changes of the crystal structure under compression have been related to the presence of a chain of edge-sharing NiO6 octahedral units forming kagome staircases interconnected by VO4 rigid tetrahedral units. The reported results are discussed in comparison with high-pressure X-ray diffraction results from isostructural Zn3V2O8 and density-functional theory calculations on several isostructural vanadates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

51 pages, 23171 KiB  
Review
Phase Relations of Earth’s Core-Forming Materials
by Tetsuya Komabayashi
Crystals 2021, 11(6), 581; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11060581 - 22 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3692
Abstract
Recent updates on phase relations of Earth’s core-forming materials, Fe alloys, as a function of pressure (P), temperature (T), and composition (X) are reviewed for the Fe, Fe-Ni, Fe-O, Fe-Si, Fe-S, Fe-C, Fe-H, Fe-Ni-Si, and Fe-Si-O systems. [...] Read more.
Recent updates on phase relations of Earth’s core-forming materials, Fe alloys, as a function of pressure (P), temperature (T), and composition (X) are reviewed for the Fe, Fe-Ni, Fe-O, Fe-Si, Fe-S, Fe-C, Fe-H, Fe-Ni-Si, and Fe-Si-O systems. Thermodynamic models for these systems are highlighted where available, starting with 1 bar to high-P-T conditions. For the Fe and binary systems, the longitudinal wave velocity and density of liquid alloys are discussed and compared with the seismological observations on Earth’s outer core. This review may serve as a guide for future research on the planetary cores. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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28 pages, 4561 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Melting Curves of Transition Metals at High Pressures Using Static Compression Techniques
by Paraskevas Parisiades
Crystals 2021, 11(4), 416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11040416 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3871
Abstract
The accurate determination of melting curves for transition metals is an intense topic within high pressure research, both because of the technical challenges included as well as the controversial data obtained from various experiments. This review presents the main static techniques that are [...] Read more.
The accurate determination of melting curves for transition metals is an intense topic within high pressure research, both because of the technical challenges included as well as the controversial data obtained from various experiments. This review presents the main static techniques that are used for melting studies, with a strong focus on the diamond anvil cell; it also explores the state of the art of melting detection methods and analyzes the major reasons for discrepancies in the determination of the melting curves of transition metals. The physics of the melting transition is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds at Extreme Conditions)
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