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The Independent and Joint Roles of Sleep and Chrono-Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Risk

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Behavioral and Mental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 April 2024) | Viewed by 11931

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nour Makarem

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Guest Editor

Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Interests: sleep; circadian rhythms; chrono-nutrition; cardiometabolic risk; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular health; women’s health; ethnic disparities

Dr. Faris Zuraikat

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Guest Editor

Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Interests: sleep behaviors; chronotype; shift work; eating behaviors; energy intake; diet quality; obesity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sleep is a key determinant of cardiometabolic health. Poor sleep has been linked to heightened risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation. In contrast, positive sleep behaviors are associated with the preservation of cardiovascular health, as defined by the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7. Therefore, healthy sleep may play an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death globally. However, sleep health is not currently included in formal lifestyle guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention. In addition, sleep health disparities, which stem from social and structural-level factors, likely contribute to the cardiovascular health disparities at the population level.

Closely related to sleep health is chrono-nutrition, which refers to the timing and regularity of dietary patterns in the 24-h day and across days, that is, the alignment of eating patterns with our endogenous circadian rhythms. While most research on diet has focused on “what” and “how much” we eat, “when” we eat may also have important health consequences. However, the influence of eating pattern timing and variability on cardiometabolic risk factors and cardiovascular disease risk is in the nascent stages of characterization.

This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) will feature research on the associations between sleep, diet, and cardiometabolic risk. Topics of particular interest are multi-dimensional sleep health (sleep duration, quality, and regularity and sleep disorders) and chrono-nutrition (eating pattern timing and variability) in relation to cardiometabolic outcomes (blood pressure, glycemic regulation, adiposity, and inflammation) and cardiovascular disease risk. Studies that examine the bidirectional relation between sleep and diet as well as papers dealing with new approaches and methods to evaluate sleep health and chrono-nutrition are also welcome. Manuscripts that examine the contribution of sleep, chrono-nutrition, or the interplay of sleep and diet to cardiovascular health disparities are encouraged. Submissions of original research, narrative and systematic reviews, and meta-analyses will be included.

Dr. Nour Makarem
Dr. Faris Zuraikat
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

sleep health
sleep behaviors
circadian rhythms
chrono-nutrition
meal timing
eating patterns
obesity
cardiometabolic risk
cardiovascular disease
health equity

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formative Development of ClockWork for the Postpartum Period: A Theory-Based Intervention to Harness the Circadian Timing System to Address Cardiometabolic Health-Related Behaviors

by Rachel P. Kolko Conlon, Haomin Hu, Andi Saptono, Marquis S. Hawkins, Bambang Parmanto, Michele D. Levine and Daniel J. Buysse

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20043669 - 18 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2054

Abstract

Individuals with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² before pregnancy have greater difficulty losing the weight gained during pregnancy, and this postpartum weight retention predicts higher risk for cardiometabolic disease. The postpartum period involves substantial disruptions in circadian rhythms, including rhythms related to eating, physical activity, sleep, and light/dark exposure, each of which are linked to obesity and cardiometabolic disease in non-pregnant adult humans and animals. We posit that a multi-component, circadian timing system-based behavioral intervention that uses digital tools—ClockWork—will be feasible and acceptable to postpartum individuals and help promote weight- and cardiometabolic health-related behaviors. We provide data from stakeholder interviews with postpartum individuals (pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25; n = 7), which were conducted to obtain feedback on and improve the relevance and utility of digital self-monitoring tools for health behaviors and weight during the postpartum period. Participants perceived the ClockWork intervention and digital monitoring app to be helpful for management of postpartum weight-related health behaviors. They provided specific recommendations for increasing the feasibility intervention goals and improving app features for monitoring behaviors. Personalized, easily accessible interventions are needed to promote gestational weight loss after delivery; addressing circadian behaviors is an essential component of such interventions. Future studies will evaluate the efficacy of the ClockWork intervention and associated digital tools for improving cardiometabolic health-related behaviors linked to the circadian timing system during the postpartum period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Sleep and Chrono-Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Risk)

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15 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers to Optimal Child Sleep among Families with Low Income: A Mixed-Methods Study to Inform Intervention Development

by Elizabeth L. Adams, Amanda Edgar, Peyton Mosher, Bridget Armstrong, Sarah Burkart, R. Glenn Weaver, Michael W. Beets, E. Rebekah Siceloff and Ronald J. Prinz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 862; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20010862 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

This study gathered formative data on barriers to optimal child sleep to inform the development of a sleep intervention for parents of preschool-aged children in low-income households. Parents (n = 15, age: 34 ± 8 years, household income: $30,000 ± 17,845/year) reporting difficulties with their child’s sleep participated in this study. Mixed methods included an online survey and semi-structured phone interview. Items assessed barriers/facilitators to optimal child sleep and intervention preferences. Interview transcripts were coded using inductive analyses and constant-comparison methods to generate themes. Derived themes were then mapped onto the Theoretical Domains Framework to contextualize barriers and inform future intervention strategies. Themes that emerged included: stimulating bedtime activities, child behavior challenges, variability in children’s structure, parent work responsibilities, sleep-hindering environment, and parent’s emotional capacity. Parent’s intervention preferences included virtual delivery (preferred by 60% of parents) to reduce barriers and provide flexibility. Mixed preferences were observed for the group (47%) vs. individual (53%) intervention sessions. Parents felt motivated to try new intervention strategies given current frustrations, the potential for tangible results, and knowing others were in a similar situation. Future work will map perceived barriers to behavior change strategies using the Behavior Change Wheel framework to develop a parenting sleep intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Sleep and Chrono-Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Risk)

16 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidimensional Sleep Health Is Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Cardiometabolic Health in US Adults

by Nour Makarem, Carmela Alcantara, Sydney Musick, Odayme Quesada, Dorothy D. Sears, Ziyu Chen and Parisa Tehranifar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10749; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710749 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

Individual sleep dimensions have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and cardiometabolic health (CMH), but sleep health is multifaceted. We investigated associations of a multidimensional sleep health (MDSH) score, enabling the assessment of sleep health gradients, with CVD and CMH. Participants were 4555 adults aged ≥20 years from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A MDSH score, capturing poor, moderate, and ideal sleep was computed from self-reported sleep duration, sleep regularity, difficulty falling asleep, symptoms of sleep disorders, and daytime sleepiness. Survey-weighted multivariable linear and logistic models examined associations of MDSH with CVD and CMH. Ideal and moderate vs. poor MDSH were related to lower odds of hypertension (62% and 41%), obesity (73% and 56%), and central adiposity (68% and 55%), respectively; a statistically significant linear trend was observed across gradients of MDSH (p-trend < 0.001). Ideal vs. moderate/poor MDSH was associated with 32% and 40% lower odds of prevalent CVD and type 2 diabetes, respectively. More favorable MDSH was associated with lower blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, and fasting glucose. In sex-stratified analyses, ideal vs. moderate/poor MDSH was associated with lower CVD odds and blood pressure in women only. The MDSH framework may be more than just the sum of its parts and could better capture information regarding CVD risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Sleep and Chrono-Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Risk)

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20 pages, 1886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of Integrated Chrono-Nutrition Weight Reduction Program among Overweight/Obese with Morning and Evening Chronotypes

by Fatin Hanani Mazri, Zahara Abdul Manaf, Suzana Shahar, Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin and Siti Munirah Abdul Basir

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084469 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3244

Abstract

This paper describes the development of an integrated chrono-nutrition weight reduction program and the evaluation of the attendance, retention, satisfaction and compliance towards the chrono-nutrition components among morning and evening chronotypes for overweight/obese non-shift workers. The present study was conducted in two phases: Phase I was composed of needs assessments on the chronotypes’ dietary patterns and chrono-nutrition through a scoping review and integrating the chrono-nutrition components (temporal eating pattern, meal timing and sleeping habits) alongside the existing weight reduction module, SLIMSHAPE™. Phase II consisted of a feasibility study to evaluate the integrated chrono-nutrition weight reduction program (SLIMSHAPE™ Chrono). A total of 91 overweight/obese non-shift workers participated in the 12-week weight reduction program (Age: 39.6 ± 6.3 years; 74.7% women; BMI: 31.2 ± 4.5 kg/m²). Low attrition rate was recorded, with 85 participants (93.4%) completing the pre- and post-intervention assessments. Overall, morning and evening chronotypes had increased their % energy intake in the early eating window (MT: 64.8 vs. 67.2%, ET: 62.7 vs. 65.6%, Mean difference (MD): 2.8, 95%CI: 0.3, 5.1, p = 0.028) and reduced their intake in the late eating window (MT: 35.2 vs. 32.8%, ET: 37.3 vs. 34.4%, MD: −2.8, 95%CI: −5.1, −0.3, p = 0.028) and earlier midpoint of eating (MT: 14:02 vs. 13:49; ET: 14:27 vs. 14:18, 95%CI: −0.4, −0.02, p = 0.029) and had a reduced night eating syndrome score (MT: 10.0 vs. 8.9; ET: 10.7 vs. 8.9, MD: −1.5, 95%CI: −2.5, −0.5, p = 0.004). There was no significant change in the first (MT: 08:12 vs. 08:04, ET: 08:24 vs. 08:22, MD: −0.1, 95%CI: −0.2, 0.03, p = 0.170) and last mealtime (MT: 19:52 vs. 19:33, ET: 20:29 vs. 20:14, MD: −0.3, 95%CI: −0.6, −0.04, p = 0.081), eating duration (MT: 11.7 vs. 11.5 h, ET: 12.1 vs. 11.9 h, MD: −0.2, 95%CI: −0.6, 0.2, p = 0.251) and the elapse time between sleep onset and last meal (MT: 3.1 vs. 3.5 h, ET: 3.5 vs. 3.2 h, MD: 0.1, 95%CI: −0.3, 0.4, p = 0.678). In terms of sleep, evening chronotypes increased their sleep duration (MD: 0.8 h, 95% CI: 0.4, 1.2, p < 0.001) and reduced social jetlag (MD: 19 min, 95% CI: 1.7, 36.3, p = 0.031) post-intervention compared to morning chronotypes. The integrated chrono-nutrition weight reduction program among morning and evening chronotypes improved the temporal pattern of energy intake, meal timing, night eating syndrome and sleep habits post-intervention. The chrono-nutrition practice could be a potentially modifiable behavior as an adjunct strategy in weight management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Sleep and Chrono-Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Risk)

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Review

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10 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dieting Behavior Characterized by Caloric Restriction and Relation to Sleep: A Brief Contemporary Review

by Vivian Cao, Alisha Clark and Brooke Aggarwal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 276; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph20010276 - 24 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1543

Abstract

There is sufficient evidence showing that greater sleep quality improves weight loss outcomes achieved through dietary modifications; however, the effects of dietary modifications such as caloric restriction on sleep outcomes is less established. Caloric restriction is a commonly recommended weight-loss method, yet it may result in short-term weight loss and subsequent weight regain, known as “weight cycling”, which has recently been shown to be associated with both poor sleep and worse cardiovascular health. The purpose of this brief narrative review was to summarize the evidence from recent studies of the effects of caloric restriction on sleep. Six articles were identified that specifically measured effects of a caloric restriction-based intervention on aspects of sleep as primary or secondary outcomes. Most research to date indicates that caloric restriction improves sleep outcomes including sleep quality and sleep onset latency. However, the relation between caloric restriction and sleep duration is less clear. Given the mixed results and the potential for severe caloric restriction to lead to weight cycling, future studies are needed to clarify how caloric restriction affects sleep and the potential implications for weight-management efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Sleep and Chrono-Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Risk)

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