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Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials

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A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Wood Science and Forest Products".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 11564

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jarosław Górski

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Guest Editor

Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: woodworking; tool condition monitoring; machinability of wood based materials; machine learning in wood machining systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Drilling is one out of a couple of basic cutting processes that are of particular interest to wood science and technology professionals. It is in fact, from a practical standpoint, quite impossible to imagine furniture manufacturing or construction of wooden buildings without effective drilling techniques. Therefore, there are many studies being carried out on these techniques. This ensures constant development – drilling techniques are constantly being improved, new tools are being developed and new application areas are sought. Drilling is now used for more than just making holes in wood for construction purposes. For example, drilling resistance measurements can be an effective, semi-destructive method used to assess the condition of timber structure elements. Similarly, drilling-based tests are commonly considered the most convenient (quickest and the most material-saving) methods of relative machinability rating of any wood or wood-based materials. There are certainly many other areas in which drilling can be used that are yet to be discovered and explored. Thus, we encourage all researchers dealing with woodworking to contribute to this Special Issue of Forests, which is focused on all (traditional or unconventional) scientific aspects of drilling techniques in both solid wood and wood-based materials.

Prof. Dr. Jarosław Górski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

drill
drill condition
drill wear
drilling machinability
drilling resistance
drilling forces
drilling quality
woodworking
wood machining
wood-based boards

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 4965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Standing-Tree Wood Density by Microdrilling in Tending Forestry Work Carried Out on Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) Stands

by Radu Vlad, Gheorghe Pei, Cristian Gheorghe Sidor, Cosmin Cuciurean, Alexandra Ispravnic and Gheorghe Stefan

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1450; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13091450 - 09 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1291

Abstract

This study analyses the possibility of assessing standing-tree wood density by microdrilling during tending forestry work carried out on Norway spruce stands. The research material comes from 4 experimental plots and consists of 270 trees (78 trees = control variant, 85 trees = moderate variant, and 107 trees = strong variant). The research objectives were to: (1) highlight wood density particularities, (2) identify wood resistance to microdrilling particularities, and (3) assess standing-tree wood density by microdrilling. For the control variant, average density recorded values of 0.357 ± 0.021 and 0.386 ± 0.027 g·cm⁻³; in the moderate variant, values were between 0.359 ± 0.029 and 0.393 ± 0.027 g·cm⁻³; and the strong variant was characterized by the limits of 0.364 ± 0.020 and 0.397 ± 0.027 g·cm⁻³. Average microdrilling resistance values were between 16.6 ± 2.6 and 22.5 ± 3.0% for the control variant; the moderate variant was characterized by the limits of 18.3 ± 3.1 and 23.4 ± 3.3%; and the strong variant recorded value of 19.7 ± 2.6 and 20.5 ± 2.6 (1.5)%. The linear regression results showed that microdrilling resistance increased as wood density increased. Additionally, generalized linear models showed that, when using covariates of microdrill resistance and tree diameter at breast height, there was a significant influence on the dependent variable, wood density, for all considered work variants. These results suggest that it is possible to consistently estimate both quality and resistance in Norway spruce standing trees using microdrilling. Our findings suggest that wood density and microdrilling resistance are dependent on biometric and qualitative characteristics, as well as the amount of tending forestry work conducted on Norway spruce stands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials)

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13 pages, 2664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Wood Particleboard Drilling Operating Parameters by Means of the Artificial Neural Network Modeling Technique and Response Surface Methodology

by Bogdan Bedelean, Mihai Ispas, Sergiu Răcășan and Marius Nicolae Baba

Forests 2022, 13(7), 1045; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13071045 - 01 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1456

Abstract

Drilling is one of the oldest and most important methods of processing wood and wood-based materials. Knowing the optimum value of factors that affect the drilling process could lead both to high-quality furniture and low-energy consumption during the manufacturing process. In this work, the artificial neural network modeling technique and response surface methodology were employed to reveal the optimum value of selected factors, namely, drill tip angle, tooth bite, and drill type of the delamination factor at the inlet and outlet, thrust force, and drilling torque. The data set that was used in this work to develop and validate the ANN models was collected from the literature. The results showed that the developed ANN models could reasonably predict the analyzed responses. By using these models and the response surface methodology, the optimum values of analyzed factors were revealed. Moreover, the influences of selected factors on the drilling process of wood particleboards were analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials)

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13 pages, 4304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) to Reduce Delamination during Drilling into Melamine Faced Chipboard

by Albina Jegorowa, Jarosław Kurek, Michał Kruk and Jarosław Górski

Forests 2022, 13(6), 933; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13060933 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

Drilling into melamine-faced-wood-based panels is one of the most common processes in modern furniture manufacturing. Delamination is usually the main and the most troublesome quality defect in this case. A lot of scientific studies draw the conclusion that the progress of tool wearing during the cutting of wood-based materials is the key problem. Therefore, tool condition monitoring and the replacement of worn tools at the right time is the most useful and common (in the industrial practice) way to reduce delamination. However, the automation of this process is still a problem due to various issues. There is yet no commercial (even prototypical) offer for the furniture industry in this regard. For this reason, it is considered advisable to try to use the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm to automatically identify a drill’s condition during drilling in a laminated chipboard. It has been established that, for practical purposes, it is important to distinguish between the three different classes of tool conditions, which can be conventionally described as “Green” (keep working), “Red” (implicitly stop and replace) and “Yellow” (warning signal—stop and replace if you want to avoid deterioration in cutting quality). To register the signals generated in the cutting zone and those constituting the basis for the identification of the tool condition in the “on-line” mode, the following elements were used: contact sensor of acoustic emission, accelerometer for vibration, two-component force gauge and a microphone. The classification effects (with an overall accuracy above 70%) were ultimately fairly decent but slightly worse than those of the classification algorithms tested earlier (i.e., “nearest neighbors” or “support vector machine” algorithms). The most troublesome, however, is the fact that serious errors (mistakes between “Green” and “Red” classes) were occasionally noted (for about 1% of the analyzed cases). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials)

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13 pages, 3900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Machinability of Flat-Pressed, Single-Layer Wood-Plastic Particleboards while Drilling—Experimental Study of the Impact of the Type of Plastic Used

by Jarosław Górski, Piotr Podziewski and Piotr Borysiuk

Forests 2022, 13(4), 584; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13040584 - 08 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1716

Abstract

Machinability testing of ordinary wood-based panels can be useful, but testing prototypical (not produced industrially) panels is even more useful. So, the innovative (made only on a laboratory scale) flat-pressed WPCs were the subject of this study. The study consisted of experimental machinability testing of samples of fourteen different types of particleboards. Nine of them were innovative (non-commercial by design) particleboards, which differed from each other in terms of the type of plastic that was used and its percentage. The wood particles were bonded with either polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) or polypropylene (PP). The percentages of plastic were either 30%, 50% or 70%. The research stand used for testing the machinability while drilling was based on a standard CNC (computerized numerical control) machining center. The experimental procedure involved the use of a specialized, accurate system for measuring cutting forces. Moreover, the maximum widths of the damage zones visible around the hole, on the drill entry side and the drill exit side were monitored using a digital camera and graphical software. Two key relative machinability indices were determined (quality problem index and cutting force problem index). Generally, the machinability of wood–polypropylene (W-PP) and wood–polystyrene (W-PS) composites was relatively good and generally similar both to each other and to the machinability of raw, standard particleboard P4. However, wood–polyethylene (W-PE) composite turned out to be the best wood-based board that was tested (even better than standard MDF) from the point of view of the cutting force criterion. On the other hand, the general quality of the holes made in W-PE composite was very poor (not much better than for raw, standard particleboard P5, but clearly better than for standard OSB). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials)

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15 pages, 8049 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Initial Study of the Effect of Some PVD Coatings (“TiN/AlTiN” and “TiAlN/a-C:N”) on the Wear Resistance of Wood Drilling Tools

by Paweł Czarniak, Karol Szymanowski, Peter Panjan and Jarosław Górski

Forests 2022, 13(2), 286; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13020286 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

The wear of drills when processing wood-based boards is an important problem in industrial practice. The main objective of the study was to experimentally check whether two types of PVD coatings (multilayer nanocomposite “TiN/AlTiN” and double-layer coatings “TiAlN/a-C:N”) increase the wear resistance of the drill bits significantly (in terms of statistics). The typical two-blade drill bits intended for drilling in wood-based panels were used. During the experiments, the holes were drilled in samples made of commercial raw three-layer particleboard with the spindle speed of 4500 rpm, and the feed per revolution was 0.15 mm. The tool wear was monitored using a microscope. The advantage (greater resistance to wear) of both of the tested coatings (“TiN/AlTiN” and “TiAlN/a-C:N”) over raw cemented carbide was statistically significant in the initial period of machining (before 800 holes were drilled). Unfortunately, in the final period (when the number of holes drilled was over 800), only one coating (“TiN/AlTiN”) retained its advantage over raw cemented carbide. The effect of the second coating (“TiAlN/a-C:N”) turned out to be statistically insignificant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials)

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12 pages, 3268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Verification of a Highly Simplified, Preliminary Machinability Test for Wood-Based Boards in the Case of Drilling

by Piotr Podziewski, Katarzyna Śmietańska and Jarosław Górski

Forests 2021, 12(10), 1334; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f12101334 - 29 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1158

Abstract

In contrast to metalworking there are no standardized or (at least) generally accepted, relative machinability tests for innovative or less known wood-based panels. The most reliable testing procedures are based on the use of a specialized, accurate system for measuring cutting forces and on conducting all tests in conditions that are similar to real industrial conditions (machine tool, cutting parameters etc.). However, the need for a more simplified testing procedure has often been voiced—not all scientists specializing in wood-based materials development have a machine tool comparable to one that can be found in a real furniture factory and piezoelectric force sensors at their unlimited disposal. To meet this need, the highly simplified, preliminary machinability test for wood-based boards in the case of drilling was developed and tried. The results of experimental research suggest that the simplified way of testing of relative machinability of wood-based boards (i.e., testing based on the photoelectric measurement of the time needed to make a 10 mm deep hole under constant feed force) can be a useful substitute of standard machinability testing procedure (based on accurate cutting forces measurements carried out in the standard industrial conditions). When verifying the simplified testing procedure, samples from each of the three basic groups of wood-based materials of substantially different internal structures (fiberboard, particleboard, and veneer boards) were tested. The relationship between significantly reliable and highly simplified machinability indexes turned out to be at a satisfactory level (R² = 0.97 for particleboards and R² = 0.95 for fiberboards or boards made of veneer or solid wood). The use of a simplified procedure can be especially pragmatic in case of any preliminary testing of innovative wood-based boards during the material development work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials)

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Review

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11 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Review of New Scientific Developments in Drilling in Wood-Based Panels with Particular Emphasis on the Latest Research Trends in Drill Condition Monitoring

by Jarosław Górski

Forests 2022, 13(2), 242; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/f13020242 - 04 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

Drilling is still one of the basic cutting processes that are of particular interest to wood science and technology professionals. As a result, considerable (and very diverse thematically) research has been recently carried out on drilling. The article focuses on the new and quite spectacular approach to drill condition monitoring in wood-based panels machining. One of the most innovative elements in the analyzed research trend is the adoption of the new general methodological assumptions that allow one to define the drill condition monitoring problem as a standard three-class classification. The general effectiveness of the tested monitoring systems (accuracy of classification ACC [%]), ranged between 67% and 82%. The critical classification error (CCE [%]) ranged between 0% and 1.6%. These results seem very promising, yet are still not good enough to develop a commercial monitoring system. A more useful form of obtaining diagnostic data and more effective classification strategies (algorithms) are likely to be required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drilling Techniques of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials)

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