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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 July 2023) | Viewed by 23779

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dongran Song

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Guest Editor

School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: renewable energy power-generation technologies; microgrid system modeling, optimization and control; economic analysis and optimization of energy/electrical systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tianhui Fan

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Interests: offshore renewable energy; marine hydrodynamics; design and dynamic analysis of mooring systems; model test technology of offshore floating structures; design and dynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Qingan Li

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Guest Editor

Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: wind energy; wind farm design; multifield coupling and control technology of large offshore floating wind turbines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Young Hoon Joo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of IT Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Republic of Korea
Interests: controls of wind turbine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As a consequence of increasing energy demand and growing awareness of the repercussions of greenhouse gas emissions in recent years, the need to expand renewable energy production has become clear. As the leading power-generation technology, wind has become more popular. Moreover, with the gradual completion of onshore wind projects, attention has turned towards offshore wind. However, due to harsh offshore environments, the design, construction, and operation of wind-generation systems at sea are more difficult than on land. By following current developments in wind models and their related design tools, more advanced wind energy conversion and utilization technologies are attainable. Therefore, the main aim of this Special Issue is to create a multidisciplinary forum of discussions on the most recent advances in offshore wind, with a particular focus on floating wind.

For this Special Issue, we invite authors to contribute their latest research, findings, and ideas on offshore wind utilization and development, with topics including, but not limited to:

Offshore wind resource assessment techniques;
Offshore wind turbine and farm designs;
Offshore wind control, protection, and state diagnostics;
Offshore wind operations and maintenance;
Structural and mechanical aspects of offshore wind;
Offshore wind power economics;
Offshore wind power in multi-energy systems.

Dr. Dongran Song
Dr. Tianhui Fan
Dr. Qingan Li
Prof. Dr. Young Hoon Joo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

wind turbines
wind farm
control
modeling
design
optimization
grid integration

Related Special Issue

Advances in Offshore Wind—2nd Edition in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (2 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Offshore Wind

by Dongran Song, Tianhui Fan, Qingan Li and Young Hoon Joo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 359; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse12020359 - 19 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1100

Abstract

Wind energy has emerged as one of the most effective solutions to address global energy crises and environmental degradation, owing to its clean and abundant resources [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

Research

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21 pages, 465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Based Approach to Wind Turbine Wake Prediction under Yawed Conditions

by Mohan Kumar Gajendran, Ijaz Fazil Syed Ahmed Kabir, Sudhakar Vadivelu and E. Y. K. Ng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(11), 2111; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11112111 - 4 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1924

Abstract

As wind energy continues to be a crucial part of sustainable power generation, the need for precise and efficient modeling of wind turbines, especially under yawed conditions, becomes increasingly significant. Addressing this, the current study introduces a machine learning-based symbolic regression approach for elucidating wake dynamics. Utilizing WindSE’s actuator line method (ALM) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES), we model an NREL 5-MW wind turbine under yaw conditions ranging from no yaw to 40 degrees. Leveraging a hold-out validation strategy, the model achieves robust hyper-parameter optimization, resulting in high predictive accuracy. While the model demonstrates remarkable precision in predicting wake deflection and velocity deficit at both the wake center and hub height, it shows a slight deviation at low downstream distances, which is less critical to our focus on large wind farm design. Nonetheless, our approach sets the stage for advancements in academic research and practical applications in the wind energy sector by providing an accurate and computationally efficient tool for wind farm optimization. This study establishes a new standard, filling a significant gap in the literature on the application of machine learning-based wake models for wind turbine yaw wake prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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17 pages, 13442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Review of Structural Strength in the Event of a One-Leg Punch through for a Wind Turbine Installation Vessel

by Joo-Shin Park and Myung-Su Yi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1153; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11061153 - 31 May 2023

Viewed by 1318

Abstract

As the demand for eco-friendly energy increases, the offshore wind power generation sector is showing rapid growth. As offshore wind turbines become larger, the need for specialized installation vessels is becoming a more crucial issue. Wind turbine installation vessels (WTIV) require a necessary pre-loading process where the legs and spudcans are penetrated into the seabed to secure stability during installation. Due to these operational characteristics, the installation work can be completed safely when safe pre-loading is finished. Analyzing previous structural collapse accidents investigated by HSE, 53% of them were punch-through problems related to the seabed, which occurred with a high frequency. Therefore, these lead to major accidents, which is a very high-risk problem. In this study, we investigated and analyzed the punch-through accident cases, and a WTIV model with six legs was applied to numerically examine the maximum vertical reaction force variation when punch through occurs for each leg. The maximum vertical reaction force takes place in leg number three when a punch through occurs in leg number five and maximum stress exceeds the allowable criteria in both hull and legs. This requires proper structural reinforcement such as an increase in the thickness and change in the high-yield stress. The key results of this investigation can be used to determine the basic specifications of wind turbine installation vessels, and the reaction force distribution pattern can be used as fundamental data for leg and hull structural design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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20 pages, 6744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Wind Turbine Blades Based on Different Structural Models

by Bin Wang, Ying Li, Shan Gao, Kanmin Shen, Shengxiao Zhao, Yu Yao, Zhilu Zhou, Zhenhong Hu and Xing Zheng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11061106 - 23 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

In order to better simulate the actual working conditions of wind turbines more realistically, this paper adopts the two-way fluid–structure coupling method to study the NREL 5 MW wind turbine, considering the blade coupling deformation and equivalent stress and strain distribution of the blades with different internal structures under different working conditions. The results show that the maximum equivalent stress and strain distribution of the beam–structure wind turbine blade was near the leading edge of the blade. The maximum equivalent stress and strain distribution of the shell structure wind turbine blade was near the leading edge of the blade root, and the dangerous area is obvious but smaller than that of the beam-type wind turbine. The coupled deformation of a wind turbine model with a shell structure blade with a web is significantly reduced, and the equivalent stress and strain distribution of the skin is similar to that of the shell structure, but the numerical value and the maximum equivalent stress distribution area are significantly smaller. From the comparison of the three, the shell structure blade with a web is the best. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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15 pages, 5623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Complex Wake Characteristics of Yawed Wind Turbine Using Actuator Line Method

by Tengyuan Wang, Shuni Zhou, Chang Cai, Xinbao Wang, Zekun Wang, Yuning Zhang, Kezhong Shi, Xiaohui Zhong and Qingan Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 1039; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11051039 - 12 May 2023

Viewed by 1150

Abstract

In modern large-scale wind farms, power loss caused by the wake effect is more than 30%, and active yaw control can greatly reduce the influence of the wake effect by deflecting the wind turbine’s wake. The yawed wind turbine’s wake characteristics are complex, and a deep comprehension of a yawed turbine’s wake is necessary. The actuator line method combined with URANS (unsteady Reynold-averaged Navier–Stokes equations) is used to study the yawed wind turbine’s wake characteristics in this paper. Compared with an un-yawed wind turbine, a yawed one has two main characteristics, deflection and deformation. With an increasing yaw angle, turbine wake shows an increasing deflection. The results indicated that deflection at different height was different, the wake profile showed the biggest deflection at about the hub height, while the smallest deflection existed at the top and bottom of the yawed turbine’s wake. This can be visually demonstrated by the evolution of a kidney-shape velocity distribution at the vertical cross-section. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional presentations of velocity deficit distributions are presented in this paper. The evolution of an irregular kidney-shape distribution is discussed in this paper. It is formed by the momentum exchange caused by the counter-rotating vortex pair. The results indicated that the counter-rotating vortex pair was composed of the streamwise vortex flux brought by the tip vortex. Furthermore, when the wind turbine rotated clockwise and yawed clockwise, the negative vorticity of counter-rotating vortex first appeared in the upper left position. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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17 pages, 3055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution Characteristics of Wind Speed Relative Volatility and Its Influence on Output Power

by Shigang Qin and Deshun Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 967; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11050967 - 1 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

The stochastic fluctuations of wind speed and wind power curve modeling are complex tasks due to fluctuations in the difference between actual and theoretical power output, leading to a reduction in the accuracy of wind-power curve models. To address this issue, this paper proposes a normal distribution-modeling method based on relative volatility, which extracts the wind-speed variation patterns from the onsite SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) data, analyzes the correlation between wind-speed relative volatility and power relative volatility, and establishes a wind-power volatility-curve model to provide a basis for evaluating the efficiency of wind turbines. First, the definitions of relative volatility and probability vectors are provided, and a probability vector volatility-assessment function is designed to calculate the volatility-assessment index of the probability vector. Then, the relative volatility and probability vectors of wind speed are modeled, and features extracted from the onsite SCADA data, and characteristic parameters such as mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval of wind-speed relative volatility are statistically analyzed, as well as the wide-window coefficient, volatility-assessment index, attribute features (volatility center and volatility boundary), normal distribution features (mean and standard deviation) of the probability vectors of wind-speed relative volatility with different periods. The visualization descriptions of six typical probability vector distributions show that there is a correlation between the volatility assessment index of the probability vector based on relative volatility and the standard deviation of its distribution. Finally, the correlation between wind-speed relative volatility and power relative volatility is analyzed: in the maximum wind-energy tracking area, the derivative of power is linearly related to the derivative of wind speed, while in the constant power area, the derivative of the wind-energy utilization coefficient is linearly related to the derivative of wind speed. The conclusions obtained in this paper will provide a method reference for data processing to mine the parameter variation patterns and interrelationships of wind farm SCADA data and provide a basis for evaluating the power generation efficiency of wind turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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20 pages, 3704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Effect of the Blade Tip Distance on the Power and the Wake Recovery with Small Multi-Rotor Wind Turbines

by Sen Gong, Kai Pan, Hua Yang and Junwei Yang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 891; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11050891 - 22 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1188

Abstract

In order to investigate the output power and wake velocity of small multi-rotor wind turbines compared to single-rotor wind turbines, which operate in the same swept area at various blade tip distances, this paper used the wind tunnel test method to examine single-rotor wind turbines with diameter D of 0.4 m and 0.34 m corresponding to the triple-rotor wind turbines and double-rotor wind turbines with a single rotor diameter D of 0.24 m, respectively. The experimental results indicated that, without rotation speed control, the triple-rotor wind turbine produced more power than the single-rotor wind turbine with an equivalent swept area and that the output power tended to rise initially and then fall as the distance between each rotor increased. Moreover, the power increase reached a maximum of 8.4% at the 0.4D blade tip distance. In terms of wake measurement, triple-rotor wind turbines had smaller wake losses and faster recovery rates than single-rotor wind turbines. The smaller the blade tip distance, the earlier the wake merged and fused and the faster the recovery rate. In designing small multi-rotor wind turbines, the above discussion can serve as a guide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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22 pages, 5206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Fiber Composites for Large-Scale Wind Turbine Blades: Applicability Study and Comprehensive Evaluation in China

by Hanwei Teng, Shujian Li, Zheng Cao, Shuang Li, Changping Li and Tae Jo Ko

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 624; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11030624 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8719

Abstract

Wind energy is a type of clean energy that can address global energy shortages and environmental issues. Wind turbine blades are a critical component in capturing wind energy. Carbon fiber composites have been widely recognized for their excellent overall performance in large-scale wind turbine blades. However, in China, the wide application of carbon fiber composites in wind turbine blades still faces many problems and challenges. This paper examines the current state of carbon fiber composites for wind turbine blades and the geographical distribution characteristics of wind resources in China. The economic revenues from increasing the length of wind turbine blades in four typical wind farms, including offshore wind farms, are compared. Using a mathematical model, the energy efficiency of carbon fiber composites in the application of large wind turbine blades is evaluated from the aspects of cost, embedded energy, and carbon footprint. Further, the current relationship between supply and demand for the industrial structure of carbon fiber in China is revealed. The manufacturing technologies for carbon fiber composite wind turbine blades are analyzed, and corresponding countermeasures are proposed. Finally, the incentive policy for applying carbon fiber composites to wind turbine blades is explained, and the development prospects are explored. In this paper, the economics and energy efficiency of the application of carbon fiber composite materials in large wind turbine blades are analyzed and comprehensively evaluated by using mathematical models, which will provide a valuable reference for China’s wind turbine blade industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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16 pages, 3827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topological Optimization of an Offshore-Wind-Farm Power Collection System Based on a Hybrid Optimization Methodology

by Dongran Song, Jiaqi Yan, Hongda Zeng, Xiaofei Deng, Jian Yang, Xilong Qu, Rizk M. Rizk-Allah, Václav Snášel and Young Hoon Joo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 279; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11020279 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2189

Abstract

This paper proposes a hybrid optimization method to optimize the topological structure of an offshore-wind-farm power collection system, in which the cable connection, cable selection and substation location are optimally designed. Firstly, the optimization model was formulated, which integrates cable investment, energy loss and line construction. Then, the Prim algorithm was used to initialize the population. A novel hybrid optimization, named PSAO, based on the merits of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and aquila optimization (AO) algorithms, was presented for topological structure optimization, in which the searching characteristics between PSO and AO are exploited to intensify the searching capability. Lastly, the proposed PSAO method was validated with a real case. The results showed that compared with GA, AO and PSO algorithms, the PSAO algorithm reduced the total cost by 4.8%, 3.3% and 2.6%, respectively, while achieving better optimization efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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Other

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22 pages, 4581 KiB

Open AccessEssay

Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of the Icing of Wind Turbine Blades on Power Loss in Cold Regions

by Zhenju Chuang, Hui Yi, Xin Chang, Hongxiang Liu, Haidian Zhang and Lulin Xia

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(6), 1125; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11061125 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

Blade icing often occurs on wind turbines in cold climates. Blade icing has many adverse effects on wind turbines, and the loss of output power is one of the most important effects. With the increasing emphasis on clean energy around the world, the design and production of wind turbines tend to be large-scale. So this paper selected the 15 MW wind turbine provided by NREL (American Renewable Energy Laboratory) to study the influence of blade icing on output power. In this paper, a multi-program coupled analysis method named CFD-WTIC-ILM (CFD: Computational fluid dynamics; WTIC: Wind Turbine Integrated Calculation; ILM: Ice loss method) was proposed to analyze the whole machine wind turbine. Firstly, Fensap-ice was used to simulate the icing of the wind turbine blades, and then the icing results were input into WTIC for the integrated calculation and analysis of the wind turbine. Then, the WTIC calculation results were used to simulate SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) data and input into ILM to calculate the power loss. Finally, this paper analyzed the comprehensive influence of icing on output power. The calculation results show that the ice mainly accumulates on the windward side of the blade. Icing has a great influence on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil, leading to a significant decrease in the power curve. The rated wind speed is pushed from 10.59 m/s to 13 m/s. The power loss of the wind turbine in the wind speed optimization stage is as high as 37.48%, and the annual power loss rate caused by icing can reach at least 22%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Wind)

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