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Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention
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Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Cardiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 55449

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. François Roubille

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Cardiology Department, CHU de Montpellier, INI-CRT, Montpellier, France
Interests: interventional cardiology; cardiovascular medicine; myocardial infarction; atrial fibrillation; cardiac imaging; ischemia–reperfusion injury; heart failure

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In spite of innovative treatments, both through pharmacological and interventional approaches, CVD continue to progress, especially because of the increased incidence of diseases, such as diabetes or other well-established CV risk factors, but also because of cumulative comorbidities and emerging risk factors (sleep disorders, chronic inflammation, psychiatric disorders, etc.).

In this Special Issue dedicated to risk factors, comorbidities and prevention, we are interested in original and review articles that (1) assess short- and long-term clinical outcomes as a consequence of various advances in this area, (2) highlight unmet needs, and (3) discuss future research directions.

Various clinical settings and comorbidities should be better known by physicians.

The editors hope that this issue will be of interest to not just cardiologists, but also to a broader range of clinicians that encounter cardiovascular diseases, especially those who are engaged to struggle comorbidities.

Prof. Dr. François Roubille
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Cardiovascular medicine
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Heart failure
  • Cardiovascular risk factor
  • Comorbidities
  • Prevention
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Inflammation
  • Overweight
  • Sleep disorders
  • Renal function

Published Papers (26 papers)

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9 pages, 986 KiB  
Article
Lp(a) Levels in Relatives of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Elevated Lp(a): HER(a) Study
by M. Rosa Fernández-Olmo, Magdalena Carrillo Bailen, Mar Martínez Quesada, Carmen Rus Mansilla, Miriam Martin Toro, Ana López Suarez, Marta Lucas García, Gustavo Cortez Quiroga, Beatriz Calvo Bernal, Samuel Ortiz Cruces, Javier Torres Llergo, Ana García Ruano, Manuel Fernández Anguita, Diego Franco and Alberto Cordero
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(8), 2256; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm13082256 - 12 Apr 2024
Viewed by 435
Abstract
Background: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a proatherogenic particle associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is mainly genetically determined; so, the aim of our study is to evaluate the levels of Lp(a) in the relatives of a prospective cohort of patients who have suffered from [...] Read more.
Background: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a proatherogenic particle associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is mainly genetically determined; so, the aim of our study is to evaluate the levels of Lp(a) in the relatives of a prospective cohort of patients who have suffered from an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL. Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective study, in which consecutive patients who had suffered from an ACS and presented Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL and their first-degree relatives were included. Results: We included 413 subjects, of which 56.4% were relatives of the patients. Family history of early ischemic heart disease was present in 57.5%, and only 20.6% were receiving statin treatment. The family cohort was younger (37.5 vs. 59.1 years; p < 0.001), and 4% had ischemic heart disease and fewer cardiovascular risk factors. Mean Lp(a) levels were 64.9 mg/dL, 59.4% had levels ≥ 50 mg/dL, and 16.1% had levels ≥ 100 mg/dL. When comparing the patients with respect to their relatives, the mean level of Lp(a) was lower but without significant differences regarding the levels of LDLc, ApoB, and non-HDL. However, relatives with Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL, had values similar to the group of patients with ACS (96.8 vs. 103.8 mg/dL; p = 0.18). No differences were found in Lp(a) levels in relatives based on the other lipid parameters. Conclusions: Overall, 59.4% of the first-degree relatives of patients who suffered from an ACS with Lp(a) ≥ 50 mg/dL also had elevated levels. Relatives with elevated Lp(a) had similar levels as patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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20 pages, 3047 KiB  
Article
Prescribed Versus Taken Polypharmacy and Drug–Drug Interactions in Older Cardiovascular Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
by Nina D. Anfinogenova, Oksana M. Novikova, Irina A. Trubacheva, Elena V. Efimova, Nazary P. Chesalov, Wladimir Y. Ussov, Aleksandra S. Maksimova, Tatiana A. Shelkovnikova, Nadezhda I. Ryumshina, Vadim A. Stepanov, Sergey V. Popov and Alexey N. Repin
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(15), 5061; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12155061 - 01 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1075
Abstract
The study aimed to assess clinical pharmacology patterns of prescribed and taken medications in older cardiovascular patients using electronic health records (EHRs) (n = 704) (2019–2022). Medscape Drug Interaction Checker was used to identify pairwise drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Prevalence rates of DDIs [...] Read more.
The study aimed to assess clinical pharmacology patterns of prescribed and taken medications in older cardiovascular patients using electronic health records (EHRs) (n = 704) (2019–2022). Medscape Drug Interaction Checker was used to identify pairwise drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Prevalence rates of DDIs were 73.5% and 68.5% among taken and prescribed drugs, respectively. However, the total number of DDIs was significantly higher among the prescribed medications (p < 0.05). Serious DDIs comprised 16% and 7% of all DDIs among the prescribed and taken medications, respectively (p < 0.05). Median numbers of DDIs between the prescribed vs. taken medications were Me = 2, IQR 0–7 vs. Me = 3, IQR 0–7 per record, respectively. Prevalence of polypharmacy was significantly higher among the prescribed medications compared with that among the taken drugs (p < 0.05). Women were taking significantly more drugs and had higher prevalence of polypharmacy and DDIs (p < 0.05). No sex-related differences were observed in the list of prescribed medications. ICD code U07.1 (COVID-19, virus identified) was associated with the highest median DDI number per record. Further research is warranted to improve EHR structure, implement patient engagement in reporting adverse drug reactions, and provide genetic profiling of patients to avoid potentially serious DDIs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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15 pages, 1651 KiB  
Article
Platelet Reactivity and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk in the LURIC Study
by Martin Berger, Alexander Dressel, Marcus E. Kleber, Winfried März, Peter Hellstern, Nikolaus Marx and Katharina Schütt
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(5), 1913; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12051913 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1473
Abstract
Background: The clinical and prognostic implications of platelet reactivity (PR) testing in a P2Y12-inhibitor naïve population are poorly understood. Objectives: This explorative study aims to assess the role of PR and explore factors that may modify elevated mortality risk in patients [...] Read more.
Background: The clinical and prognostic implications of platelet reactivity (PR) testing in a P2Y12-inhibitor naïve population are poorly understood. Objectives: This explorative study aims to assess the role of PR and explore factors that may modify elevated mortality risk in patients with altered PR. Methods: Platelet ADP-induced CD62P and CD63 expression were measured by flow-cytometry in 1520 patients who were referred for coronary angiography in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study (LURIC). Results: High- and Low-platelet reactivity to ADP were strong predictors of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and risk equivalent to the presence of coronary artery disease. (High platelet reactivity 1.4 [95% CI 1.1–1.9]; Low platelet reactivity: 1.4 [95% CI 1.0–2.0]). Relative weight analysis indicated glucose control (HbA1c), renal function ([eGFR]), inflammation (high-sensitive C-reactive protein [hsCRP]) and antiplatelet therapy by Aspirin as consistent mortality risk modifiers in patients with Low- and High-platelet reactivity. Pre-specified stratification of patients by risk modifiers HbA1c (<7.0%), eGFR (>60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and CRP (<3 mg/L) was associated with a lower mortality risk, however irrespective of platelet reactivity. Aspirin treatment was associated with reduced mortality in patients with high platelet reactivity only (p for interaction: 0.02 for CV-death [<0.01 for all-cause mortality]. Conclusions: Cardiovascular mortality risk in patients with High- and Low platelet reactivity is equivalent to the presence of coronary artery disease. Targeted glucose control, improved kidney function and lower inflammation are associated with reduced mortality risk, however independent of platelet reactivity. In contrast, only in patients with High-platelet reactivity was Aspirin treatment associated with lower mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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12 pages, 1576 KiB  
Article
Predictive Value of the Age, Creatinine, and Ejection Fraction (ACEF) Score in Cardiovascular Disease among Middle-Aged Population
by Shengjun Xiong, Shizhang Yin, Wanshu Deng, Yuanhui Zhao, Wenhang Li, Pengbo Wang, Zhao Li, Hongmei Yang, Ying Zhou, Shasha Yu, Xiaofan Guo and Yingxian Sun
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(22), 6609; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11226609 - 08 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1135
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the predictive value of ACEF scores for identifying the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. Methods: A total of 8613 participants without a history of CVD were enrolled in the follow-up. The endpoint was CVD incidence, defined [...] Read more.
Purpose: To explore the predictive value of ACEF scores for identifying the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. Methods: A total of 8613 participants without a history of CVD were enrolled in the follow-up. The endpoint was CVD incidence, defined as stroke or coronary heart disease (CHD) diagnosed during the follow-up period. Cox regression analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with respect to the age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF) scores and CVD. A Kaplan–Meier curve was used to analyze the probability of CVD in different quartiles of ACEF. Restricted cubic spline was used to further explore whether the relationship between ACEF and CVD was linear. Finally, we assessed the discriminatory ability of ACEF for CVD using C-statistics, net reclassification index, and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results: During a median follow-up period of 4.66 years, 388 participants were diagnosed with CVD. The Kaplan–Meier curve showed that ACEF was associated with CVD, and participants with high ACEF scores were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with CVD compared to participants with low ACEF scores in the general population. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, the adjusted HRs for four quartiles of ACEF were as follows: the first quartile was used as a reference; the second quartile: HR = 2.33; the third quartile: HR = 4.81; the fourth quartile: HR = 8.00. Moreover, after adding ACEF to the original risk prediction model, we observed that new models had higher C-statistic values of CVD than the traditional model. Furthermore, the results of both NRI and IDI were positive, indicating that ACEF enhanced the prediction of CVD. Conclusions: Our study showed that the ACEF score was associated with CVD in the general population in northeastern China. Furthermore, ACEF could be a new tool for identifying patients at high risk of primary CVD in the general population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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13 pages, 1169 KiB  
Article
Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome on Ventricular Remodeling after Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Proof-of-Concept Study
by François Bughin, Hélène Kovacsik, Isabelle Jaussent, Kamila Solecki, Sylvain Aguilhon, Juliette Vanoverschelde, Hamid Zarqane, Jacques Mercier, Fares Gouzi, François Roubille and Yves Dauvilliers
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(21), 6341; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11216341 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1163
Abstract
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is common in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Whether OSA impacts on the ventricular remodeling post-AMI remains unclear. We compared cardiac ventricular remodeling in patients assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at baseline and six [...] Read more.
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is common in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Whether OSA impacts on the ventricular remodeling post-AMI remains unclear. We compared cardiac ventricular remodeling in patients assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at baseline and six months after AMI based on the presence and severity of OSA. Methods: This prospective study included 47 patients with moderate to severe AMI. They all underwent CMR at inclusion and at six months after an AMI, and a polysomnography was performed three weeks after AMI. Left and right ventricular remodeling parameters were compared between patients based on the AHI, AHI in REM and NREM sleep, oxygen desaturation index, and daytime sleepiness. Results: Of the 47 patients, 49% had moderate or severe OSA with an AHI ≥ 15/h. No differences were observed between these patients and those with an AHI < 15/h for left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes at six months. No association was found for left and right ventricular remodeling parameters at six months or for the difference between baseline and six months with polysomnographic parameters of OSA severity, nor with daytime sleepiness. Conclusions: Although with a limited sample size, our proof-of-concept study does not report an association between OSA and ventricular remodeling in patients with AMI. These results highlight the complexity of the relationships between OSA and post-AMI morbi-mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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9 pages, 1002 KiB  
Article
Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Undergoing Radiation Therapy: Insights from a Ten-Year Tertiary Center Experience
by Simone Gulletta, Giulio Falasconi, Lorenzo Cianfanelli, Alice Centola, Gabriele Paglino, Manuela Cireddu, Andrea Radinovic, Giuseppe D’Angelo, Alessandra Marzi, Simone Sala, Nicolai Fierro, Caterina Bisceglia, Giovanni Peretto, Nadia Di Muzio, Paolo Della Bella, Pasquale Vergara and Italo Dell’Oca
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(17), 4990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11174990 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1444
Abstract
Background: The number of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) receiving radiotherapy (RT) is increasing. The management of CIED-carriers undergoing RT is challenging and requires a collaborative multidisciplinary approach. Aim: The aim of the study is to report the real-world, ten-year experience [...] Read more.
Background: The number of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) receiving radiotherapy (RT) is increasing. The management of CIED-carriers undergoing RT is challenging and requires a collaborative multidisciplinary approach. Aim: The aim of the study is to report the real-world, ten-year experience of a tertiary multidisciplinary teaching hospital. Methods: We conducted an observational, real-world, retrospective, single-center study, enrolling all CIED-carriers who underwent RT at the San Raffaele University Hospital, between June 2010 and December 2021. All devices were MRI-conditional. The devices were programmed to an asynchronous pacing mode for patients who had an intrinsic heart rate of less than 40 beats per minute. An inhibited pacing mode was used for all other patients. All tachyarrhythmia device functions were temporarily disabled. After each RT session, the CIED were reprogrammed to the original settings. Outcomes included adverse events and changes in the variables that indicate lead and device functions. Results: Between June 2010 and December 2021, 107 patients were enrolled, among which 63 (58.9%) were pacemaker carriers and 44 (41.1%) were ICD carriers. Patients were subjected to a mean of 16.4 (±10.7) RT sessions. The most represented tumors in our cohort were prostate cancer (12; 11%), breast cancer (10; 9%) and lung cancer (28; 26%). No statistically significant changes in device parameters were recorded before and after radiotherapy. Generator failures, power-on resets, changes in pacing threshold or sensing requiring system revision or programming changes, battery depletions, pacing inhibitions and inappropriate therapies did not occur in our cohort of patients during a ten-year time span period. Atrial arrhythmias were recorded during RT session in 14 patients (13.1%) and ventricular arrhythmias were observed at device interrogation in 10 patients (9.9%). Conclusions: Changes in device parameters and arrhythmia occurrence were infrequent, and none resulted in a clinically significant adverse event. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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14 pages, 2145 KiB  
Article
Exploring Contemporary Data on Lipid-Lowering Therapy Prescribing in Patients Following Discharge for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the South of Italy
by Anna Citarella, Simona Cammarota, Francesca Futura Bernardi, Luigi Caliendo, Antonello D’Andrea, Biagio Fimiani, Marianna Fogliasecca, Daniela Pacella, Rita Pagnotta, Ugo Trama, Giovanni Battista Zito, Mariarosaria Cillo and Adriano Vercellone
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4344; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11154344 - 26 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1622
Abstract
Current international guidelines strongly recommend the use of high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) after hospitalization for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. With this study, our aim was to evaluate LLT prescribing in a large Italian cohort of patients after discharge for an ASCVD event, [...] Read more.
Current international guidelines strongly recommend the use of high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) after hospitalization for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. With this study, our aim was to evaluate LLT prescribing in a large Italian cohort of patients after discharge for an ASCVD event, exploring factors associated with a lower likelihood of receiving any LLT and high-intensity LLT. Individuals aged 18 years and older discharged for an ASCVD event in 2019–2020 were identified using hospital discharge abstracts from two local health units of the Campania region. LLT treatment patterns were analyzed in the 6 months after the index event. Logistic regression models were developed for estimating patient predictors of any LLT prescription and to compare high-intensity and low-to-moderate-intensity LLT. Results: A total of 8705 subjects were identified. In the 6 months post-discharge, 56.7% of patients were prescribed LLT and, of those, 48.7% were high-intensity LLT. Female sex, older age, and stroke/TIA or PAD conditions were associated with a higher likelihood of not receiving high-intensity LLT. Similar predictors were found for LLT prescriptions. LLT utilization and the specific use of high-intensity LLT remain low in patients with ASCVD, suggesting a substantial unmet need among these patients in the contemporary real-world setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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11 pages, 1482 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Clinical Outcome in Patients Treated with Drug-Eluting Stenting after Rotational Atherectomy for Complex Calcified Coronary Lesions
by Bin Hu, Changbo Xiao, Zhijian Wang, Dean Jia, Shiwei Yang, Shuo Jia, Guangyao Zhai, Hongya Han, Xiaohan Xu, Dongmei Shi and Yujie Zhou
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(14), 4192; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11144192 - 19 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1281
Abstract
Background and aims: although an association between metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease risk has been documented, the relationship in patients with complex calcified coronary lesions undergoing rotational atherectomy (RA) and drug-eluting stent(DES) insertion remains controversial. Here, the influence of MS on outcomes [...] Read more.
Background and aims: although an association between metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease risk has been documented, the relationship in patients with complex calcified coronary lesions undergoing rotational atherectomy (RA) and drug-eluting stent(DES) insertion remains controversial. Here, the influence of MS on outcomes was assessed. Methods and results: we retrospectively included 398 patients who underwent RA and DES insertion for complex calcified coronary lesions in our institution between June 2015 and January 2019. The modified Adult Treatment Plan III was used to diagnose MS. The endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), comprising mortality from all causes, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (TVR). In all, 173 (43.5%) patients had MS. MS was significantly associated with MACE over the 28.32 ± 6.79-month follow-up period (HR 1.783, 95% CI from 1.122 to 2.833) even after adjustment for other possible confounders. Conclusion: MS was frequently observed in patients treated with RA with DES insertion for complex calcified coronary lesions. MS independently predicted MACE in these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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16 pages, 976 KiB  
Article
Anxiety and Depression in Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Risk
by Abdulrahman Ismaiel, Mihail Spinu, Daniel-Corneliu Leucuta, Stefan-Lucian Popa, Bogdan Augustin Chis, Mihaela Fadgyas Stanculete, Dan Mircea Olinic and Dan L. Dumitrascu
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(9), 2488; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11092488 - 28 Apr 2022
Viewed by 2277
Abstract
(1) Background: The relationship between anxiety and depression in metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and cardiovascular (CV) risk remains uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether anxiety and depression are associated with increased CV risk in MAFLD. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The relationship between anxiety and depression in metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and cardiovascular (CV) risk remains uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether anxiety and depression are associated with increased CV risk in MAFLD. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study involving 77 subjects (39 MAFLD patients, 38 controls), between January and September 2020. Hepatic steatosis was assessed using a combination of hepatic ultrasonography and SteatoTestTM. CV parameters were evaluated using echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound. Self-reported questionnaires pertaining to symptoms of anxiety and depression were used. Anxiety was evaluated using Lehrer Woolfolk Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (LWASQ), further divided into somatic, behavioral, and cognitive factors, as well as a global score, and depression using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). (3) Results: MAFLD patients presented significantly higher BDI scores (p-value 0.009) and LWASQ global scores (p-value 0.045) than controls. LWASQ somatic factor was significantly associated with global longitudinal strain (GLS) in linear analysis (−0.0404, p-value = 0.002), while it lost significance following multivariate analysis (−0.0166, p-value = 0.124). Although group (MAFLD vs. controls) predicted BDI, LWASQ global score, and LWASQ somatic factor in linear regression, they lost significance in multivariate analysis. Moreover, the relationship between interventricular septal wall thickness (IVSWT) and BDI, LWASQ global score, and LWASQ somatic factor was significant in linear analysis, but statistical significance disappeared after multivariate analysis. (4) Conclusions: Although MAFLD patients presented increased anxiety and depression risk in univariate analysis, this association lost significance in multivariate analysis. A significant association between GLS levels and LWASQ somatic factor, in addition to IVSWT in anxiety and depression in univariate analysis, was observed, but was lost after multivariate analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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12 pages, 2055 KiB  
Article
ANGPTL4 Expression Is Increased in Epicardial Adipose Tissue of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
by Yasufumi Katanasaka, Ayumi Saito, Yoichi Sunagawa, Nurmila Sari, Masafumi Funamoto, Satoshi Shimizu, Kana Shimizu, Takehide Akimoto, Chikara Ueki, Mitsuru Kitano, Koji Hasegawa, Genichi Sakaguchi and Tatsuya Morimoto
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(9), 2449; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11092449 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1896
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is known to affect atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) pathogenesis, persistently releasing pro-inflammatory adipokines that affect the myocardium and coronary arteries. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is a protein secreted from adipose tissue and plays a critical role in the [...] Read more.
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is known to affect atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) pathogenesis, persistently releasing pro-inflammatory adipokines that affect the myocardium and coronary arteries. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is a protein secreted from adipose tissue and plays a critical role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Here, the expression of ANGPTL4 in EAT was investigated in CAD subjects. Thirty-four consecutive patients (13 patients with significant CAD; 21 patients without CAD) undergoing elective open-heart surgery were recruited. EAT and pericardial fluid were obtained at the time of surgery. mRNA expression and ANGPTL4 and IL-1β levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR and ELISA. The expression of ANGPTL4 (p = 0.0180) and IL-1β (p < 0.0001) in EAT significantly increased in the CAD group compared to that in the non-CAD group and positively correlated (p = 0.004). Multiple regression analysis indicated that CAD is a contributing factor for ANGPTL4 expression in EAT. IL-1β level in the pericardial fluid was significantly increased in patients with CAD (p = 0.020). Moreover, the expression of ANGPTL4 (p = 0.004) and IL-1β (p < 0.001) in EAT was significantly increased in non-obese patients with CAD. In summary, ANGPTL4 expression in EAT was increased in CAD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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10 pages, 239 KiB  
Article
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Maternal Chronic Diseases in the Future: A Cross-Sectional Study Using KoGES-HEXA Data
by Geum Joon Cho, Jiae Kim, Ji Young Kim, Sung Won Han, Soo Bin Lee, Min-Jeong Oh, Sa Jin Kim and Jae Eun Shin
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(5), 1457; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11051457 - 07 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2127
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MS), in the future. We designed a large-scale cohort study to evaluate the influence of APOs (preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), stillbirth, macrosomia, [...] Read more.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MS), in the future. We designed a large-scale cohort study to evaluate the influence of APOs (preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), stillbirth, macrosomia, and low birth weight) on the incidence of chronic diseases, body measurements, and serum biochemistry in the future and investigate whether combinations of APOs had additive effects on chronic diseases. We used health examinee data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES-HEXA) and extracted data of parous women (n = 30,174; mean age, 53.02 years) for the analysis. Women with APOs were more frequently diagnosed with chronic diseases and had a family history of chronic diseases compared with women without APOs. Composite APOs were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, angina pectoris, stroke, and MS (adjusted odds ratio: 1.093, 1.379, 1.269, 1.351, 1.414, and 1.104, respectively) after adjustment for family history and social behaviors. Preeclampsia and GDM were associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases; however, the combination of preeclampsia and GDM did not have an additive effect on the risk. APOs moderately influenced the future development of maternal CVD and metabolic derangements, independent of family history and social behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
9 pages, 923 KiB  
Article
Use of Coronary CT Angiography to Predict Obstructive Lesions in Patients with Chest Pain without Enzyme and ST-Segment Elevation
by June-sung Kim, Youn-Jung Kim, Yo Sep Shin, Shin Ahn and Won Young Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(22), 5442; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10225442 - 21 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1513
Abstract
It is challenging to rule out acute coronary syndrome among chest pain patients without both ST-segment elevation in electrocardiography and troponin elevation at emergency departments (ED). The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for rapidly determining the occurrence of [...] Read more.
It is challenging to rule out acute coronary syndrome among chest pain patients without both ST-segment elevation in electrocardiography and troponin elevation at emergency departments (ED). The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for rapidly determining the occurrence of significant stenosis in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Retrospective observational cohort study was conducted with 904 patients who had presented with chest pain without troponin elevation and ST-segment changes and underwent CCTA between January 2017 and December 2018. The primary endpoint was the presence of significant stenosis on CCTA, defined as narrowing above 70% diameter. The logistic regression model was used for development a new predictive model. One hundred and thirty-four patients (14.8%) were shown severe stenosis. The independent associated factors for significant stenosis were age ≥65 years, male, diabetes, history of acute coronary syndrome, and typical chest pain. Based these results, we developed a new prediction model. The area under the curve was 0.782 (95% confidence interval 0.742–0.822). Moreover, score of ≥5 was chosen as cut-off values with 86.6% sensitivity and 56.4% specificity. In conclusion, among chest pain patients without ST changes and troponin elevation, the new score will be helpful to identify potential candidate for CCTA such as patients with significant stenosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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9 pages, 441 KiB  
Article
Prognostic Impact of Sleep Patterns and Related-Drugs in Patients with Heart Failure
by François Bughin, Isabelle Jaussent, Bronia Ayoub, Sylvain Aguilhon, Nicolas Chapet, Sonia Soltani, Jacques Mercier, Yves Dauvilliers and François Roubille
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(22), 5387; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10225387 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1496
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are frequent among patients with heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that self-reported sleep disturbances are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with HF. A longitudinal study of 119 patients with HF was carried out to assess the association between sleep [...] Read more.
Sleep disturbances are frequent among patients with heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that self-reported sleep disturbances are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with HF. A longitudinal study of 119 patients with HF was carried out to assess the association between sleep disturbances and the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (MACE). All patients with HF completed self-administered questionnaires on sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia, quality of sleep, sleep patterns, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and central nervous system (CNS) drugs intake. Patients were followed for a median of 888 days. Cox models were used to estimate the risk of MACE associated with baseline sleep characteristics. After adjustment for age, the risk of a future MACE increased with CNS drugs intake, sleep quality and insomnia scores as well with increased sleep latency, decreased sleep efficiency and total sleep time. However, after adjustment for left ventricular ejection fraction and hypercholesterolemia the HR failed to be significant except for CNS drugs and total sleep time. CNS drugs intake and decreased total sleep time were independently associated with an increased risk of MACE in patients with HF. Routine assessment of self-reported sleep disturbances should be considered to prevent the natural progression of HF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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12 pages, 893 KiB  
Article
Cardiovascular Events, Sleep Apnoea, and Pulmonary Hypertension in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: Data from the French Health Insurance Database
by Radjiv Goulabchand, Camille Roubille, David Montani, Pierre Fesler, Arnaud Bourdin, Nicolas Malafaye, Jacques Morel, Erik Arnaud, Benoit Lattuca, Lucie Barateau, Philippe Guilpain and Thibault Mura
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(21), 5115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10215115 - 30 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2552
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease, associated with a high risk of lymphoma. Mounting evidence suggests that cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are higher in patients with pSS, although data are heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to assess whether pSS [...] Read more.
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease, associated with a high risk of lymphoma. Mounting evidence suggests that cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are higher in patients with pSS, although data are heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to assess whether pSS patients are at higher risk of hospitalisation for cardiovascular events (CVEs), venous thromboembolic events (VTEs), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS). Through a nationwide population-based retrospective study using the French health insurance database, we selected new-onset pSS in-patients hospitalised between 2011 and 2018. We compared the incidence of CVEs (ischemic heart diseases (IHDs), strokes, and heart failure), SAS, VTEs, and PH with an age- and sex-matched (1:10) hospitalised control group. The calculations of adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) included available confounding factors. We studied 25,661 patients hospitalised for pSS compared with 252,543 matched patients. The incidence of hospitalisation for IHD, SAS, and PH was significantly higher in pSS patients (aHR: 1.20 (1.06–1.34); p = 0.003, aHR: 1.97 (1.70–2.28); p < 0.001, and aHR: 3.32 (2.10–5.25); p < 0.001, respectively), whereas the incidence of stroke, heart failure, and VTE was the same between groups. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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14 pages, 2028 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Calculated Remnant-Like Particle Cholesterol on Incident Cardiovascular Disease: Insights from a General Chinese Population
by Yanli Chen, Guangxiao Li, Xiaofan Guo, Nanxiang Ouyang, Zhao Li, Ning Ye, Shasha Yu, Hongmei Yang and Yingxian Sun
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(15), 3388; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10153388 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1969
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence suggests that remnant cholesterol (RC) contributes to residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. However, the cutoff points to treat RC for reducing ASCVD are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between RC and combined cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [...] Read more.
Background: Growing evidence suggests that remnant cholesterol (RC) contributes to residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. However, the cutoff points to treat RC for reducing ASCVD are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between RC and combined cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in a general China cohort, with 11,956 subjects aged ≥ 35 years. Methods: Baseline RC was estimated with the Friedewald formula for 8782 subjects. The outcome was the incidence of combined CVD, including fatal and nonfatal stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was used to evaluate the dose–response relationship between continuous RC and the natural log of HRs. Results: After a median follow-up of 4.66 years, 431 CVD events occurred. In the Cox proportional models, participants with a high level of categorial RC had a significantly higher risk for combined CVD (HR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.07–1.74) and CHD (HR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.06–2.53), compared to those with a medium level of RC. In the stratification analyses, a high level of RC significantly increased combined CVD risk for subgroups females, age < 65 years, noncurrent smokers, noncurrent drinkers, normal weight, renal dysfunction, and no hyperuricemia. The same trends were found for CHD among subgroups males, age < 65 years, overweight, renal dysfunction, and no hyperuricemia; stroke among subgroup females. In RCS models, a significant linear association between RC and combined CVD and a nonlinear association between RC and CHD resulted. The risk of outcomes was relatively flat until 0.84 mmol/L of RC and increased rapidly afterwards, with an HR of 1.308 (1.102 to 1.553) for combined CVD and 1.411 (1.061 to 1.876) for CHD. Stratified analyses showed a significant nonlinear association between RC and CVD outcomes in the subgroup aged < 65 years or the diabetes subgroup. Conclusions: In this large-scale and long-term follow-up cohort study, participants with higher RC levels had a significantly worse prognosis, especially for the subgroup aged 35–65 years or the diabetes mellitus subgroup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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10 pages, 484 KiB  
Article
Association of Baseline Cardiovascular Diseases with 5-Year Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis Progression in Non-Obese Patients: Data from the KHOALA Cohort
by Camille Roubille, Joël Coste, Jérémie Sellam, Anne-Christine Rat, Francis Guillemin and Christian H. Roux
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(15), 3353; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10153353 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1669
Abstract
We aimed to explore the relationship between comorbidities and the structural progression in symptomatic knee and/or hip osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We analyzed the 5-year outcome of non-obese participants (body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2) from the KHOALA cohort having symptomatic [...] Read more.
We aimed to explore the relationship between comorbidities and the structural progression in symptomatic knee and/or hip osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We analyzed the 5-year outcome of non-obese participants (body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2) from the KHOALA cohort having symptomatic hip and/or knee OA (Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) ≥ 2). The primary endpoint was radiological progression, defined as ΔKL ≥ 1 of the target joint at 5 years. The secondary outcome was the incidence of total knee or hip replacement over 5 years. Dichotomous logistic regression models assessed the relationship of comorbidities with KL progression and joint replacement while controlling for gender, age and BMI. Data from 384 non-obese participants were analyzed, 151 with hip OA and 254 with knee OA. At 5 years, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were significantly associated with the 5-year KL change in both knee (OR = 2.56 (1.14–5.78), p = 0.02) and hip OA (OR = 3.45 (1.06–11.17), p = 0.04). No significant relationship was found between any type of comorbidities and knee or hip arthroplasty. This 5-year association between CVD and radiological progression of knee and hip OA in non-obese participants argue for an integrated management of CVD in knee and hip OA non-obese patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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11 pages, 548 KiB  
Article
Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Occurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitides
by Camille Roubille, Soledad Henriquez, Cédric Mercuzot, Claire Duflos, Bertrand Dunogue, Karine Briot, Loic Guillevin, Benjamin Terrier and Pierre Fesler
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(11), 2299; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10112299 - 25 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1639
Abstract
Despite improvement in the prognosis of ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAVs), increased mortality, mainly from a cardiovascular origin, persists. We aimed to determine the role of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) on the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (MACEs) in AAVs. Patients with AAVs were successively [...] Read more.
Despite improvement in the prognosis of ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAVs), increased mortality, mainly from a cardiovascular origin, persists. We aimed to determine the role of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) on the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (MACEs) in AAVs. Patients with AAVs were successively included in a prospective cohort study, which assessed CVRFs (defined by age >50 years in men and >60 years in women, personal history of cardiovascular disease, smoking status, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and sedentary lifestyle), the use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents at baseline and during follow-up, and the occurrence of MACEs. One hundred and three patients were included, with a median follow-up time of 3.5 years. In the glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide adjusted multivariate analysis, the occurrence of MACEs was associated with older age (p = 0.001, OR = 14.71, 95% CI (confidence interval) = 2.98–72.68), cardiovascular history (p = 0.007, OR (odds ratio) = 6.54, 95% CI = 1.66–25.71), sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.011, OR = 4.50, 95% CI = 1.42–14.29), hypertension (p = 0.017, OR = 5.04, 95% CI = 1.33–19.12), and dyslipidemia (p = 0.03, OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 1.14–13.09). The occurrence of MACEs was associated with the number of CVRFs (p < 0.001), but not with the use of glucocorticoids or cyclophosphamide (p = 0.733 and p = 0.339, respectively). The implementation of a screening and management program for modifiable CVRFs, particularly hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, and dyslipidemia, may be beneficial for AAV patients in order to reduce their cardiovascular risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

7 pages, 255 KiB  
Review
Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Diseases: What, When, and Why Is Mandibular Advancement Device Treatment Required? A Short Review
by Cindy François, Arthur Bonafé, Camille Roubille, François Roubille, Isabelle Dupuy-Bonafé and Sarah Millot
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(22), 6845; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11226845 - 19 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1332
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a potentially dangerous condition with significant risks of comorbidities if left untreated. It represents a cardiovascular risk factor in the general population, and a higher prevalence is observed in patients already suffering from cardiovascular diseases. The gold standard treatment, [...] Read more.
Obstructive sleep apnea is a potentially dangerous condition with significant risks of comorbidities if left untreated. It represents a cardiovascular risk factor in the general population, and a higher prevalence is observed in patients already suffering from cardiovascular diseases. The gold standard treatment, continuous positive airway pressure, is not always accepted or tolerated. The mandibular advancement device represents an alternative treatment that we propose to implement in our study. The objective here is to first present a brief review of the topic. Due to poor evidence in the field, we propose a pilot study to evaluate the effect of a mandibular advancement device in patients with cardiovascular disease who are not treated for their sleep pathology in order to improve their therapeutic management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
17 pages, 628 KiB  
Review
Endogenous Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in Military Professionals with a Special Emphasis on Military Pilots
by Ewelina Maculewicz, Agata Pabin, Krzysztof Kowalczuk, Łukasz Dziuda and Agnieszka Białek
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4314; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11154314 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1907
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors can be categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable. Modifiable risk factors include some exogenous and behavioral factors that can be easily modified, whereas endogenous modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or obesity may be modified to a [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors can be categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable. Modifiable risk factors include some exogenous and behavioral factors that can be easily modified, whereas endogenous modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or obesity may be modified to a limited extend. An increased prevalence of CVDs as well as their risk factors have been observed in military personnel, as specific military-related stressors are highly correlated with acute cardiac disorders. Military pilots are a subpopulation with great CVD risk due to an accumulation of different psychological and physical stressors also considered to be CVD risk factors. This review presents data concerning CVD risk in military professionals, with a special emphasis on military pilots and crew members. We also discuss the usefulness of novel indicators related to oxidative stress, inflammation, or hormonal status as well as genetic factors as markers of CVD risk. For a correct and early estimation of CVD risk in asymptomatic soldiers, especially if no environmental risk factors coexist, the scope of performed tests should be increased with novel biomarkers. An indication of risk group among military professional, especially military pilots, enables the implementation the early preventive activities, which will prolong their state of health and military suitability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
14 pages, 1127 KiB  
Review
Effect of Pneumococcal Vaccine on Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Vikash Jaiswal, Song Peng Ang, Kriti Lnu, Angela Ishak, Nishan Babu Pokhrel, Jia Ee Chia, Adrija Hajra, Monodeep Biswas, Andrija Matetic, Ravinder Dhatt and Mamas A. Mamas
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(13), 3799; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11133799 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3938
Abstract
Various studies have suggested the possible cardiovascular (CV) protective effects of the pneumococcal vaccine (PV). Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between recipients of PV with mortality and CV outcomes among patients with and without established cardiovascular disease. We performed [...] Read more.
Various studies have suggested the possible cardiovascular (CV) protective effects of the pneumococcal vaccine (PV). Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between recipients of PV with mortality and CV outcomes among patients with and without established cardiovascular disease. We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus for studies evaluating the effect of PV on mortality and CV outcomes. A total of 15 studies with 347,444 patients were included in the meta-analysis: 111,784 patients received PV (32%) and 235,660 patients were in the unvaccinated group (68%). Recipients of PV were associated with decreased all-cause mortality (HR, 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66 to 0.87), p < 0.001). PV was associated with a decrease in the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) (HR, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.56–0.96), p = 0.02), without significant reduction in CV mortality (HR, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.72–1.07), p = 0.18) and stroke (HR, 1.01 (95% CI: 0.93–1.10), p = 0.82). Our study found PV was associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality and MI. Future RCTs will be necessary to confirm benefits associated with receipt of PV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 800 KiB  
Review
Risk Scores of Bleeding Complications in Patients on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy: How to Optimize Identification of Patients at Risk of Bleeding after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
by Francesco Pelliccia, Felice Gragnano, Vincenzo Pasceri, Arturo Cesaro, Marco Zimarino and Paolo Calabrò
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(13), 3574; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11133574 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2805
Abstract
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces the risk of ischemic events but reduces the risk of ischemic events but increases the risk of bleeding, which in turn is associated [...] Read more.
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces the risk of ischemic events but reduces the risk of ischemic events but increases the risk of bleeding, which in turn is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. With the aim to offer personalized treatment regimens to patients undergoing PCI, much effort has been devoted in the last decade to improve the identification of patients at increased risk of bleeding complications. Several clinical scores have been developed and validated in large populations of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and are currently recommended by guidelines to evaluate bleeding risk and individualize the type and duration of antithrombotic therapy after PCI. In clinical practice, these risk scores are conventionally computed at the time of PCI using baseline features and risk factors. Yet, bleeding risk is dynamic and can change over time after PCI, since patients can worsen or improve their clinical status and accumulate comorbidities. Indeed, evidence now exists that the estimated risk of bleeding after PCI can change over time. This concept is relevant, as the inappropriate estimation of bleeding risk, either at the time of revascularization or subsequent follow-up visits, might lead to erroneous therapeutic management. Serial evaluation and recalculation of bleeding risk scores during follow-up can be important in clinical practice to improve the identification of patients at higher risk of bleeding while on DAPT after PCI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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31 pages, 1945 KiB  
Review
Update on Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Women
by Fabiana Lucà, Maurizio Giuseppe Abrignani, Iris Parrini, Stefania Angela Di Fusco, Simona Giubilato, Carmelo Massimiliano Rao, Laura Piccioni, Laura Cipolletta, Bruno Passaretti, Francesco Giallauria, Angelo Leone, Giuseppina Maura Francese, Carmine Riccio, Sandro Gelsomino, Furio Colivicchi and Michele Massimo Gulizia
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(5), 1176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11051176 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4461
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have a lower prevalence in women than men; although, a higher mortality rate and a poorer prognosis are more common in women. However, there is a misperception of CVD female risk since women have commonly been considered more protected so [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have a lower prevalence in women than men; although, a higher mortality rate and a poorer prognosis are more common in women. However, there is a misperception of CVD female risk since women have commonly been considered more protected so that the real threat is vastly underestimated. Consequently, female patients are more likely to be treated less aggressively, and a lower rate of diagnostic and interventional procedures is performed in women than in men. In addition, there are substantial sex differences in CVD, so different strategies are needed. This review aims to evaluate the main gender-specific approaches in CVD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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9 pages, 604 KiB  
Review
Why the Term MINOCA Does Not Provide Conceptual Clarity for Actionable Decision-Making in Patients with Myocardial Infarction with No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
by Francesco Pelliccia, Mario Marzilli, William E. Boden and Paolo G. Camici
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(20), 4630; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10204630 - 09 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4527
Abstract
When acute myocardial injury is found in a clinical setting suggestive of myocardial ischemia, the event is labeled as acute myocardial infarction (MI), and the absence of ≥50% coronary stenosis at angiography or greater leads to the working diagnosis of myocardial infarction with [...] Read more.
When acute myocardial injury is found in a clinical setting suggestive of myocardial ischemia, the event is labeled as acute myocardial infarction (MI), and the absence of ≥50% coronary stenosis at angiography or greater leads to the working diagnosis of myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA). Determining the mechanism of MINOCA and excluding other possible causes for cardiac troponin elevation has notable implications for tailoring secondary prevention measures aimed at improving the overall prognosis of acute MI. The aim of this review is to increase the awareness that establishing the underlying cause of a MINOCA is possible in the vast majority of cases, and that the proper classification of any MI should be pursued. The initial diagnosis of MINOCA can be confirmed or ruled out based on the results of subsequent investigations. Indeed, a comprehensive clinical evaluation at the time of presentation, followed by a dedicated diagnostic work-up, might lead to the identification of the pathophysiologic abnormality leading to MI in almost all cases initially labeled as MINOCA. When a specific cause of acute MI is identified, cardiologists are urged to transition from the “all-inclusive” term “MINOCA” to the proper classification of any MI, as evidence now exists that MINOCA does not provide conceptual clarity for actionable decision-making in MI with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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12 pages, 1173 KiB  
Review
Vaccination for Respiratory Infections in Patients with Heart Failure
by Nicolas Girerd, Nicolas Chapet, Camille Roubille, Jérôme Roncalli, Muriel Salvat, Frédéric Mouquet, Nicolas Lamblin, Jean-Pierre Gueffet, Thibaud Damy, Michel Galinier, Jean-Michel Tartiere, Cécile Janssen, Emmanuelle Berthelot, Sylvain Aguilhon, Roger Escamilla and François Roubille
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4311; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10194311 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3231
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary infections are a major trigger of cardiac decompensation and are frequently associated with hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF). Adverse cardiac effects associated with respiratory infections, more specifically Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza infections, are the consequence of inflammatory processes and thrombotic [...] Read more.
Bronchopulmonary infections are a major trigger of cardiac decompensation and are frequently associated with hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF). Adverse cardiac effects associated with respiratory infections, more specifically Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza infections, are the consequence of inflammatory processes and thrombotic events. For both influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations, large multicenter randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate their efficacy in preventing cardiovascular events, especially in HF patients. No study to date has evaluated the protective effect of the COVID-19 vaccine in patients with HF. Different guidelines recommend annual influenza vaccination for patients with established cardiovascular disease and also recommend pneumococcal vaccination in patients with HF. The Heart Failure group of the French Society of Cardiology recently strongly recommended vaccination against COVID-19 in HF patients. Nevertheless, the implementation of vaccination recommendations against respiratory infections in HF patients remains suboptimal. This suggests that a national health policy is needed to improve vaccination coverage, involving not only the general practitioner, but also other health providers, such as cardiologists, nurses, and pharmacists. This review first summarizes the pathophysiology of the interrelationships between inflammation, infection, and HF. Then, we describe the current clinical knowledge concerning the protective effect of vaccines against respiratory diseases (influenza, pneumococcal infection, and COVID-19) in patients with HF and finally we propose how vaccination coverage could be improved in these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 458 KiB  
Brief Report
Assessment of Patient Knowledge, Awareness, and Adherence in Heart Failure in a Real-Life Setting: Insights from Data Acquired in Pharmacies
by Masatake Kobayashi, Christophe Wilcke and Nicolas Girerd
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 863; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11030863 - 07 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1859
Abstract
Background: Patient knowledge is crucial for managing and/or monitoring patients with heart failure (HF). However, “real-life” evidence of knowledge level and awareness in HF is yet to be explored. We assessed unselected HF patients’ knowledge and awareness in a pharmacy setting. Methods: One [...] Read more.
Background: Patient knowledge is crucial for managing and/or monitoring patients with heart failure (HF). However, “real-life” evidence of knowledge level and awareness in HF is yet to be explored. We assessed unselected HF patients’ knowledge and awareness in a pharmacy setting. Methods: One hundred eight HF patients (mean age [SD], 70 (12) years, 61% men) were studied in pharmacies in the north-east region of France in 2019. All patients were interviewed by their pharmacist to quantify their knowledge in HF, self-assessment of symptoms of congestion, as well as their adherence to HF treatment and guideline-recommended lifestyle. Results: Overall, 40% of patients had not consulted their cardiologist in the past 6 months, and 89% never underwent an HF education program. Regarding HF knowledge, nearly half were unsure whether they had HF (43.5%). Only half of the patients knew how to self-assess HF symptoms (57.4%), while a quarter (25%) were unsure of the purpose of HF medications. Conclusions: In patients with HF assessed in their pharmacies, a majority lacked fundamental knowledge regarding HF, such as self-assessment of congestion, possibly due to a minimal proportion of patients undergoing an HF education program. These results suggest that interventions led by pharmacies may help improve HF education coverage in patients who may have poor access to specialized care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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5 pages, 228 KiB  
Brief Report
Cardiac Remodeling and Diastolic Dysfunction in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
by Nathalie Noirclerc, Olivier Huttin, Christian de Chillou, Christine Selton-Suty, Laura Fillipetti, Jean Marc Sellal, Erwan Bozec, Erwan Donal, Zohra Lamiral, Masatake Kobayashi, João Pedro Ferreira, Patrick Rossignol and Nicolas Girerd
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(17), 3894; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10173894 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1497
Abstract
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) leads to the development of cardiac remodeling/diastolic dysfunction and vice versa. We intended to determine whether cardiac remodeling/diastolic dysfunction is present at early stages of AF. Methods: We studied 175 patients with paroxysmal AF, compared with 175 matched control [...] Read more.
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) leads to the development of cardiac remodeling/diastolic dysfunction and vice versa. We intended to determine whether cardiac remodeling/diastolic dysfunction is present at early stages of AF. Methods: We studied 175 patients with paroxysmal AF, compared with 175 matched control subjects, who had available echocardiography data to investigate the association between echocardiographic variables and AF from the STANISLAS cohort. Results: In this study (mean age 55 years; 70.3% male), patients with paroxysmal AF had greater left ventricular mass compared to matched controls (p < 0.05). Patients with paroxysmal AF were also likely to have larger left atrial volume and a higher peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity, leading to higher prevalence (though <10% in the AF group) of diastolic dysfunction (all-p < 0.05). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models showed that paroxysmal AF was significantly associated with increased left ventricular mass and left atrial enlargement (all-p < 0.001), but not with e’ and deceleration time of E wave (all-p > 0.1). Conclusions: Left ventricular mass and left atrial enlargement rather than diastolic dysfunction (as evaluated by echocardiography) were associated with paroxysmal AF irrespective of body mass index, blood pressure and renal function. These findings suggest that cardiac remodeling may occur very early in the natural history of AF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prevention)
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