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Analytical Study and Evaluation of Potential Risks of Atmospheric Pollutants
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Analytical Study and Evaluation of Potential Risks of Atmospheric Pollutants

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 6515

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kentaro Misaki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
Interests: environmental toxicology; toxic identification and evaluation (TIE); environmental chemistry; polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs); carcinogenicity; immunology
Prof. Dr. Takeji Takamura-Enya

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
Interests: environmental genome toxicology; environmental analytical chemistry; DNA adducts

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The atmospheric environment contains various pollutants from many sources like internal combustion engines in automobiles, industrial factories, and combustion furnaces (polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, NOx, SOx, ozone, particulate matter (PM), etc.). In developed countries, many contaminants are discharged, although their concentrations have not significantly increased owing to the development of removal systems and internal combustion engines that produce a lower environmental burden. On the contrary, in emerging and developing countries, environmental measures have been delayed, and contaminants with high concentrations have had substantial effects on human health, specifically in metropolitan areas. In the recent few decades, epidemiological and toxicological studies related to multiple toxicities (carcinogenicity, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular disorders, allergy, immunotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting action, developmental toxicity, brain disorders, etc.) in individual constituents and mixtures of atmospheric contaminants have been increasingly reported.

New research papers, reviews, case reports, and brief reports are invited for this Special Issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, specifically those in the field of environmental chemistry, for example, on origin analysis, generation mechanisms, and concentration distribution and evaluation of potential risks for individual chemicals and mixed samples. Conceptual papers on these topics are also welcome.

Dr. Kentaro Misaki
Prof. Dr. Takeji Takamura-Enya
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • atmospheric pollutants
  • environmental chemistry
  • environmental toxicology
  • air pollutant source
  • epidemiology
  • exposure assessment
  • risk assessment

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1539 KiB  
Article
Antiandrogenic and Estrogenic Activity Evaluation of Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Chemically Activated Luciferase Expression Assays
by Kentaro Misaki, Nguyen Minh Tue, Takeji Takamura-Enya, Hidetaka Takigami, Go Suzuki, Le Huu Tuyen, Shin Takahashi and Shinsuke Tanabe
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 80; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20010080 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1408
Abstract
To establish the risk of the endocrine disrupting activity of polycyclic aromatic compounds, especially oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively), antiandrogenic and estrogenic activities were determined using chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assays with human osteoblast sarcoma cells. A [...] Read more.
To establish the risk of the endocrine disrupting activity of polycyclic aromatic compounds, especially oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively), antiandrogenic and estrogenic activities were determined using chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assays with human osteoblast sarcoma cells. A total of 27 compounds including 9 oxy-PAHs (polycyclic aromatic ketones and quinones) and 8 nitro-PAHs was studied. The oxy-PAHs of 7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (BAO), 11H-benzo[a]fluoren-11-one (B[a]FO), 11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one (B[b]FO), and phenanthrenequinone (PhQ) exhibited significantly the potent inhibition of AR activation. All nitro-PAHs exhibited high antiandrogenic activities (especially high for 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFA) and 3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one (3-NBAO)), and the AR inhibition was confirmed as noncompetitive for 3-NFA, 3-NBAO, and 1,3-dinitropyrene (1,3-DNPy). Antiandrogenic activity of 3-NFA demonstrated characteristically a U-shaped dose–response curve; however, the absence of fluorescence effect on the activity was confirmed. The prominent estrogenic activity dependent on dose–response curve was confirmed for 2 oxy-PAHs (i.e., B[a]FO and B[b]FO). Elucidating the role of AR and ER on the effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds (e.g., oxy- and nitro-PAHs) to endocrine dysfunctions in mammals and aquatic organisms remains a challenge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Study and Evaluation of Potential Risks of Atmospheric Pollutants)
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8 pages, 480 KiB  
Article
Acute Gaseous Air Pollution Exposure and Hospitalizations for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Time-Series Analysis in Tianjin, China
by Mingrui Cui, Changqing Zhan, Wenjuan Wu, Dandan Guo and Yijun Song
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13344; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph192013344 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1274
Abstract
Background: Stroke has always been an important problem troubling human health. Short-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with increased hospital admissions. The rise of pollutants such as O3 has caused a huge social and economic burden. This study aims to explore [...] Read more.
Background: Stroke has always been an important problem troubling human health. Short-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with increased hospital admissions. The rise of pollutants such as O3 has caused a huge social and economic burden. This study aims to explore the relationship between short-term exposure to ambient gaseous pollutants and daily hospitalizations for ischemic stroke, utilizing a four-year time-series study in Tianjin. Methods: Collecting the data of gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, O3), meteorological data (including daily average temperature and relative humidity) and the number of hospitalizations due to ischemic stroke in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2013 to 2016. Poisson regression generalized additive model with single-day and multi-day moving average lag structure was used to estimate adverse effects of gaseous pollutants on daily hospitalizations. Subgroup analysis was performed to detect modification effect by gender and age. Results: In total, there were 9081 ischemic stroke hospitalizations. After controlling for the meteorological factors in the same period, no significant findings were found with the increase of NO2, SO2, CO and O3 concentrations at most of the time in the single-pollutant model. Similarly, in the stratified analysis, no associations between gaseous pollutants and ischemic stroke were observed in this study. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to NO2, SO2, CO and O3 was not distinctly associated with daily hospitalizations for ischemic stroke in Tianjin. Multicenter studies in the future are warranted to explore the associations between gaseous pollution exposure and ischemic stroke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Study and Evaluation of Potential Risks of Atmospheric Pollutants)
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17 pages, 2370 KiB  
Article
Mass Concentration, Source and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Nine Cities of Northeast China
by Jianwu Shi, Yuzhai Bao, Liang Ren, Yuanqi Chen, Zhipeng Bai and Xinyu Han
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4915; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19084915 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1745
Abstract
From April 2008 to July 2009, ambient measurements of 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, were conducted in nine industrial cities (Shenyang, Fushun, Changchun, Jilin, Harbin, Daqing, Huludao, Anshan and Tianjin) of the Northeast Region, China (NRC). Daqing had [...] Read more.
From April 2008 to July 2009, ambient measurements of 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, were conducted in nine industrial cities (Shenyang, Fushun, Changchun, Jilin, Harbin, Daqing, Huludao, Anshan and Tianjin) of the Northeast Region, China (NRC). Daqing had the highest concentration of VOCs (519.68 ± 309.88 μg/m3), followed by Changchun (345.01 ± 170.52 μg/m3), Harbin (231.14 ± 46.69 μg/m3), Jilin (221.63 ± 34.32 μg/m3), Huludao (195.92 ± 103.26 μg/m3), Fushun (135.43 ± 46.01 μg/m3), Anshan (109.68 ± 23.27 μg/m3), Tianjin (104.31 ± 46.04 μg/m3), Shenyang (75.2 ± 40.09 μg/m3). Alkanes constituted the largest percentage (>40%) in concentrations of the quantified VOCs in NRC, and the exception was Tianjin dominated by aromatics (about 52.34%). Although alkanes were the most abundant VOCs at the cities, the most important VOCs contributing to ozone formation potential (OFP) were alkenes and aromatics. Changchun had the highest OFP (537.3 μg/m3), Tianjin had the lowest OFP (111.7 μg/m3). The main active species contributing to OFP in the nine cities were C2~C6 alkanes, C7~C8 aromatic hydrocarbons, individual cities (Daqing) contained n-hexane, propane and other alkane species. Correlation between individual hydrocarbons, B/T ratio and principal component analysis model (PCA) were deployed to explore the source contributions. The results showed that the source of vehicle exhausts was one of the primary sources of VOCs in all nine cities. Additionally, individual cities, such as Daqing, petrochemical industry was founded to be an important source of VOCs. The results gained from this study provided a large of useful information for better understanding the characteristics and sources of ambient VOCs incities of NRC. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the nine cities were within the safe range recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (HQ < 1), and the lifetime carcinogenic risk values of benzene were 3.82 × 10−5~1.28 × 10−4, which were higher than the safety range specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (R < 1.00 × 10−6). The results of risk values indicated that there was a risk of cancer in these cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Study and Evaluation of Potential Risks of Atmospheric Pollutants)
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17 pages, 1136 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of a Box and Flux Model to Describe Major, Trace and Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Scottish Soils
by Luigi Gallini, Andrew Hursthouse and Antonio Scopa
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 8930; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18178930 - 25 Aug 2021
Viewed by 1348
Abstract
The box and flux model is a mathematical tool used to describe and forecast the major and trace elements perturbations of the Earth biogeochemical cycles. This mathematical tool describes the biogeochemical cycles, using kinetics of first, second and even third order. The theory [...] Read more.
The box and flux model is a mathematical tool used to describe and forecast the major and trace elements perturbations of the Earth biogeochemical cycles. This mathematical tool describes the biogeochemical cycles, using kinetics of first, second and even third order. The theory and history of the box and flux modeling are shortly revised and discussed within the framework of Jim Lovelok’s Gaia theory. The objectives of the investigation were to evaluate the natural versus anthropic load of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) of the Scottish soils, investigate the soil components adsorbing and retaining the PTEs in non-mobile species, evaluate the aging factor of the anthropic PTEs and develop a model which describes the leaching of PTEs in layered soils. In the Scottish land, the soil-to-rock enrichment factorinversely correlates with the boiling point of the PTEs. The same is observed in NW Italy and USA soils, suggesting the common source of the PTEs. The residence time in soils of the measured PTEs linearly correlates with the Soil Organic Matter (SOM). The element property which mostly explains the adsorption capacity for PTEs’ is the ionic potential (IP). The downward migration rates of the PTEs inversely correlate with SOM, and in Scottish soil, they range from 0.5 to 2.0 cm·year−1. Organic Bentoniteis the most important soil phase adsorbing cation bivalent PTEs. The self-remediation time of the polluted soil examined ranged from 50 to 100 years. The aging factor, the adsorption of PTEs’ into non-mobile species, and occlusion into the soil mineral lattice was not effective. The box and flux model developed, tested and validatedhere does not describe the leaching of PTEs following the typical Gaussian shape distribution of the physical diffusion models. Indeed, the mathematical model proposed is sensitive to the inhomogeneity of the layered soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Study and Evaluation of Potential Risks of Atmospheric Pollutants)
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