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Fermentation
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Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus
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Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus

A special issue of Fermentation (ISSN 2311-5637). This special issue belongs to the section "Microbial Metabolism, Physiology & Genetics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2022) | Viewed by 19453

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alicia Paz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Industrial Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering Group “BiotecnIA”, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Ourense, Spain
Interests: industrial microbiology; biotransformation; bioproducts; lignocellulosic waste management and wastewater bioremediation.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, in 2040 the world population is expected to grow more than 9 billion, while in 2055 the figure will increase to more than 10 billion. With a ratio of 80 million people a year, finding a way to fulfill the human needs and protect the environment is mandatory. From this point of view, microbial processes in combination with biotech tools are a hot spot. The biotransformation of resources not committed to human nutrition to obtain goods and services could be a promising approach. Bacillus is a genus recognized as safe, and due to its rapid growth, it has found several industrial-scale applications. Recently, new microbial processes have been published from Bacillus. However, those that are developed from waste for the production of biopolymers, bioactive molecules and biofuels, among others, are of great interest. This Special Issue aims to publish innovative microbial processes carried out by Bacillus strains and that can be applied in the waste management, food, agriculture, chemical, pharmaceutical and energy industries. Special attention will those developed microbial processes from industrial waste from the primary sector.

Dr. Alicia Paz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fermentation is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Bacillus
  • Bioprocesses
  • Bioproducts Biofuels
  • Biomolecules
  • Waste management

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2362 KiB  
Article
Algicidal Properties of Microbial Fermentation Products on Inhibiting the Growth of Harmful Dinoflagellate Species
by Barathan Balaji-Prasath, Ying Wang, Yuping Su, Minghua Chen and Yi Zheng
Fermentation 2022, 8(4), 176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8040176 - 09 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
The fermentation processes of algicidal bacteria offer an eco-friendly and promising approach for controlling harmful algae blooms (HABs). The strain Ba3, previously isolated and identified as Bacillus sp., displays robust algicidal activity against HABs dinoflagellate in particular. Microbial fermentation products have also been [...] Read more.
The fermentation processes of algicidal bacteria offer an eco-friendly and promising approach for controlling harmful algae blooms (HABs). The strain Ba3, previously isolated and identified as Bacillus sp., displays robust algicidal activity against HABs dinoflagellate in particular. Microbial fermentation products have also been found to provide metabolites with multiple bioactivities, which has been shown to reduce harmful algae species’ vegetative cells and thus reduce red tide outbreaks. In this study, the microbial fermentation of algicidal bacterium Ba3 was analyzed for its potential ability of algicidal compounds. A treatment time increased the algicidal efficiency of the fermentation products against Prorocentrum donghaiense (91%) and Alexandrium tamarense (82%). Among the treatment groups, the changing trend for the 2% treatment group was faster than that for the other treatments, showing that the inhibition rate could reach 99.1% in two days. Active components were separated by organic solvent extraction and macroporous resin, and the molecular weight of the active components was analyzed by LC-MS. The result shows that the microbial fermentation products offer a potential, not practical use for controlling the outbreaks of dinoflagellate blooms. As a result of its potential application for inhibiting HABs, these findings provide an encouraging basis for promoting large-scale fermentation production and the controlling the outbreaks of red tide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus)
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17 pages, 1591 KiB  
Article
Optimisation of Xylanase–Pectinase Cocktail Production with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ADI2 Using a Low-Cost Substrate via Statistical Strategy
by Muhammad Hariadi Nawawi, Khairul Izdihar Ismail, Norazliza Sa’ad, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Paridah Md Tahir, Ainun Zuriyati Asa’ari and Wan Zuhainis Saad
Fermentation 2022, 8(3), 119; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8030119 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2648
Abstract
An effective statistical tool for increasing and boosting the production of xylanase and pectinase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ADI2 during submerged fermentation (SmF) appears to be the response of surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design (CCD). Optimum production was achieved under fermentation [...] Read more.
An effective statistical tool for increasing and boosting the production of xylanase and pectinase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ADI2 during submerged fermentation (SmF) appears to be the response of surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design (CCD). Optimum production was achieved under fermentation conditions of a temperature of 28 °C, pH of 8.38, inoculum size of 4% (w/v) and agitation speed of 94 rpm for 48 h. The experimental responses demonstrated a near agreement with the expected responses under optimum conditions of independent variables, suggesting the model’s validity. The optimised CCD model had a 1.34-fold, 159 ± 6 U/mL greater xylanase and 5.96-fold, 205 ± 9 U/mL greater pectinase production than the one factor at a time (OFAT) approach. The production of concurrent enzymes of xylanase–pectinase resulted in a ratio of 1:1.3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus)
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17 pages, 6919 KiB  
Article
Biocontrol Potential of Novel Emerging Multiacting Bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NC6 against Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis
by Khadija Javed, Talha Humayun, Ayesha Humayun, Yong Wang, Humayun Javed and Mohsan Iqbal
Fermentation 2022, 8(3), 95; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8030095 - 25 Feb 2022
Viewed by 2072
Abstract
The emerging elicitor protein PeBA1, extracted from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NC6, was tested against the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) for its biocontrol potential. Its effects on the survival, lifespan, immature development, adult reproductive performance, and pest–pathogen interaction were assessed using electrical penetration [...] Read more.
The emerging elicitor protein PeBA1, extracted from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NC6, was tested against the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) for its biocontrol potential. Its effects on the survival, lifespan, immature development, adult reproductive performance, and pest–pathogen interaction were assessed using electrical penetration graphs (EPGs) against B. brassicae. Furthermore, the direct effects of PeBA1 with temperature and climate change in Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis plants were investigated by the characterization of active compounds in B. amyloliquefaciens with multi-acting entomopathogenic effects. Compared with controls, PeBA1 treatments decreased (second- and third-generation) B. brassicae population growth rates. In a host selection test, control plants were colonized faster by B. brassicae than PeBA1-treated B. rapa plants. The B. brassicae nymphal development was extended by PeBA1 concentrations. Likewise, fecundity was reduced in PeBA1-treated seedlings compared with control, with fewer offspring produced. The trichomes and wax production on PeBA1-treated leaves resulted in a hostile environment for B. brassicae. PeBA1 altered the surface structure of the leaves, reducing B. brassicae reproduction and preventing colonization. Systemic defensive processes also included the activation of pathways (JA, SA, and ET). Based on these findings against B. brassicae, integrated pest management and bio control with PeBA1 in the agroecosystem appears to be suitable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus)
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14 pages, 1821 KiB  
Article
Functional Characterization of Transporters for L-Aspartate in Bacillus licheniformis
by Hanrong Wang, Youran Li, Fengxu Xiao, Yupeng Zhang, Guiyang Shi, Liang Zhang, Sha Xu, Zhongyang Ding and Zhenghua Gu
Fermentation 2022, 8(1), 22; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation8010022 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2203
Abstract
Amino acid efflux and influx transport systems play vital roles in industrial microorganisms’ cell growth and metabolism. However, although biochemically characterized, most of them remain unknown at the molecular level in Bacillus licheniformis. In this study, three proteins, namely, YdgF, YvbW [...] Read more.
Amino acid efflux and influx transport systems play vital roles in industrial microorganisms’ cell growth and metabolism. However, although biochemically characterized, most of them remain unknown at the molecular level in Bacillus licheniformis. In this study, three proteins, namely, YdgF, YvbW, and YveA, were predicted to be involved in the active transport of L-aspartate (L-Asp). This was verified by manipulating their encoding genes. When growing in the minimal medium with L-Asp as the only carbon and nitrogen source, the growth of strains lacking proteins YdgF, YvbW, and YveA was significantly inhibited compared with the wild-type strains, while supplementing the expression of the corresponding proteins in the single-gene knockout strains could alleviate the inhibition. Upon overexpression, the recombinant proteins mediated the accumulation of L-aspartate to varying degrees. Compared with the wild-type strains, the single knockout strains of the three protein genes exhibited reduced absorption of L-aspartate. In addition, this study focused on the effects of these three proteins on the absorption of β-alanine, L-glutamate, D-serine, D-alanine, and glycine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus)
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24 pages, 1587 KiB  
Article
Selection of Bacteriocinogenic Bacillus spp. from Traditional Fermented Korean Food Products with Additional Beneficial Properties
by Gee Hyeun Choi, Joanna Ivy Irorita Fugaban, Clarizza May Dioso, Jorge Enrique Vazquez Bucheli, Wilhelm Heinrich Holzapfel and Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
Fermentation 2021, 7(4), 271; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7040271 - 21 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2102
Abstract
Two Bacillus spp. isolated from kimchi, Bacillus tequilensis ST816CD and Bacillus subtilis ST830CD, were characterized for their antimicrobial properties and safety. The proteinaceous nature of their inhibitory metabolites was confirmed after exposure to proteolytic enzymes, resulting in partial loss of the antimicrobial effect. [...] Read more.
Two Bacillus spp. isolated from kimchi, Bacillus tequilensis ST816CD and Bacillus subtilis ST830CD, were characterized for their antimicrobial properties and safety. The proteinaceous nature of their inhibitory metabolites was confirmed after exposure to proteolytic enzymes, resulting in partial loss of the antimicrobial effect. This indicated that different non-proteinaceous antimicrobial substances may also be produced by these strains. This hypothesis was later confirmed when genes associated with the production of surfactants were detected in their DNA. The expressed antimicrobial metabolites were not affected by treatment at different temperatures and pH levels, including exposure to selected chemicals. Their strong adherence to susceptible pathogens was not significantly affected by different temperatures, chemicals, or pH values. Both Bacillus strains showed inhibitory activity against clinical and food-associated pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, and some Staphylococcus species. Several genes associated with the production of antimicrobial metabolites were detected, but key virulence and beneficial genes were not present in these strains. Even though only B. tequilensis ST816CD displayed γ-hemolysin production, both selected strains were found to produce gelatinase and biogenic amines, which are considered as either potential virulence- or health-related factors. Moreover, the strains were susceptible to a variety of antibiotics except for the penicillin G [1 IU/disc] resistance of B. tequilensis ST816CD. Both strains showed proteolytic activity. Additionally, both strains showed low hydrophobicity based on bacterial adherence measured by hydrocarbons (n-hexadecane). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus)
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9 pages, 1476 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using a Biosurfactant from Bacillus cereus UCP 1615 as Stabilizing Agent and Its Application as an Antifungal Agent
by Italo José Batista Durval, Hugo Morais Meira, Bruno Oliveira de Veras, Raquel Diniz Rufino, Attilio Converti and Leonie Asfora Sarubbo
Fermentation 2021, 7(4), 233; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7040233 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles have great potential in a wide range of applications. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to synthesize, in a simple and green way, via the Tollens method, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), using as a stabilizer the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus cereus [...] Read more.
Silver nanoparticles have great potential in a wide range of applications. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to synthesize, in a simple and green way, via the Tollens method, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), using as a stabilizer the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus cereus UCP 1615 cultivated in a low-cost medium, with waste frying oil as a substrate. The obtained nanoparticles were identified and morphologically characterized using ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential. The maximum UV/vis absorption was observed at 400 nm for newly formed silver nanoparticles, while, for silver nanoparticles stored for 120 days, the peak was observed at 430 nm. SEM micrographs confirmed the formation of nanoparticles, with predominantly spherical structures. The average size of the formed nanoparticles was estimated to be 20 nm. The presence of the biosurfactant promoted stability, as a zeta potential of −23.4 mV was observed. The antimicrobial potential of AgNPs was evaluated at different concentrations against three pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium fellutanum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides). No less than 100% and 85% inhibitions of P. fellutanum and A. niger growth were observed, respectively, at the AgNP concentration of 16.50 µg/mL in potato dextrose agar medium. These results suggest the potential use of the biosurfactant as a stabilizer for silver nanoparticles and its application as an antimicrobial agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus)
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Review

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24 pages, 1293 KiB  
Review
Current Advances in Microbial Production of Acetoin and 2,3-Butanediol by Bacillus spp.
by Kaloyan Petrov and Penka Petrova
Fermentation 2021, 7(4), 307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/fermentation7040307 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4703
Abstract
The growing need for industrial production of bio-based acetoin and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) is due to both environmental concerns, and their widespread use in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Acetoin is a common spice added to many foods, but also a valuable reagent [...] Read more.
The growing need for industrial production of bio-based acetoin and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) is due to both environmental concerns, and their widespread use in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Acetoin is a common spice added to many foods, but also a valuable reagent in many chemical syntheses. Similarly, 2,3-BD is an indispensable chemical on the platform in the production of synthetic rubber, printing inks, perfumes, antifreeze, and fuel additives. This state-of-the-art review focuses on representatives of the genus Bacillus as prospective producers of acetoin and 2,3-BD. They have the following important advantages: non-pathogenic nature, unpretentiousness to growing conditions, and the ability to utilize a huge number of substrates (glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and inulin hydrolysates), sugars from the composition of lignocellulose (cellobiose, mannose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose), as well as waste glycerol. In addition, these strains can be improved by genetic engineering, and are amenable to process optimization. Bacillus spp. are among the best acetoin producers. They also synthesize 2,3-BD in titer and yield comparable to those of the pathogenic producers. However, Bacillus spp. show relatively lower productivity, which can be increased in the course of challenging future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotransformation by Bacillus)
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