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Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 33111

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dohyung Lim

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
Interests: implant and scaffold design; biomaterials; total joint arthoplasty; orthopedic biomechanics; bone morphology and mechanics; injury biomechanics; computer simulation; metallography; additive manufacturing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Vice Director Dr. Bongju Kim

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Co-Guest Editor

Dental Life Science Research Institute, Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
Interests: dental implant design; biomaterials; biomechanics; cell biology; computer simulation; additive manufacturing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing the production of implants and scaffolds with complex or intricate geometries for advanced functionality. Nevertheless, the AM processing conditions for manufacturing implants and scaffolds that fulfill clinical, material, and mechanical requirements requires further investigation. This can lead to undesirable material and mechanical characteristics that result in lower functionality. It is, therefore, importance to focus research efforts on the inter/post-processing optimization of the production of implants and scaffolds specialized for AM.

It is important to assess aspects of advanced/optimized biomaterials (surface morphology, design, geometry, porosity, and mechanical properties, material properties and materials composition) in AM in biomedical applications, including implants and scaffolds for the further development of high biocompatibility and safety.

This Special Issue of Materials on “Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing” will focus on recent progress in the development of implants and scaffolds using AM. Submitted manuscripts may cover all aspects of AM for the development of implants and scaffolds, ranging from the assessment of biological responses to biomaterials for AM to inter/post-processing optimization.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dohyung Lim
Vice Director Dr. Bongju Kim
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

additive manufacturing
manufacturing process optimization
biomaterials
implant & scaffold design
porous structure morphology & mechanics, biological responses
materials & mechanical properties

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 2860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of 3D Printing Scaffold with Porcine Skin Decellularized Bio-Ink for Soft Tissue Engineering

by Su Jeong Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Jisun Park, Wan Doo Kim and Su A Park

Materials 2020, 13(16), 3522; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13163522 - 10 Aug 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3989

Abstract

Recently, many research groups have investigated three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The bio-ink used in 3D bioprinting is typically a combination of synthetic and natural materials. In this study, we prepared bio-ink containing porcine skin powder (PSP) to determine rheological properties, biocompatibility, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation in cells in PSP-ink after 3D printing. PSP was extracted without cells by mechanical, enzymatic, and chemical treatments of porcine dermis tissue. Our developed PSP-containing bio-ink showed enhanced printability and biocompatibility. To identify whether the bio-ink was printable, the viscosity of bio-ink and alginate hydrogel was analyzed with different concentration of PSP. As the PSP concentration increased, viscosity also increased. To assess the biocompatibility of the PSP-containing bio-ink, cells mixed with bio-ink printed structures were measured using a live/dead assay and WST-1 assay. Nearly no dead cells were observed in the structure containing 10 mg/mL PSP-ink, indicating that the amounts of PSP-ink used were nontoxic. In conclusion, the proposed skin dermis decellularized bio-ink is a candidate for 3D bioprinting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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22 pages, 7340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Position of Attachment for Removable Thermoplastic Aligner on the Lower Canine Using Finite Element Analysis

by Won-Hyeon Kim, Kyoungjae Hong, Dohyung Lim, Jong-Ho Lee, Yu Jin Jung and Bongju Kim

Materials 2020, 13(15), 3369; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13153369 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5197

Abstract

Malocclusion is considered as a developmental disorder rather than a disease, and it may be affected by the composition and proportions of masseter muscle fibers. Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that deals with diagnosis and care of various irregular bite and/or malocclusion. Recent developments of 3D scanner and 3D printing technology has led to the use of a removable thermoplastic aligner (RTA), which is widely used due to its aesthetic excellence, comfortableness, and time efficiency. However, orthodontics using only an RTA has lower treatment efficacy and accuracy due to the differing movement of teeth from the plan. In order to improve these disadvantages, attachments were used, and biomechanical analyses were performed with and without them. However, there is insufficient research on the movement of teeth and the transfer of load according to the attachment position and shape. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to identify the optimal shape and position of attachments by analyzing various shapes and positions of attachments. Through 3D finite element analysis (FEA), simple tooth shape and mandibular canine shape were extracted in order to construct the orthodontics model which took into account the various shapes and positions of attachments. The optimal shape of a cylinder was derived through the FEA of simple tooth shape and analyzing various positions of attachments on teeth revealed that fixing the attachments at the lingual side of the tooth rather than the buccal side allowed for torque control and an effective movement of the teeth. Therefore, we suggest fixing the attachments at the lingual side rather than the buccal side of the tooth to induce effective movement of teeth in orthodontic treatment with the RTA in case of canine teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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23 pages, 2863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Responses of Ceramic Bone Spacers Produced by Green Processing of Additively Manufactured Thin Meshes

by Joaquim Minguella-Canela, Jose Antonio Calero, Feza Korkusuz, Petek Korkusuz, Berna Kankılıç, Elif Bilgiç and M. Antonia De los Santos-López

Materials 2020, 13(11), 2497; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13112497 - 30 May 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2438

Abstract

Bone spacers are exclusively used for replacing the tissue after trauma and/or diseases. Ceramic materials bring positive opportunities to enhance greater osteointegration and performance of implants, yet processing of porous geometries can be challenging. Additive Manufacturing (AM) opens opportunities to grade porosity levels in a part; however, its productivity may be low due to its batch processing approach. The paper studies the biological responses yielded by hydroxyapatite with β-TCP (tricalcium phosphate) ceramic porous bone spacers manufactured by robocasting 2-layer meshes that are rolled in green and sintered. The implants are assessed in vitro and in vivo for their compatibility. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attached, proliferated and differentiated on the bone spacers produced. Cells on the spacers presented alkaline phosphatase staining, confirming osteogenic differentiation. They also expressed bone-specific COL1A1, BGAP, BSP, and SPP1 genes. The fold change of these genes ranged between 8 to 16 folds compared to controls. When implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rabbits, they triggered collagen fibre formation and mild fibroblastic proliferation. In conclusion, rolled AM-meshes bone spacers stimulated bone formation in vitro and were biocompatible in vivo. This technology may give the advantage to custom produce spacers at high production rates if industrially upscaled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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13 pages, 4982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Porous Coating Using 3D Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Printing for Cementless TKA Implants: Does It Induce Chronic Inflammation?

by Dong Jin Ryu, Chung-Hee Sonn, Da Hee Hong, Kyeu Back Kwon, Sang Jun Park, Hun Yeong Ban, Tae Yang Kwak, Dohyung Lim and Joon Ho Wang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 472; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13020472 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3905

Abstract

Because of the recent technological advances, the cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implant showed satisfactory implant survival rate. Newly developed 3D printing direct energy deposition (DED) has superior resistance to abrasion as compared to traditional methods. However, there is still concern about the mechanical stability and the risk of osteolysis by the titanium (Ti) nanoparticles. Therefore, in this work, we investigated whether DED Ti-coated cobalt-chrome (CoCr) alloys induce chronic inflammation reactions through in vitro and in vivo models. We studied three types of implant surfaces (smooth, sand-blasted, and DED Ti-coated) to compare their inflammatory reaction. We conducted the in vitro effect of specimens using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and an inflammatory cytokine assay. Subsequently, in vivo analysis of the immune profiling, cytokine assay, and histomorphometric evaluation using C57BL/6 mice were performed. There were no significant differences in the CCK-8 assay, the cytokine assay, and the immune profiling assay. Moreover, there were no difference for semi-quantitative histomorphometry analysis at 4 and 8 weeks among the sham, smooth, and DED Ti-coated samples. These results suggest that DED Ti-coated printing technique do not induce chronic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. It has biocompatibility for being used as a surface coating of TKA implant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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31 pages, 1261 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Development of 18 Quality Control Gates for Additive Manufacturing of Error Free Patient-Specific Implants

by Daniel Martinez-Marquez, Milda Jokymaityte, Ali Mirnajafizadeh, Christopher P. Carty, David Lloyd and Rodney A. Stewart

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3110; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12193110 - 24 Sep 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4646

Abstract

Unlike subtractive manufacturing technologies, additive manufacturing (AM) can fabricate complex shapes from the macro to the micro scale, thereby allowing the design of patient-specific implants following a biomimetic approach for the reconstruction of complex bone configurations. Nevertheless, factors such as high design variability and changeable customer needs are re-shaping current medical standards and quality control strategies in this sector. Such factors necessitate the urgent formulation of comprehensive AM quality control procedures. To address this need, this study explored and reported on a variety of aspects related to the production and the quality control of additively manufactured patient-specific implants in three different AM companies. The research goal was to develop an integrated quality control procedure based on the synthesis and the adaptation of the best quality control practices with the three examined companies and/or reported in literature. The study resulted in the development of an integrated quality control procedure consisting of 18 distinct gates based on the best identified industry practices and reported literature such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline for AM medical devices and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, to name a few. This integrated quality control procedure for patient-specific implants seeks to prepare the AM industry for the inevitable future tightening in related medical regulations. Moreover, this study revealed some critical success factors for companies developing additively manufactured patient-specific implants, including ongoing research and development (R&D) investment, investment in advanced technologies for controlling quality, and fostering a quality improvement organizational culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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24 pages, 83802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Properties of Additively Manufactured Magnesium Alloy WE43 in Comparison to Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V in Physiological Environment

by Nils Wegner, Daniel Kotzem, Yvonne Wessarges, Nicole Emminghaus, Christian Hoff, Jochen Tenkamp, Jörg Hermsdorf, Ludger Overmeyer and Frank Walther

Materials 2019, 12(18), 2892; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12182892 - 07 Sep 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5151

Abstract

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of metals enables the manufacturing of highly complex geometries which opens new application fields in the medical sector, especially with regard to personalized implants. In comparison to conventional manufacturing techniques, L-PBF causes different microstructures, and thus, new challenges arise. The main objective of this work is to investigate the influence of different manufacturing parameters of the L-PBF process on the microstructure, process-induced porosity, as well as corrosion fatigue properties of the magnesium alloy WE43 and as a reference on the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. In particular, the investigated magnesium alloy WE43 showed a strong process parameter dependence in terms of porosity (size and distribution), microstructure, corrosion rates, and corrosion fatigue properties. Cyclic tests with increased test duration caused an especially high decrease in fatigue strength for magnesium alloy WE43. It can be demonstrated that, due to high process-induced surface roughness, which supports locally intensified corrosion, multiple crack initiation sites are present, which is one of the main reasons for the drastic decrease in fatigue strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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Review

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15 pages, 2548 KiB

Open AccessReview

Parameters Influencing the Outcome of Additive Manufacturing of Tiny Medical Devices Based on PEEK

by Yiqiao Wang, Wolf-Dieter Müller, Adam Rumjahn and Andreas Schwitalla

Materials 2020, 13(2), 466; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13020466 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 6770

Abstract

In this review, we discuss the parameters of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology used in finished parts made from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and also the possibility of printing small PEEK parts. The published articles reporting on 3D printed PEEK implants were obtained using PubMed and search engines such as Google Scholar including references cited therein. The results indicate that although many have been experiments conducted on PEEK 3D printing, the consensus on a suitable printing parameter combination has not been reached and optimized parameters for printing worth pursuing. The printing of reproducible tiny-sized PEEK parts with high accuracy has proved to be possible in our experiments. Understanding the relationships among material properties, design parameters, and the ultimate performance of finished objects will be the basis for further improvement of the quality of 3D printed medical devices based on PEEK and to expand the polymers applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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