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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2021) | Viewed by 35191

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Prof. Dr. Gregory Grigoropoulos

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Guest Editor

Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: hull form optimization; hydrodynamic performance (resistance, maneuvering, seakeeping); biomimetic methods in ship optimization; experimental methods in ship hydrodynamics; economic operation of ships and fleets; hydrodynamics of high-speed craft
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the last two decades, the idea of designing a ship with satisfactory hydrodynamic performance in calm water and in waves evolved to the implementation of formal optimization strategies on existing (parent) hull forms to improve both the resistance and propulsion characteristics as well as its dynamic responses in actual seaways. Aiming to reduce operating expenses, the main target is to minimize the fuel consumption in all sailing conditions. Recently, the focus on environmental protection and the reduction of the emission of Green House Gases (GHG) as well as CO₂ formed a strong push towards the optimization of the operation of ships which is feasible mainly via the optimization of their hydrodynamic performance and the improvement of the performance of their main engines. The hull form optimization is based on a variety of hydrodynamic algorithms to evaluate the resistance, propulsion, and the seakeeping characteristics of the ship using potential or viscous flow calculations and it is finally evaluated by model tests.

Authors are encouraged to submit high quality papers directly related to the various topics mentioned below. Novel techniques on the topic will be highly appreciated and are encouraged.

Topics

Single- and multi-objective optimization strategies
Hull form design for calm water resistance
Hull form design for propulsion
Hull form design for seakeeping
Manoeuvring in ship design
Static and dynamic stability aspects in ship design
High- and low-fidelity hydrodynamic algorithms in ship design
Hybrid methods for Single- and Multi-Objective Optimization
Genetic algorithms and neural networks in the Hydrodynamic Design of Ships
Deterministic and stochastic methods in ship design
Case studies

Prof. Gregory Grigoropoulos
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Ship hydrodynamics
Optimization strategies
Hull form optimization
Seakeeping
Resistance
Propulsion
Manoeuvring
case studies

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Hydrodynamic Design of Ships

by Gregory J. Grigoropoulos

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse10040512 - 07 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1512

Abstract

During the last two decades, the process of designing a ship has encompassed and incorporated its hydrodynamic performance in calm water and in waves, as well as that of the propulsion units, as a major aspect of its merit in service [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 4153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed-Fidelity Design Optimization of Hull Form Using CFD and Potential Flow Solvers

by Gregory J. Grigoropoulos, Christos Bakirtzoglou, George Papadakis and Dimitrios Ntouras

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(11), 1234; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9111234 - 08 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1755

Abstract

The present paper proposes a new mixed-fidelity method to optimize the shape of ships using genetic algorithms (GA) and potential flow codes to evaluate the hydrodynamics of variant hull forms, enhanced by a surrogate model based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to account for viscous effects. The performance of the variant hull forms generated by the GA is evaluated for calm water resistance using potential flow methods which are quite fast when they run on modern computers. However, these methods do not take into account the viscous effects which are dominant in the stern region of the ship. Solvers of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) should be used in this respect, which, however, are too time-consuming to be used for the evaluation of some hundreds of variants within the GA search. In this study, a RANS solver is used prior to the execution of the GA to train an ANN in modeling the effect of stern design geometrical parameters only. Potential flow results, accounting for the geometrical design parameters of the rest of the hull, are combined with the aforementioned trained meta-model for the final hull form evaluation. This work concentrates on the provision of a more reliable framework for the evaluation of hull form performance in calm water without a significant increase of the computing time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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24 pages, 11175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Radial Basis Functions for Partially-Parametric Modeling and Principal Component Analysis for Faster Hydrodynamic Optimization of a Catamaran

by Stefan Harries and Sebastian Uharek

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1069; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9101069 - 29 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1940

Abstract

The paper shows the application of a flexible approach of partially-parametric modelling on the basis of radial basis functions (RBF) for the modification of an existing hull form (baseline). Different to other partially-parametric modelling approaches, RBF functions allow defining sources which lie on the baseline and targets which define the intended new shape. Sources and targets can be corresponding sets of points, curves and surfaces. They are used to derive a transformation field that subsequently modifies those parts of the geometry which shall be subjected to variation, making the approach intuitive and quick to set up. Since the RBF approach may potentially introduce quite a few degrees-of-freedom (DoF) a principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized to reduce the dimensionality of the design space. PCA allows the deliberate sacrifice of variability in order to define variations of interest with fewer variables, then being called principal parameters (prinPar). The aim of combining RBFs and PCA is to make simulation-driven design (SDD) easier and faster to use. Ideally, the turn-around time within which to achieve noticeable improvements should be 24 h, including the time needed to set up both the CAD model and the CFD simulation as well as to run a first optimisation campaign. An electric catamaran was chosen to illustrate the combined approach for a meaningful application case. Both a potential and a viscous solver were utilized, namely, SHIPFLOW XPAN (SHF) and Neptuno (NEP), respectively. Rather than to compare the two codes in any detail the purpose of this was to study the efficacy of the proposed approach of combining RBF and PCA for solvers of different fidelity. All investigations were realized within CAESES, a versatile process integration and design optimisation environment (CAESES). It is shown that meaningful reductions of total resistance and, hence, improvements of energy efficiency can be realized within very few simulation runs. If a one-stop steepest descent is applied as a deterministic search strategy, for instance, some 10 to 12 CFD runs are needed to already identify better hulls, rendering turn-around times of a day of work and a night of number crunching a realistic option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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24 pages, 16515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of the Resistance of a Zero-Emission Full-Scale Fast Catamaran in Shallow Water

by Guangyu Shi, Alexandros Priftis, Yan Xing-Kaeding, Evangelos Boulougouris, Apostolos D. Papanikolaou, Haibin Wang and Geoff Symonds

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(6), 563; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9060563 - 23 May 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2753

Abstract

This paper numerically investigates the resistance at full-scale of a zero-emission, high-speed catamaran in both deep and shallow water, with the Froude number ranging from 0.2 to 0.8. The numerical methods are validated by two means: (a) Comparison with available model tests; (b) a blind validation using two different flow solvers. The resistance, sinkage, and trim of the catamaran, as well as the wave pattern, longitudinal wave cuts and crossflow fields, are examined. The total resistance curve in deep water shows a continuous increase with the Froude number, while in shallow water, a hump is witnessed near the critical speed. This difference is mainly caused by the pressure component of total resistance, which is significantly affected by the interaction between the wave systems created by the demihulls. The pressure resistance in deep water is maximised at a Froude number around 0.58, whereas the peak in shallow water is achieved near the critical speed (Froude number ≈ 0.3). Insight into the underlying physics is obtained by analysing the wave creation between the demihulls. Profoundly different wave patterns within the inner region are observed in deep and shallow water. Specifically, in deep water, both crests and troughs are generated and moved astern as the increase of the Froude number. The maximum pressure resistance is accomplished when the secondary trough is created at the stern, leading to the largest trim angle. In contrast, the catamaran generates a critical wave normal to the advance direction in shallow water, which significantly elevates the bow and creates the highest trim angle, as well as pressure resistance. Moreover, significant wave elevations are observed between the demihulls at supercritical speeds in shallow water, which may affect the decision for the location of the wet deck. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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16 pages, 4632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Hull Form Parameters on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Bulk Carrier

by Rui Deng, Shigang Wang, Yuxiao Hu, Yuquan Wang and Tiecheng Wu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(4), 373; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9040373 - 01 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3563

Abstract

In this study, the effect of joint optimization of the principal dimensions and hull form on the hydrodynamic performance of a bulk carrier was studied. In the first part of the joint optimization process, fast principal-dimension optimization of the origin parent ship considering the integrated performance of ship resistance, seakeeping, and maneuverability, as well as their relationships with the principal dimensions were analyzed in detail based on the ship resistance, seakeeping qualities, and maneuverability empirical methods of Holtrop and Mennen, Bales, and K and T indices, respectively. A new parent ship was chosen from 496 sets of hulls after comprehensive consideration. In the remaining part, a further hull form optimization was performed on the new parent ship according to the minimum wave-making resistance. The obtained results demonstrate that: (a) For the case in which the principal dimension of the original parent-type ship is different from that of the owner’s target ship, within the bounds of the relevant constraints from the owner, an excellent parent ship can be obtained by principal-dimension optimization; (b) the joint optimization method considering the principal dimension and hull form optimization can further explore the optimization space and provide a better hull. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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11 pages, 3728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Polynomials for the Vibration Analysis of an L-Type Beam Structure with a Free End

by Duck Young Yoon and Jeong Hee Park

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(3), 300; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9030300 - 08 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1286

Abstract

Vibration analysis using the component mode method has been less popular than before, since computers are powerful enough to solve complicated structures by a single large finite model. However, many structural engineers designing local structures on a ship still need simple tools to check anticipated vibration problems during their design work. Since most of local structures on a ship are simple enough to consist of several substructures, the component mode method could be of use as long as good, natural mode functions can be provided so that reasonable natural frequencies can be yielded. In this study, since mode polynomials based on static deflection of cantilever beams fail to work to cover the various configurations of L-type beams with a free end, two alternatives are suggested. One is based on more flexible mode functions—we call them adaptive polynomials. The other is a purely mathematical approach, which makes realistic mode functions unnecessary. Suggested alternatives yield very good numerical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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18 pages, 3632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of Jet Pump Based on RBF Neural Network Model

by Kai Xu, Gang Wang, Luyao Zhang, Liquan Wang, Feihong Yun, Wenhao Sun, Xiangyu Wang and Xi Chen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 236; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9020236 - 23 Feb 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2590

Abstract

In this study, an annular jet pump optimization method is proposed based on an RBF (Radial Basis Function) neural network model and NSGA-II (Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) optimization algorithm to improve the hydraulic performance of the annular jet pump applied in submarine trenching and dredging. Suction angle, diffusion angle, area ratio and flow ratio were selected as design variables. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used for numerical simulation to obtain the corresponding performance, and an accurate RBF neural network approximate model was established. Finally, the NSGA-II algorithm was selected to carry out multi-objective optimization and obtain the optimal design variable combination. The results show that the determination coefficient R² of the two objective functions (jet pump efficiency and head ratio) of the approximate model of the RBF neural network were greater than 0.97. Compared with the original model, the optimized model’s suction angle increased, and the diffusion angle, flow ratio and area ratio decreased. In terms of performance, the head ratio increased by 30.46% after the optimization of the jet pump, and efficiency increased slightly. The proposed jet pump performance optimization method provides a reference for improving the performance of other pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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16 pages, 3853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reanalysis of the Sydney Harbor RiverCat Ferry

by Lawrence J. Doctors

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 215; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9020215 - 18 Feb 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2411

Abstract

In this paper, we revisit the hydrodynamics supporting the design and development of the RiverCat class of catamaran ferries operating in Sydney Harbor since 1991. More advanced software is used here. This software accounts for the hydrodynamics of the transom demisterns that experience partial or full ventilation, depending on the vessel speed. This ventilation gives rise to the hydrostatic drag, which adds to the total drag of the vessel. The presence of the transom also creates a hollow in the water. This hollow causes an effective hydrodynamic lengthening of the vessel, which leads to a reduction in the wave resistance. Hence, a detailed analysis is required in order to optimize the size of the transom. It is demonstrated that the drag of the vessel and the wave generation can be predicted with good accuracy. Finally, the software is also used to optimize the vessel further by means of affine transformations of the hull geometry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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18 pages, 7283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of Hydrodynamics of Heavily Loaded Hard-Chine Hulls in Calm Water

by Miles P. Wheeler, Konstantin I. Matveev and Tao Xing

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 184; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9020184 - 10 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2107

Abstract

Hard-chine boats are usually intended for high-speed regimes where they operate in the planing mode. These boats are often designed to be relatively light, but there are special applications that may occasionally require fast boats to be heavily loaded. In this study, steady-state hydrodynamic performance of nominal-weight and overloaded hard-chine hulls in calm water is investigated with computational fluid dynamics solver program STAR-CCM+. The resistance and attitude values of a constant-deadrise reference hull and its modifications with more pronounced bows of concave and convex shapes are obtained from numerical simulations. On average, 40% heavier hulls showed about 30% larger drag over the speed range from the displacement to planing modes. Among the studied configurations, the hull with a concave bow is found to have 5–12% lower resistance than the other hulls in the semi-displacement regime and heavy loadings and 2–10% lower drag in the displacement regime and nominal loading, while this hull is also capable of achieving fast planing speeds at the nominal weight with typical available thrust. The near-hull wave patterns and hull pressure distributions for selected conditions are presented and discussed as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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17 pages, 8027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bubble Sweep-Down of Research Vessels Based on the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Method

by Wei Wang, Guobin Cai, Yongjie Pang, Chunyu Guo, Yang Han and Guangli Zhou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(12), 1040; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8121040 - 21 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2352

Abstract

To explore the reason for the bubble sweep-down phenomenon of research vessels and its effect on the position of the stern sonar of a research vessel, the use of a fairing was investigated as a defoaming appendage. The separation vortex turbulence model was selected for simulation, and the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method was adopted to study the characteristics of the bubble sweep-down motion, captured using a discrete element model. The interaction between the bubbles, water, air, and hull was defined via a multiphase interaction method. The bubble point position and bubble layer were calculated separately. The spatial movement characteristics of the bubbles were extracted from bubble trajectories. It was demonstrated that the bubble sweep-down phenomenon is closely related to the distribution of the bow pressure field and that the bubble motion characteristics is related to the speed and initial bubble position. When the initial bubble position is between the water surface and the ship bottom, the impact on the middle of the ship bottom is greater and increases further with increasing speed. A deflector forces the bubbles to both sides through physical shielding, strengthening the local vortex structure and keeping bubbles away from the middle of the ship bottom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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12 pages, 2870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Tracking of the Pareto Front of a Multi-Objective Optimization Problem

by Daniele Peri

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(9), 699; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8090699 - 09 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2705

Abstract

In this paper, some methodologies aimed at the identification of the Pareto front of a multi-objective optimization problem are presented and applied. Three different approaches are presented: local sampling, Pareto front resampling and Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI). A first approximation of the Pareto front is obtained by a regular sampling of the design space, and then the Pareto front is improved and enriched using the other two above mentioned techniques. A detailed Pareto front is obtained for an optimization problem where algebraic objective functions are applied, also in comparison with standard techniques. Encouraging results are also obtained for two different ship design problems. The use of the algebraic functions allows for a comparison with the real Pareto front, correctly detected. The variety of the ship design problems allows for a generalization of the applicability of the methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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18 pages, 6674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Optimization Study on a Fast, Zero Emission Catamaran

by Apostolos Papanikolaou, Yan Xing-Kaeding, Johannes Strobel, Aphrodite Kanellopoulou, George Zaraphonitis and Edmund Tolo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(9), 657; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8090657 - 26 Aug 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4416

Abstract

The present study focuses on the hydrodynamic hull form optimization of a zero emission, battery driven, fast catamaran vessel. A two-stage optimization procedure was implemented to identify in the first stage (global optimization) the optimum combination of a ship’s main dimensions and later on in the second stage (local optimization) the optimal ship hull form, minimizing the required propulsion power for the set operational specifications and design constraints. Numerical results of speed-power performance for a prototype catamaran, intended for operation in the Stavanger area (Norway), were verified by model experiments at Hamburgische Schiffbau Versuchsanstalt (HSVA), proving the feasibility of this innovative, zero emissions, waterborne urban transportation concept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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9 pages, 1601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Swath Ships with Underwater Hulls Preventing the Boundary Layer Separation

by Igor Nesteruk, Srecko Krile and Zarko Koboevic

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(9), 652; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8090652 - 25 Aug 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2190

Abstract

The body shapes of aquatic animals can ensure a laminar flow without boundary layer separation at rather high Reynolds numbers. The commercial efficiencies (drag-to-weight ratio) of similar hulls were estimated. The examples of neutrally buoyant vehicles of high commercial efficiency were proposed. It was shown that such hulls can be effectively used both in water and air. In particular, their application for SWATH (Small Water Area Twin Hulls) vehicles is discussed. In particular, the seakeeping characteristics of such ships can be improved due to the use of underwater hulls. In addition, the special shaping of these hulls allows the reducing of total drag, as well as the energetic needs and pollution. The presented estimations show that a weight-to-drag ratio of 165 can be achieved for a yacht with such specially shaped underwater hulls. Thus, a yacht with improved underwater hulls can use electrical engines only, and solar cells to charge the batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamic Design of Ships)

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