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JMSE
Special Issues
Recent Scientific Developments in Ocean Observation
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Recent Scientific Developments in Ocean Observation

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Oceanography".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 May 2024 | Viewed by 6426

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Aldo Francis Drago

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Guest Editor
Professor in Oceanography, Institute of Engineering and Transport, Malta College of Arts, Science & Technology, PLA 9032 Paola, Malta
Interests: operational oceanography; the Mediterranean Sea; remote sensing; capacity building
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Inga Lips

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Guest Editor
European Global Ocean Observing System (EuroGOOS), Avenue Louise 231, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Interests: phytoplankton ecology; cyanobacteria; water quality; biological oceanography
Dr. George Petihakis

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Guest Editor
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, GR-71003 Heraklion, Greece
Interests: marine ecological modelling, marine observations, and data analysis
Dr. Christina Zeri

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Guest Editor
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Athens, Greece
Interests: microplastics; integrated monitoring and assessment; dissolved trace metals; marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) cycling and its optical properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Elisa Berdalet

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Guest Editor
Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: structure and dynamics of marine planktonic ecosystems; responses to environmental or anthropogenic forcings; algal blooms; eutrophisation; ocean health
Dr. Ghada El Serafy

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Guest Editor
Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 5, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: data assimilation; data sciences; ecosystem modeling; ecosystem services; marine environmental quality; ecosystem health; integrated monitoring and assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We cannot manage what we do not observe and measure. In a complex system such as the marine environment composed of multiple interacting components and processes, regular/repeated /recurrent observations are necessary to understand its continuous evolution in time and space, learning by gauging and seeing, to decipher behaviors, patterns and changes. The intelligent and science-based management of the marine environment, akin to the whole earth system, relies on accurate, quality and consistent data often available and processed in real-time. Observations are not a choice, but a requirement to avoid tackling challenges in the dark.

This Special Issue of JMSE tackles Recent Scientific Developments in Ocean Observation in this broad context, underpinning the scientific knowledge needed for the sustainable development of the oceans, and tackling the raw material (data and information) and the key services to support a range of ocean applications covering operational (monitoring, surveillance, response), policy (planning, strategies, decision-making) and economic (industry, innovation) endeavors and more importantly at present, the preservation of the fragile marine ecosystems. Contributions are expected to cover both in situ and remote observations dealing with their active link to numerical modelling, and augmented, intelligent, auto-adaptive data acquisition systems; proposing new technologies to innovate observing systems, improve their performance and enable low-cost solutions, multi-scale, multiple-purpose and multi-functional observing systems essential to resolve the physical and bio-chemical complexity and variability of the marine environment, catering for the full cascade of basin, shelf and coastal domains, and capable to determine changing baselines and to detect cumulative changes on top of natural variability, catering for the assessment of the state of health of the sea and its resilience to impacts, but also capable to provide informed and timely interventions. Furthermore there are also aspects to make observations more reliable such as through data quality control and standardization.

Contributions also cover aspects related to the effective trans-national coordination and the creation of functional multi-governance frameworks to connect and synergize the numerous and diverse actors conducting observations within and across countries, operating at different institutional, geographic and sectoral levels. The overall target is to make data closer and more useful to policy, to provide the data backbone for marine-based services and supporting economic endeavors and higher impacts on society needs.

Prof. Dr. Aldo Francis Drago
Dr. Inga Lips
Dr. George Petihakis
Dr. Christina Zeri
Dr. Elisa Berdalet
Dr. Ghada El Serafy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • augmented observations
  • low cost observation systems
  • smart data acquisition systems
  • sustainable development
  • trans-national coordination

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 4281 KiB  
Article
An Ensemble CNOP Method Based on a Pre-Screening Mechanism for Targeted Observations in the South China Sea
by Ru Wang, Qingyu Zheng, Wei Li, Guijun Han, Xuan Wang and Song Hu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 135; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse12010135 - 09 Jan 2024
Viewed by 677
Abstract
The uncertainty in the initial condition seriously affects the forecasting skill of numerical models. Targeted observations play an important role in reducing uncertainty in numerical prediction. The conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method is a useful tool for studying adaptive observation. However, the [...] Read more.
The uncertainty in the initial condition seriously affects the forecasting skill of numerical models. Targeted observations play an important role in reducing uncertainty in numerical prediction. The conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method is a useful tool for studying adaptive observation. However, the traditional CNOP method highly relies on the adjoint model, and it is difficult to find the global optimal solution. In this paper, a pre-screening and ensemble CNOP hybrid method called PECNOP is proposed to identify optimal sensitive areas in targeted observations. PECNOP is an adjoint-free method that captures global CNOP with high probability, which can effectively solve the two major problems faced by traditional CNOP methods. We evaluated the performance of PECNOP by building an observation simulation system consisting of an ocean model and data assimilation. One of the assimilation experiments was dedicated to evaluating the stability and effectiveness of PECNOP in extreme events. The results show that, compared with traditional methods, PECNOP can stably capture the global CNOP. Extra observations and assimilation in the optimal sensitive areas identified by PECNOP can effectively improve forecasting by about 20% within 30 days. Therefore, PECNOP has potential to reduce the initial error of numerical models, which is important for improving forecasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Ocean Observation)
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28 pages, 9963 KiB  
Article
Observations in the Spanish Mediterranean Waters: A Review and Update of Results of 30-Year Monitoring
by Manuel Vargas-Yáñez, Francina Moya, Mariano Serra, Mélanie Juza, Gabriel Jordà, Enrique Ballesteros, Cristina Alonso, Josep Pascual, Jordi Salat, Vicenç Moltó, Elena Tel, Rosa Balbín, Rocío Santiago, Safo Piñeiro and Mᵃ Carmen García-Martínez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(7), 1284; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11071284 - 24 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3089
Abstract
The Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, Spanish Institute of Oceanography) has maintained different monitoring programs in the Spanish Mediterranean waters (Western Mediterranean) since 1992. All these monitoring programs were unified in 2007 under the current program RADMED (series temporales de datos oceanográficos en [...] Read more.
The Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, Spanish Institute of Oceanography) has maintained different monitoring programs in the Spanish Mediterranean waters (Western Mediterranean) since 1992. All these monitoring programs were unified in 2007 under the current program RADMED (series temporales de datos oceanográficos en el Mediterráneo), which is devoted to the in situ multidisciplinary sampling of the water column of coastal and open-sea waters by means of periodic oceanographic campaigns. These campaigns, together with a network of tide-gauges, are part of the IEO Observing system (IEOOS). In some cases, the temperature and salinity time series collected in the frame of these monitoring programs are now more than 30 years long, whereas sea level time series date to the beginning of the 1940s. This information has been complemented with international databases and has been analyzed in numerous works by the Grupo mediterráneo de Cambio Climático (GCC; Mediterranean Climate Change Group) for more than 20 years. These works have been devoted to the detection and quantification of the changes that climate change is producing on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the Spanish Mediterranean waters. In this work, we review the results obtained by the GCC since 2005 in relation to the changes in the physical properties of the sea: water column temperature, salinity, and density, heat content, mixed layer depth, and sea level. Time series and results are updated from the last works, and the reliability of the existing time series for the detection of climatologies and long-term trends are analyzed. Furthermore, the different sources of uncertainty in the estimation of linear trends are considered in the present work. Besides this review and update of the results obtained from the data collected in the frame of the IEOOS, we conduct a review of the existing monitoring capabilities from other institutions in the Spanish Mediterranean waters and a review of results dealing with climate change in the Spanish Mediterranean obtained by such institutions. In particular, we include a review of the results obtained by SOCIB (Servicio de Observación y Predicción Costero de las Islas Baleares; Balearic Islands costal observing and forecasting system) in relation to the study of marine heat waves and the warming of the sea surface, and the results corresponding to the intense warming of the Catalan continental shelf at L’Estartit oceanographic station. All these results evidence that the surface Spanish Mediterranean waters are warming up at a rate higher than that affecting the global ocean (>2 °C/100 years). This warming and a salinity increase are also observed along the whole water column. Marine heat waves are increasing their intensity, frequency, and duration since 1982, and coastal sea level is increasing at a rate of 2.5 mm/yr. The salinity increase seems to have compensated for the warming, at least at surface and intermediate waters where no significant trends have been detected for the density. This could also be the reason for the lack of significant trends in the evolution of the mixed layer depth. All these results highlight the importance of monitoring the water column and the necessity of maintaining in situ sampling programs, which are essential for the study of changes that are occurring throughout the Spanish Mediterranean waters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Ocean Observation)
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Review

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38 pages, 2639 KiB  
Review
Reconstruction Methods in Oceanographic Satellite Data Observation—A Survey
by Leon Ćatipović, Frano Matić and Hrvoje Kalinić
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 340; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse11020340 - 03 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1514
Abstract
Oceanographic parameters, such as sea surface temperature, surface chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface ice concentration, sea surface height, etc., are listed as Essential Climate Variables. Therefore, there is a crucial need for persistent and accurate measurements on a global scale. While in situ methods [...] Read more.
Oceanographic parameters, such as sea surface temperature, surface chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface ice concentration, sea surface height, etc., are listed as Essential Climate Variables. Therefore, there is a crucial need for persistent and accurate measurements on a global scale. While in situ methods tend to be accurate and continuous, these qualities are difficult to scale spatially, leaving a significant portion of Earth’s oceans and seas unmonitored. To tackle this, various remote sensing techniques have been developed. One of the more prominent ways to measure the aforementioned parameters is via satellite spacecraft-mounted remote sensors. This way, spatial coverage is considerably increased while retaining significant accuracy and resolution. Unfortunately, due to the nature of electromagnetic signals, the atmosphere itself and its content (such as clouds, rain, etc.) frequently obstruct the signals, preventing the satellite-mounted sensors from measuring, resulting in gaps—missing data—in satellite recordings. One way to deal with these gaps is via various reconstruction methods developed through the past two decades. However, there seems to be a lack of review papers on reconstruction methods for satellite-derived oceanographic variables. To rectify the lack, this paper surveyed more than 130 articles dealing with the issue of data reconstruction. Articles were chosen according to two criteria: (a) the article has to feature satellite-derived oceanographic data (b) gaps in satellite data have to be reconstructed. As an additional result of the survey, a novel categorising system based on the type of input data and the usage of time series in reconstruction efforts is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Ocean Observation)
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