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Advances in Dental Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2023) | Viewed by 60983

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Young-Jun Lim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Prosthodontics, School Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak Ro, Seoul 110749, Korea
Interests: dental materials; implant biomechanics; titanium surface characterization; prosthetic dentistry; noise reduction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In medicine, there is no field that is as strongly related to materials as dentistry. Treatment in the dental field is usually preceded by the development of new therapeutic material, followed by the necessary equipment, instruments, and treatment techniques. In particular, newly developed materials and technologies can suggest ways to solve the problems of traditional dental care.

Recently, as a result of continual developments of digital technology, new materials related to new treatment concepts are to be expected, which will enable additional reduction in costs and time. Dental practitioners, who will be confronted with these materials and techniques in the daily clinical practice, require a certain level of knowledge if they are to benefit from these new materials.

This Special Issue calls for high-quality research articles, clinical studies, technical advances, and case reports focused on advanced dental materials including experimental research, clinical study, digital technologies and systems, 3D printing, and bone regeneration available for dentistry.

Prof. Dr. Young-Jun Lim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Dental materials
  • Dental adhesion and bonding
  • Biocompatibility and toxicity of dental materials
  • Bioceramics and zirconia
  • Bioactive and regeneration materials
  • Dental implants related materials
  • CAD/CAM generated dental restoration related materials
  • Digital technologies and systems available for dentistry
  • 3D printing related dental materials

Published Papers (24 papers)

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10 pages, 2758 KiB  
Article
Influence of Practitioner-Related Placement Variables on the Compressive Properties of Bulk-Fill Composite Resins—An In Vitro Clinical Simulation Study
by Tamar Brosh, Moshe Davidovitch, Avi Berg, Aviran Shenhav, Raphael Pilo and Shlomo Matalon
Materials 2022, 15(12), 4305; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124305 - 17 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1122
Abstract
Aims: To determine if restoration location and/or execution behavior force parameters have an influence on the mechanical properties of bulk-fill composite dental restorations. Methods: Pressure transducers were placed within each quadrant of dental mannequin jaws. Cylindrical molds were placed above the transducers and [...] Read more.
Aims: To determine if restoration location and/or execution behavior force parameters have an influence on the mechanical properties of bulk-fill composite dental restorations. Methods: Pressure transducers were placed within each quadrant of dental mannequin jaws. Cylindrical molds were placed above the transducers and filled with two bulk-fill composite materials, Filtek and Tetric, by four experienced dentists. Each dentist prepared five specimens per quadrant and material. The total placement time, mean force, number of peak forces (above 25 N), and mean peak(s) force during placement were measured. Then, the stiffness and maximal compressive strength of the specimens were determined while loading the specimens up to failure using a universal loading machine. Results: Placement time was affected by jaw (p < 0.004) and side (p < 0.029), with the shortest time demonstrated for the left side of the mandible. Force exerted during restoration placement was not normally distributed without differences in location (jaw) or material. A higher application force was found on the right side (p < 0.01). The number of peak forces was affected by side (p < 0.03), with less peaks on the left side. No significant differences were found in compressive strength when correlated to restoration location, participant, or material (p = 0.431). The stiffness values of Filtek (3729 ± 228 N/mm) were found to be 15% higher than Tetric (3248 ± 227 N/mm) (p < 0.005). No correlations were found between the compressive strength or stiffness and the amount of force applied during placement. Conclusions: The individual restoration material placement parameters did influence practitioner performance; however, these differences did not affect the mechanical properties of the final restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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20 pages, 8306 KiB  
Article
Biomechanical Efficacy and Effectiveness of Orthodontic Treatment with Transparent Aligners in Mild Crowding Dentition—A Finite Element Analysis
by Jeong-Hee Seo, Min-Seok Kim, Jeong-Hyeon Lee, Emmanuel Eghan-Acquah, Yong-Hoon Jeong, Mi-Hee Hong, Bongju Kim and Sung-Jae Lee
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15093118 - 26 Apr 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment increasingly involves transparent aligners; however, biomechanical analysis of their treatment effects under clinical conditions is lacking. We compared the biomechanical efficacy and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with transparent aligners and of fixed appliances in simulated clinical orthodontic treatment conditions using orthodontic [...] Read more.
Orthodontic treatment increasingly involves transparent aligners; however, biomechanical analysis of their treatment effects under clinical conditions is lacking. We compared the biomechanical efficacy and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with transparent aligners and of fixed appliances in simulated clinical orthodontic treatment conditions using orthodontic finite element (FE) models. In the FE analysis, we used Model Activation/De-Activation analysis to validate our method. Fixed appliances and 0.75-mm and 0.5-mm thick transparent aligners were applied to a tooth-alveolar bone FE model with lingually-inclined and axially-rotated central incisors. Compared to the fixed appliance, the 0.75-mm and 0.5-mm transparent aligners induced 5%, 38%, and 28% and 21%, 62%, and 34% less movement of the central incisors and principal stress of the periodontal ligament and of the alveolar bone, respectively, for lingual inclination correction. For axial-rotation correction, these aligners induced 22%, 37%, and 40% and 28%, 67%, and 48% less tooth movement and principal stress of the periodontal ligament and of the alveolar bone, respectively. In conclusion, transparent aligners induced less tooth movement, it is sufficient for orthodontic treatment, but 0.5-mm aligners should be used for only mild corrections. Additionally, the Model Activation/De-Activation analysis method is suitable for FE analysis of orthodontic treatment reflecting clinical treatment conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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13 pages, 2132 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Time Efficiency, Fit, and Wear of Conventionally- versus Digitally-Fabricated Occlusal Splints
by Sebastian Berthold Maximilian Patzelt, Marei Krügel, Christian Wesemann, Stefano Pieralli, Julian Nold, Benedikt Christopher Spies, Kirstin Vach and Ralf-Joachim Kohal
Materials 2022, 15(3), 1085; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15031085 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2528
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare conventional to digital workflows of occlusal splint production regarding time efficiency, overall fit, and wear. Fifteen Michigan splints were fabricated with a conventional and digital method. The duration for the dentist’s and the dental technician’s [...] Read more.
The purpose of the study was to compare conventional to digital workflows of occlusal splint production regarding time efficiency, overall fit, and wear. Fifteen Michigan splints were fabricated with a conventional and digital method. The duration for the dentist’s and the dental technician’s workload was recorded. Subsequently, the overall fit was examined with a four-level score (1–4). Paired t-tests were used to compare the time results for the conventional and digital workflows and the sign test to compare the overall fit. The mean time (16 min 58 s) for computerized optical impressions was longer than for conventional impressions (6 min 59 s; p = 0.0001). However, the dental technician needed significantly less mean time for the digital splint production (47 min 52 s) than for the conventional (163 min 32 s; p = 0.001). The overall fit of the digitally-fabricated splints was significantly better compared to the conventionally-fabricated splints (p = 0.002). There was no impact of the different materials used in the conventional and digital workflow on the wear (p = 0.26). The results suggest that the digital workflow for the production of occlusal splints is more time efficient and leads to a better fit than the conventional workflow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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9 pages, 3393 KiB  
Article
Accuracy of the Intra- and Extra-Oral Scanning Technique for Transferring the Intaglio Surface of a Pontic of Provisional Restorations to Definitive Restorations
by Koma Sanda, Noriyuki Yasunami, Maki Okada, Akihiro Furuhashi and Yasunori Ayukawa
Materials 2021, 14(21), 6489; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216489 - 29 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2171
Abstract
When taking the final impression for a three-unit fixed partial denture (FPD), the intaglio surface of the pontic of provisional restoration cannot be transferred accurately to that of definitive restoration. The intra- and extra-oral scanning (IEOS) technique, a method for accurately reproducing the [...] Read more.
When taking the final impression for a three-unit fixed partial denture (FPD), the intaglio surface of the pontic of provisional restoration cannot be transferred accurately to that of definitive restoration. The intra- and extra-oral scanning (IEOS) technique, a method for accurately reproducing the submucosal morphology of the superstructure of an implant, has been reported using an intraoral scanner. In the present study, we evaluated the difference between the conventional impression method using impression material and the IEOS technique in reproducing the morphology of the surface of the pontic of a definitive FPD. There was a significant difference in the trueness of the intaglio surface morphology of the pontic between the conventional method and the IEOS technique; however, no significant difference in precision was observed. As a result, the intaglio surface of the pontic of the three-unit FPD could be transferred to definitive restorations more accurately with the IEOS technique than with the conventional method. These results suggest that the IEOS technique can duplicate the intaglio surface of the pontic more reproducibly to the definitive restorations compared with the conventional method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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17 pages, 3666 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Chairside CAD/CAM Restorations Fabricated Using a Standardization Method
by Myung-Sik Hong, Yu-Sung Choi, Hae-Hyoung Lee, Jung-Hwan Lee and Junyong Ahn
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14113115 - 06 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2443
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the fracture resistance, fracture failure pattern, and fractography of four types of chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restoration materials in teeth and titanium abutments fabricated using a standardization method. An artificial mandibular left [...] Read more.
The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the fracture resistance, fracture failure pattern, and fractography of four types of chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restoration materials in teeth and titanium abutments fabricated using a standardization method. An artificial mandibular left first premolar prepared for all-ceramic crown restoration was scanned. Forty extracted mandibular molars and cylindrical titanium specimens were milled into a standardized shape. A total of eighty CAD/CAM restoration blocks were milled into a crown and twenty pieces of each lithium disilicate (LS), polymer-infiltrated-ceramic-network (PICN), resin nano ceramic (RNC), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) materials were used. Crowns were bonded to abutments, and all specimens underwent thermal cycling treatment for 10,000 cycles. Fracture resistance was measured using a universal testing machine and fracture failure patterns were analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical differences were analyzed using appropriate ANOVA, Tukey HSD post hoc tests, and independent sample t-tests (α = 0.05). The results indicated that, in both teeth abutments and titanium abutments, the fracture resistances showed significantly the highest values in LS and the second highest in ZLS (p < 0.05). The fracture resistances based on teeth abutments and titanium abutments were significantly different in all the CAD/CAM restoration materials (p < 0.05). There are statistically significant correlations between the types of materials and the types of abutments (p < 0.05). Each of the different materials showed different fracture failure patterns, and there was no noticeable difference in fractographic analysis. Lithium disilicates and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicates exhibited statistically high fracture resistance, indicating their suitability as restoration materials for natural teeth or implant abutments. There were no distinct differences in the fracture pattern based on the restoration and abutment materials showed that the fracture initiated at the groove where the ball indenter was toughed and propagated toward the axial wall. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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11 pages, 3161 KiB  
Article
Influence of Scanning-Aid Materials on the Accuracy and Time Efficiency of Intraoral Scanners for Full-Arch Digital Scanning: An In Vitro Study
by Hyun-Su Oh, Young-Jun Lim, Bongju Kim, Myung-Joo Kim, Ho-Beom Kwon and Yeon-Wha Baek
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2340; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14092340 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6316
Abstract
This study was performed to verify the influence of scanning-aid materials on the accuracy and time efficiency of full-arch scanning with intraoral scanners. The full-arch reference model was constructed by a 3D printer and scanned with a model scanner to obtain the reference [...] Read more.
This study was performed to verify the influence of scanning-aid materials on the accuracy and time efficiency of full-arch scanning with intraoral scanners. The full-arch reference model was constructed by a 3D printer and scanned with a model scanner to obtain the reference dataset. Four experimental groups (application of ScanCure (SC-80, ODS Co, Incheon, Korea), IP Scan Spray (IP-Division, Haimhausen, Germany) and Vita Powder Scan Spray (Vita Zahnfabrik, Stuttgart, Germany), and no treatment) were designed, and the scans were executed (trueness, n = 5) using two intraoral scanners: I500 (Medit Co., Seoul, Korea) and TRIOS (3shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). All acquired scan data were compared with the reference datasets using the 3D superimposition method and 2D linear measurements. In the 3D analysis, intragroup data were compared with each other (precision, n = 10). Time efficiency was also verified by comparing the scan times of the four experimental groups. In the 3D analysis, the root mean square (RMS) value of the precision of the scanned image was statistically significantly more accurate in the scanning-aid agent-treated groups than in the no-treatment group (p < 0.05). However, the RMS values of trueness and the types of scanning-aid materials were not significantly different. In the 2D measurements, the increased scan distance generated a greater distance deviation. The working time was significantly shorter in the scanning-aid agent groups than in the no-treatment group, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). Therefore, in clinical situations, the application of scanning-aid materials is recommended to reduce scanning time and more efficiently obtain the full-arch scanned image. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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17 pages, 4979 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Stress in the Periodontal Ligament and Center of Rotation in the Tooth after Orthodontic Treatment Depending on Clear Aligner Thickness—Finite Element Analysis Study
by Jeong-Hee Seo, Emmanuel Eghan-Acquah, Min-Seok Kim, Jeong-Hyeon Lee, Yong-Hoon Jeong, Tae-Gon Jung, Mihee Hong, Won-Hyeon Kim, Bongju Kim and Sung-Jae Lee
Materials 2021, 14(2), 324; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14020324 - 09 Jan 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4997
Abstract
Lately, in orthodontic treatments, the use of transparent aligners for the correction of malocclusions has become prominent owing to their intrinsic advantages such as esthetics, comfort, and minimal maintenance. Attempts at improving upon this technology by varying various parameters to investigate the effects [...] Read more.
Lately, in orthodontic treatments, the use of transparent aligners for the correction of malocclusions has become prominent owing to their intrinsic advantages such as esthetics, comfort, and minimal maintenance. Attempts at improving upon this technology by varying various parameters to investigate the effects on treatments have been carried out by several researchers. Here, we aimed to investigate the biomechanical and clinical effects of aligner thickness on stress distributions in the periodontal ligament and changes in the tooth’s center of rotation. Dental finite element models comprising the cortical and cancellous bones, gingiva, teeth, and nonlinear viscoelastic periodontal ligaments were constructed, validated, and used together with aligner finite element models of different aligner thicknesses to achieve the goal of this study. The finite element analyses were conducted to simulate the actual orthodontic aligner treatment process for the correction of malocclusions by generating pre-stresses in the aligner and allowing the aligner stresses to relax to induce tooth movement. The results of the analyses showed that orthodontic treatment in lingual inclination and axial rotation with a 0.75 mm-thick aligner resulted in 6% and 0.03% higher principal stresses in the periodontal ligament than the same treatment using a 0.05 mm-thick aligner, respectively. Again, for both aligner thicknesses, the tooth’s center of rotation moved lingually and towards the root direction in lingual inclination, and diagonally from the long axis of the tooth in axial rotation. Taken together, orthodontic treatment for simple malocclusions using transparent aligners of different thicknesses will produce a similar effect on the principal stresses in the periodontal ligament and similar changes in the tooth’s center of rotation, as well as sufficient tooth movement. These findings provide orthodontists and researchers clinical and biomechanical evidence about the effect of transparent aligner thickness selection and its effect on orthodontic treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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10 pages, 3164 KiB  
Article
How Do Parameters of Implant Primary Stability Correspond with CT-Evaluated Bone Quality in the Posterior Maxilla? A Correlation Analysis
by Ji-Hyun Kim, Young-Jun Lim, Bongju Kim and Jungwon Lee
Materials 2021, 14(2), 270; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14020270 - 07 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2239
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate correlations between bone density and implant primary stability, considering various determinants such as age, gender, and geometry of implants (design, diameter). Bone density of edentulous posterior maxillae was assessed by computed tomography (CT)-derived Hounsfield [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate correlations between bone density and implant primary stability, considering various determinants such as age, gender, and geometry of implants (design, diameter). Bone density of edentulous posterior maxillae was assessed by computed tomography (CT)-derived Hounsfield units, and implant primary stability values were measured with insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis (RFA). A total of 60 implants in 30 partially edentulous patients were evaluated in the posterior maxilla with two different types of dental implants. The bone density evaluated by CT-derived Hounsfield units showed a significant correlation with primary stability parameters. The bone quality was more influenced by gender rather than age, and the type of implant was insignificant when determining primary stability. Such results imply that primary stability parameters can be used for objective assessment of bone quality, allowing surgical modifications especially in sites suspected of poor bone quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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18 pages, 4133 KiB  
Article
Clinical Evaluation of Time Efficiency and Fit Accuracy of Lithium Disilicate Single Crowns between Conventional and Digital Impression
by Ji-Su Park, Young-Jun Lim, Bongju Kim, Myung-Joo Kim and Ho-Beom Kwon
Materials 2020, 13(23), 5467; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13235467 - 30 Nov 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2530
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the time-efficiency and the clinical effectiveness of chairside-fabricated lithium disilicate single crowns by digital impressions compared to the conventional method. Thirteen patients requiring a single crown on the maxillary or mandibular premolar or first molar [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the time-efficiency and the clinical effectiveness of chairside-fabricated lithium disilicate single crowns by digital impressions compared to the conventional method. Thirteen patients requiring a single crown on the maxillary or mandibular premolar or first molar were assigned as study subjects. The impressions were obtained using the conventional method and two digital methods with intraoral scanners: AEGIS.PO (Digital Dentistry Solution, Seoul, Korea) and CEREC Omnicam (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). Two types of lithium disilicate single crowns were obtained; a reference crown (by conventional workflow) and a chairside crown (by digital workflow). The total time taken for fabricating the chairside crown was recorded. The replica technique was performed to compare the marginal and internal fit of the two types of crowns. In addition, accuracy of the intraoral scanners was evaluated by the best-fit alignment method. The difference between the groups was analyzed using the two-tailed paired t-test or one-way ANOVA, followed by the Student–Newman–Keuls test for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05 for all statistical tests. The time required to obtain the impressions by the AEGIS (7:16 ± 1:50 min:s) and CEREC (7:29 ± 2:03 min:s) intraoral scans was significantly lower than the conventional method (12:41 ± 1:16 min:s; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the intraoral scanners. The total working time to fabricate the chairside crown averaged 30:58 ± 4:40 min:s. The average marginal gap was not significantly different between the reference (107.86 ± 42.45 µm) and chairside (115.52 ± 38.22 µm) crowns (p > 0.05), based on results of replica measurement. The average internal gaps were not significantly different. The average value of the root mean square between the AEGIS (31.7 ± 12.3 µm) and CEREC (32.4 ± 9.7 µm) scans was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Intraoral scans required a significantly shorter impression time than the conventional method, and it was possible to fabricate a lithium disilicate crown in a single visit. There were no statistically significant differences in the fit of the restorations and accuracy of the intraoral scanners compared to the conventional workflow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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19 pages, 3878 KiB  
Article
Preclinical In Vitro Assessment of Submicron-Scale Laser Surface Texturing on Ti6Al4V
by Luiz Schweitzer, Alexandre Cunha, Thiago Pereira, Kerstin Mika, Ana Maria Botelho do Rego, Ana Maria Ferraria, Heinz Kieburg, Sven Geissler, Eckart Uhlmann and Janosch Schoon
Materials 2020, 13(23), 5342; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13235342 - 25 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2282
Abstract
Loosening of orthodontic and orthopedic implants is a critical and common clinical problem. To minimize the numbers of revision surgeries due to peri-implant inflammation or insufficient osseointegration, developments of new implant manufacturing strategies are indicated. Ultrafast laser surface texturing is a promising contact-free [...] Read more.
Loosening of orthodontic and orthopedic implants is a critical and common clinical problem. To minimize the numbers of revision surgeries due to peri-implant inflammation or insufficient osseointegration, developments of new implant manufacturing strategies are indicated. Ultrafast laser surface texturing is a promising contact-free technology to modify the physicochemical properties of surfaces toward an anti-infectious functionalization. This work aims to texture Ti6Al4V surfaces with ultraviolet (UV) and green (GR) radiation for the manufacturing of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The assessment of these surface modifications addresses key aspects of topography, morphology and chemical composition. Human primary mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were cultured on laser-textured and polished Ti6Al4V to characterize the surfaces in terms of their in vitro biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and metal release. The outcomes of the in vitro experiment show the successful culture of hMSCs on textured Ti6Al4V surfaces developed within this work. Cells cultured on LIPSS surfaces were not compromised in terms of their viability if compared to polished surfaces. Yet, the hMSC culture on UV-LIPSS show significantly lower lactate dehydrogenase and titanium release into the supernatant compared to polished. Thus, the presented surface modification can be a promising approach for future applications in orthodontics and orthopedics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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11 pages, 894 KiB  
Article
Effects of Caries Activity on Compositions of Mutans Streptococci in Saliva-Induced Biofilm Formed on Bracket Materials
by Bum-Soon Lim, Bo-Hyun Kim, Won-Jun Shon and Sug-Joon Ahn
Materials 2020, 13(21), 4764; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214764 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1525
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate effects of caries activity on composition of mutans streptococci in saliva-induced biofilms formed on bracket materials. Three bracket materials were used as specimens: ceramic, metal, and plastic. After saliva was collected using a spitting method from caries-active (CA, [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate effects of caries activity on composition of mutans streptococci in saliva-induced biofilms formed on bracket materials. Three bracket materials were used as specimens: ceramic, metal, and plastic. After saliva was collected using a spitting method from caries-active (CA, decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) score ≥ 10) and caries-free (CF, DMFT score = 0) subjects, saliva was mixed with growth media in a proportion of 1:10. The saliva solution was then incubated with each bracket material. After a saliva-induced biofilm was developed on the surface of the bracket material, the amounts of total bacteria and mutans streptococci were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that biofilms from CA saliva contained more mutans streptococci but less total bacteria than biofilms from CF saliva, regardless of material type. Adhesion of total bacteria to ceramic was higher than to plastic, regardless of caries activity. Mutans streptococci adhered more to ceramic than to metal and plastic in both biofilms from CA and CF saliva, but there was a difference in adhesion between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. The amount of S. mutans was higher than that of S. sobrinus in biofilms from CA saliva despite similar amounts of the two strains in biofilms from CF saliva. The stronger adhesion of S. mutans to ceramic than to metal and plastic was more evident in biofilms from CA saliva than in biofilms from CF saliva. This study suggests that caries activity and material type significantly influenced composition of mutans streptococci in biofilms formed on bracket materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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10 pages, 3634 KiB  
Article
Effect of Yttria Content on the Translucency and Masking Ability of Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal
by Young-Eun Cho, Young-Jun Lim, Jung-Suk Han, In-Sung Luke Yeo and Hyung-In Yoon
Materials 2020, 13(21), 4726; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214726 - 22 Oct 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2832
Abstract
Translucent zirconia, manufactured by increasing the yttria content, offers improved translucency, but may have a negative effect on esthetic outcomes under clinical conditions such as discolored abutment because of the reflection of the underlying color. The purpose of this in vitro study was [...] Read more.
Translucent zirconia, manufactured by increasing the yttria content, offers improved translucency, but may have a negative effect on esthetic outcomes under clinical conditions such as discolored abutment because of the reflection of the underlying color. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the translucency parameter and masking ability of 3 mol % yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP (Katana HT)), 4Y-ZP (Katana STML), and 5Y-ZP (Katana UTML) with those of lithium disilicate (Rosetta SM). Zirconia and lithium disilicate specimens of 10 mm diameters and 0.8 and 1.5 mm thicknesses were fabricated. Their CIE L*a*b* values (L*, brightness; a*, red-green value; b*, yellow-blue value) were measured at the center of the specimens against black and white backgrounds using a spectrophotometer, and translucency parameter (TP) values were determined. The microstructure of the specimens was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Four cylindrical backgrounds of different shades were prepared. The zirconia and lithium disilicate specimens were placed on the backgrounds without any intervening medium. CIE L*a*b* values were obtained, and the color difference value (ΔE) was calculated. Thresholds for acceptability and perceptibility were assumed as ΔE = 5.5 and ΔE = 2.6, respectively, to evaluate masking ability. Data were compared using one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc was performed using Scheffe’s test (α = 0.05). In zirconia specimens, the TP value increased as the yttria content increased from 3 mol %, through 4 mol % to 5 mol %, and all zirconia specimens showed lower TP values than lithium disilicate specimens did. All zirconia specimens showed optimal masking ability against a normal dentin shade (ND3) and acceptable masking ability against titanium at a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm. However, no zirconia specimen could mask severely discolored dentin (ND9), regardless of thickness. The decrease in zirconia thickness from 1.5 to 0.8 mm significantly increased translucency. Monolithic Y-TZP ceramics could mask a normal dentin background but could not mask severely discolored dentin at either 0.8 or 1.5 mm thicknesses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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10 pages, 2104 KiB  
Article
Impact of Different Etching Strategies on Margin Integrity of Conservative Composite Restorations in Demineralized Enamel
by Mohamed El Gedaily, Thomas Attin, Daniel B. Wiedemeier and Tobias T. Tauböck
Materials 2020, 13(20), 4500; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13204500 - 11 Oct 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1636
Abstract
Good margin integrity with a tight seal of the adhesive interface is considered one of the key factors for the clinical success of composite restorations. This study investigated the effect of enamel etching with phosphoric acid on the margin integrity of self-etch bonded [...] Read more.
Good margin integrity with a tight seal of the adhesive interface is considered one of the key factors for the clinical success of composite restorations. This study investigated the effect of enamel etching with phosphoric acid on the margin integrity of self-etch bonded composite restorations in demineralized enamel. Crowns of bovine incisors were assigned into 14 groups (n = 10 per group) of which ten groups (groups 1–5 and 8–12) were demineralized (21 days, acid buffer, pH 4.95) to create artificial carious lesions. Standardized Class V cavities were prepared in all specimens. Demineralized groups were either etched with phosphoric acid for 10, 30, 60, or 120 s (groups 2–5 and 9–12), or no etching was performed (groups 1 and 8). The non-demineralized (sound) groups were etched for 10 s (groups 7 and 14) or remained non-etched (groups 6 and 13). Resin composite restorations were then placed using either a one-step (iBond Self Etch, groups 1–7) or two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond, groups 8–14). Margin integrity of the restorations was assessed after thermocycling (5000×, 5–55 °C) using scanning electron microscopy, and the percentage of continuous margins (%CM) was statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). Phosphoric acid etching significantly increased %CM in both demineralized and sound enamel. For iBond Self Etch, a significant increase in %CM in demineralized enamel was observed with increased etching times. All etched groups treated with Clearfil SE Bond and those etched for 60 or 120 s and treated with iBond Self Etch showed similar %CM in demineralized enamel as in etched sound enamel, and significantly higher %CM than in non-etched sound enamel. In conclusion, enamel etching with phosphoric acid improves margin integrity of composite restorations in demineralized enamel when bonded with the examined adhesives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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11 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of New Octacalcium Phosphate-Coated Xenograft in Rats Calvarial Defect Model on Bone Regeneration
by Yoona Jung, Won-Hyeon Kim, Sung-Ho Lee, Kyung Won Ju, Eun-Hee Jang, Sung-O Kim, Bongju Kim and Jong-Ho Lee
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4391; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13194391 - 01 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2331
Abstract
Bone graft material is essential for satisfactory and sufficient bone growth which leads to a successful implant procedure. It is classified into autogenous bone, allobone, xenobone and alloplastic materials. Among them, it has been reported that heterogeneous bone graft material has a porous [...] Read more.
Bone graft material is essential for satisfactory and sufficient bone growth which leads to a successful implant procedure. It is classified into autogenous bone, allobone, xenobone and alloplastic materials. Among them, it has been reported that heterogeneous bone graft material has a porous microstructure that increases blood vessels and bone formation, and shows faster bone formation than other types of bone graft materials. We observed new bone tissue formation and bone remodeling using Ti-oss® (Chiyewon Co., Ltd., Guri, Korea), a heterologous bone graft material. Using a Sprague–Dawley rat calvarial defect model to evaluate the bone healing effect of biomaterials, the efficacy of the newly developed xenograft Ti-oss® and Bio-Oss® (Geistilch Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland). The experimental animals were sacrificed at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery for each group and the experimental site was extracted. The average new bone area for the Ti-oss® experimental group at 8 weeks was 17.6%. The remaining graft material was 22.7% for the experimental group. The average new bone area for the Ti-oss® group was 24.3% at 12 weeks. The remaining graft material was 22.8% for the experimental group. It can be evaluated that the new bone-forming ability of Ti-oss® with octacalcium phosphate (OCP) has the bone-forming ability corresponding to the conventional products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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16 pages, 2986 KiB  
Article
Early Loading of Mandibular Molar Single Implants: 1 Year Results of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
by Jungwon Lee, Young-Jun Lim, Bongju Kim and Ki-Tae Koo
Materials 2020, 13(18), 3912; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13183912 - 04 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4888
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the implant survival, peri-implant marginal bone level, and peri-implant soft tissue of three different types of implants. This was performed with an early loading protocol, using a complete digital workflow, for one year of follow-up. [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to compare the implant survival, peri-implant marginal bone level, and peri-implant soft tissue of three different types of implants. This was performed with an early loading protocol, using a complete digital workflow, for one year of follow-up. Twenty-four patients with a single missing tooth in the mandibular posterior region were randomly assigned to the control group (SLActive Bone level implant; Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland), experiment group 1 (CMI IS-III Active implant; Neobiotech Co., Seoul, Korea), and experiment group 2 (CMI IS-III HActive implant; Neobiotech Co., Seoul, Korea). For each patient, a single implant was installed using the surgical template, and all prostheses were fabricated using a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing system on a 3-dimensional model. A provisional prosthesis was implanted at 4 weeks, and a definitive monolithic zirconia prosthesis was substituted 12 weeks following the implant placement. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) and peri-implant soft tissue parameters were measured, and periapical radiographs were taken at 1, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks after implant placements. Seven implants in the control group, nine implants in the experiment 1 group, and eight implants in the experiment 2 group were analyzed. There were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of insertion torque, ISQ values between surgery and 8 weeks of follow-up, marginal bone loss at 48 weeks of follow-up, and peri-implant soft tissue parameters (P > 0.05). Statistically significant differences in ISQ values were observed between the control and experiment 1 groups, and the control and experiment 2 groups at the 12 to 48 weeks’ follow-ups. Within the limits of this prospective study, an early loading protocol can be applied as a predictable treatment modality in posterior mandibular single missing restorations, achieving proper primary stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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13 pages, 2861 KiB  
Article
Margin Integrity of Bulk-Fill Composite Restorations in Primary Teeth
by Alina Paganini, Thomas Attin and Tobias T. Tauböck
Materials 2020, 13(17), 3802; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13173802 - 28 Aug 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3037
Abstract
This in vitro study examined the margin integrity of sculptable and flowable bulk-fill resin composites in Class II cavities of primary molars. Standardized Class II cavities were prepared in human primary molars and restored with the following resin composite materials after application of [...] Read more.
This in vitro study examined the margin integrity of sculptable and flowable bulk-fill resin composites in Class II cavities of primary molars. Standardized Class II cavities were prepared in human primary molars and restored with the following resin composite materials after application of a universal adhesive: a sculptable bulk-fill composite (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TEC) or Admira Fusion x-tra (AFX)), a flowable bulk-fill composite (Venus Bulk Fill (VBF) or SDR), or a conventional composite (Filtek Supreme XTE (FS)). The bulk-fill materials were applied in 4 mm layers, while the conventional composite was applied in either 2 mm (FS2, positive control) or 4 mm layers (FS4, negative control). The specimens were exposed to thermo-mechanical loading (TML) in a computer-controlled masticator. A quantitative margin analysis was performed both before and after TML using scanning electron microscopy, and the percentage of continuous margins (margin integrity) was statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). All composites showed a significant decline in margin integrity after TML. AFX exhibited the significantly highest margin integrity of all materials after TML (97.5 ± 2.3%), followed by FS2 (79.2 ± 10.8%), TEC (73.0 ± 9.1%), and FS4 (71.3 ± 14.6%). SDR (43.6 ± 22.3%) and VBF (25.0 ± 8.5%) revealed the lowest margin integrity. In conclusion, the tested sculptable bulk-fill materials show similar or better margin integrity in primary molars than the conventional resin composite placed in 2 mm increments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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11 pages, 2112 KiB  
Article
Effect of Etching Procedures on the Adhesion of Biofilm-Coated Dentin
by Bo-Kyung Jeon, Chang-Ha Lee, A Reum Kim, Seung Hyun Han, Hyun-Jung Kim, Sibel A. Antonson and Sun-Young Kim
Materials 2020, 13(12), 2762; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13122762 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1967
Abstract
Oral biofilms coat all surfaces in the oral cavity including the exposed dentin surface. This study aimed to investigate biofilm removal by acid etching procedures and the effects of the residual biofilm on dentin surfaces on composite–dentin adhesion. Dentin discs were assigned to [...] Read more.
Oral biofilms coat all surfaces in the oral cavity including the exposed dentin surface. This study aimed to investigate biofilm removal by acid etching procedures and the effects of the residual biofilm on dentin surfaces on composite–dentin adhesion. Dentin discs were assigned to five groups: no biofilm formation (C); biofilm formation and no surface treatment (BF); biofilm formation and acid etching (BF-E); biofilm formation and acid etching followed by chlorhexidine soaking (BF-EC); and biofilm formation and rubbing with pumice, followed by acid etching (BF-RE). Biofilms were formed on saliva-precoated dentin discs by soaking the discs in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) suspension. Biofilm removal from the dentin surface was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. To compare the bond strength of the biofilm-coated dentin discs with the surface treatments, specimens were assigned to four groups: no biofilm formation and acid etching (C-E); BF-E; BF-EC; and BF-RE. Assessments of the micro-shear bond strength and subsequent failure modes were performed. BF-E and BF-EC did not remove the biofilm, whereas BF-RE partially removed the biofilm attached to the dentin (p < 0.05). The bond strength of BF-RE was significantly higher than those of BF-E and BF-EC, but lower than that of C-E (p < 0.05). In conclusion, mechanical biofilm removal is recommended before etching procedures to enhance adhesion to the biofilm-coated dentin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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11 pages, 3874 KiB  
Article
Influence of Applied Liquid-Type Scanning-Aid Material on the Accuracy of the Scanned Image: An In Vitro Experiment
by Hyun-Su Oh, Young-Jun Lim, Bongju Kim, Won Hyeon Kim, Myung-Joo Kim and Ho-Beom Kwon
Materials 2020, 13(9), 2034; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13092034 - 27 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2611
Abstract
The study was designed to evaluate the effects of a liquid-type scanning-aid material on the accuracy and time efficiency of intraoral digital impressions compared to those of two different types of powder scanning-aid material and the powder-free scanning method. Three reference models (inlay, [...] Read more.
The study was designed to evaluate the effects of a liquid-type scanning-aid material on the accuracy and time efficiency of intraoral digital impressions compared to those of two different types of powder scanning-aid material and the powder-free scanning method. Three reference models (inlay, onlay, and bridge) were fabricated by a 3D printer and scanned with a model scanner to make the reference datasets. Four experimental groups (application of ScanCure, VITA, IP, and no treatment) were established, and the scans were acquired (each n = 5) using the Trios 3® (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). All scan data were digitally superimposed with the reference data (trueness, n = 5), and group comparisons were performed for each group (precision, n = 10). Time efficiency was evaluated by comparing the working times for scanning the models. The liquid-type ScanCure group showed fewer errors than the IP and VITA groups in all three reference models. Particularly, in the inlay model, the ScanCure group showed high accuracy compared to the powder-type groups (IP and VITA) with statistical significance (p < 0.001). The working time of the no-treatment group was longer than that of the agent groups in all reference models (p < 0.001). Notably, in the bridge model, the working time of the ScanCure group was shorter than that of the IP and VITA groups. Unlike other spray-type scanning-aid materials, this liquid-type material has the advantage of being thinly and uniformly applied to the object surface at the time of use. These findings suggest that the liquid-type scanning-aid material would be more accurate in achieving shape reproducibility using an intraoral scanner than the other two spray-type groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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12 pages, 3067 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Assessment of Fatigue Characteristics between Single- and Multi-Directional Cyclic Loading Modes on a Dental Implant System
by Won Hyeon Kim, Eun Sung Song, Kyung Won Ju, Dohyung Lim, Dong-Wook Han, Tae-Gon Jung, Yong-Hoon Jeong, Jong-Ho Lee and Bongju Kim
Materials 2020, 13(7), 1545; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13071545 - 27 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2868
Abstract
Mechanical testing based on ISO 14801 standard is generally used to evaluate the performance of the dental implant system according to material and design changes. However, the test method is difficult to reflect on the clinical environment because the ISO 14801 standard does [...] Read more.
Mechanical testing based on ISO 14801 standard is generally used to evaluate the performance of the dental implant system according to material and design changes. However, the test method is difficult to reflect on the clinical environment because the ISO 14801 standard does not take into account the various loads from different directions during chewing motion. In addition, the fracture pattern of the implant system can occur both in the horizontal and the vertical directions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare fatigue characteristics and fracture patterns between single directional loading conditions based on the ISO 14801 standard and multi-directional loading condition. Firstly, the static test was performed on five specimens to derive the fatigue load, and the fatigue load was chosen as 40% of the maximum load measured in the static test. Subsequently, the fatigue test was performed considering the single axial/occlusal (AO), AO with facial/lingual (AOFL) and AO with mesial/distal (AOMD) directions, and five specimens were used for each fatigue loading modes. In order to analyze the fatigue characteristics, the fatigue cycle at the time of specimen fracture and displacement change of the specimen every 500 cycles were measured. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to analyze the fracture patterns and the fracture surface. Compared to the AO group, the fatigue cycle of the AOFL and AOMD groups showed lower about five times, while the displacement gradually increased with every 500 cycles. From FE-SEM results, there were no different surface morphology characteristics among three groups. However, the AOMD group showed a vertical slip band. Therefore, our results suggest that the multi-directional loading mode under the worst-case environment can reproduce the vertical fracture pattern in the clinical situation and may be essential to reflect on the dental implant design including connection types and surface treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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11 pages, 3133 KiB  
Article
Ridge Augmentation Using β-Tricalcium Phosphate and Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Sphere with Collagen Membrane in Chronic Pathologic Extraction Sockets with Dehiscence Defect: A Pilot Study in Beagle Dogs
by Jungwon Lee, Yong-Moo Lee, Young-Jun Lim and Bongju Kim
Materials 2020, 13(6), 1452; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13061452 - 23 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2614
Abstract
This study was conducted to comparatively examine spontaneous healing versus ridge augmentation, in surgically-created dehiscence defects, associated with chronic pathology in dogs. Mandibular second, third and fourth premolars (P2, P3 and P4) were hemi-sectioned, and a dehiscence defect was created at the mesial [...] Read more.
This study was conducted to comparatively examine spontaneous healing versus ridge augmentation, in surgically-created dehiscence defects, associated with chronic pathology in dogs. Mandibular second, third and fourth premolars (P2, P3 and P4) were hemi-sectioned, and a dehiscence defect was created at the mesial root, while a groove was made on the buccal area from the top of the teeth to the bottom of the defect, exposing the dental pulp. The mesial roots of P2, P3 and P4 were extracted 1 month after the induction of the dehiscence defect with chronic pathology. Three teeth were randomly allocated to these experimental groups: (i) spontaneous healing without any bone graft (Control group: C); (ii) ridge augmentation with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules (Test 1 group: T1); and (iii) ridge augmentation with 60% hydroxyapatite (HA) and 40% β-TCP microspheres (Test 2 group: T2). Postmortem histopathologic examination showed significant between-group differences in C and T1 and C and T2 in bone volume/tissue volume in qualitative micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis, as well as significant intergroup differences in the coronal area at 4 and 12 weeks. The composition of connective tissue and mineralized bone in C and T1 were higher than in T2 at 4 weeks of healing, whereas the composition of mineralized bone was higher in T2 than in T1 at 12 weeks of healing. Biphasic calcium phosphate, composed of 60% HA and 40% β-TCP microsphere (i) potentially prevented marked osteoclastic resorption and (ii) promoted ridge preservation in the extraction socket with the dehiscence defect and chronic pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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10 pages, 13571 KiB  
Article
Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Sphere Graft Combined with a Double-Layer Non-Crosslinked Collagen Membrane Technique for Ridge Preservation: A Randomized Controlled Animal Study
by Jungwon Lee, Young-Jun Lim, Bongju Kim, Ki-Tae Koo and Yong-Moo Lee
Materials 2020, 13(1), 18; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010018 - 18 Dec 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2316
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the histologic and radiologic differences between single- and double-layer collagen membrane techniques in flapless ridge preservation. The mandibular fourth premolar and first molar of four beagle dogs were used in the experiment. Mesial roots of [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to compare the histologic and radiologic differences between single- and double-layer collagen membrane techniques in flapless ridge preservation. The mandibular fourth premolar and first molar of four beagle dogs were used in the experiment. Mesial roots of the teeth were extracted and root canal treatment was performed at the distal roots. Ridge preservation was performed at the extraction sites using synthetic bone graft material. A single layer (control group) or double layer (test group) of non-crosslinked collagen membrane was applied following bone graft application. Three months later, the animals were sacrificed and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometric analyses were conducted. Nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was performed to compare between the control and test groups. The vertical difference between buccal and lingual crests of control and test groups was 1.28 ± 0.41 and 0.53 ± 0.37 mm, respectively (p = 0.026). The mineralized bone area in control and test groups was 31.48% ± 7.41% and 42.25% ± 9.73%, respectively (p = 0.041). Within the limit of this study, ridge preservation using the double-layer membrane technique showed a reduced buccal bone resorption and improved new-bone formation in the ridge compared to that using the single-layer membrane technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

18 pages, 5169 KiB  
Review
Potential of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Dental Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
by Moon Sung Kang, Hee Jeong Jang, Seok Hyun Lee, Ji Eun Lee, Hyo Jung Jo, Seung Jo Jeong, Bongju Kim and Dong-Wook Han
Materials 2021, 14(17), 5104; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14175104 - 06 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2629
Abstract
While conventional dental implants focus on mechanical properties, recent advances in functional carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) accelerated the facilitation of functionalities including osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osseointegration. The surface functionalization with CNMs in dental implants has emerged as a novel strategy for reinforcement and as [...] Read more.
While conventional dental implants focus on mechanical properties, recent advances in functional carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) accelerated the facilitation of functionalities including osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osseointegration. The surface functionalization with CNMs in dental implants has emerged as a novel strategy for reinforcement and as a bioactive cue due to their potential for mechanical reinforcing, osseointegration, and antimicrobial properties. Numerous developments in the fabrication and biological studies of CNMs have provided various opportunities to expand their application to dental regeneration and restoration. In this review, we discuss the advances in novel dental implants with CNMs in terms of tissue engineering, including material combination, coating strategies, and biofunctionalities. We present a brief overview of recent findings and progression in the research to show the promising aspect of CNMs for dental implant application. In conclusion, it is shown that further development of surface functionalization with CNMs may provide innovative results with clinical potential for improved osseointegration after implantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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18 pages, 1929 KiB  
Review
Ceramic Materials and Technologies Applied to Digital Works in Implant-Supported Restorative Dentistry
by Se-Wook Pyo, Dae-Joon Kim, Jung-Suk Han and In-Sung Luke Yeo
Materials 2020, 13(8), 1964; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13081964 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4078
Abstract
Computer-aided design and manufacturing technology has been closely associated with implant-supported restoration. The digital system employed for prosthodontic restorations comprises data acquisition, processing, and manufacturing using subtractive or additive methods. As digital implantology has developed, optical scanning, computer-based digital algorithms, fabricating techniques, and [...] Read more.
Computer-aided design and manufacturing technology has been closely associated with implant-supported restoration. The digital system employed for prosthodontic restorations comprises data acquisition, processing, and manufacturing using subtractive or additive methods. As digital implantology has developed, optical scanning, computer-based digital algorithms, fabricating techniques, and numerical control skills have all rapidly improved in terms of their accuracy, which has resulted in the development of new ceramic materials with advanced esthetics and durability for clinical application. This study reviews the application of digital technology in implant-supported dental restoration and explores two globally utilized ceramic restorative materials: Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline and lithium disilicate glass ceramics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

9 pages, 2191 KiB  
Case Report
Tooth-Colored CAD/CAM Materials for Application in 3-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses in the Molar Area: An Illustrated Clinical Comparison
by Angelika Rauch, Sebastian Hahnel, Elena Günther, Wolfgang Bidmon and Oliver Schierz
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5588; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13245588 - 08 Dec 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the clinical properties of tooth-colored computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials for the fabrication of a 3-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) in the same clinical scenario. A 53-year-old female patient was supplied with a 3-unit FDP [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to compare the clinical properties of tooth-colored computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials for the fabrication of a 3-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) in the same clinical scenario. A 53-year-old female patient was supplied with a 3-unit FDP to replace a second premolar in the upper jaw. Restorations were fabricated from 3 mol%, 4 mol%, and 5 mol% yttrium oxide zirconia, zirconia with translucency gradient, indirect composite resin, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). Milling time, weight, and radiopacity were investigated. Esthetics were examined following the US Public Health Service criteria (USPHS). The milling time for zirconia was twice as high as for the indirect composite resin, PEEK, or PEKK. The latter materials had a weight of 2 g each, while zirconia restorations yielded 5 g. Zirconia presented intense radiopacity. PEEK and PEKK required veneering and an opaquer was applied to the PEKK framework. All FDPs showed acceptable esthetics. PEEK and PEKK restorations were featured by a grayish shimmering. A variety of CAD/CAM materials are available to fabricate 3-unit FDPs with esthetically acceptable results. In the esthetic zone, PEEK and PEKK require veneering and an opaquer might be applied. Milling time, weight, and radiopacity were relatively high for zirconia FDPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Materials)
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