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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 21003

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Prof. Dr. Yury Zaikov

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Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620066 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: thermodynamics of alloys and molten salts; kinetics of electrode processes; molten salt electrolysis; hydrogen energy; pyrochemical processing of spent nuclear fuel, molten salt reactors
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Dr. Pavel Arkhipov

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Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620066 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: thermodynamics and kinetics of metallic melts and alloys; antimony, bismuth, lead and aluminium containing systems; new technologies and devices for high-purity metals production
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Dr. Dmitry Medvedev

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Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620066 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: electrochemistry; energy conversion technology; hydrogen production; electrochemical analysis; solid state chemistry and electrochemistry; solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs); protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs); protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs); reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs); sensors; energy conversion; steam electrolysis; proton transportation; chemical engineering, synthesis and characterization of solid oxide materials with different nature of conductivity (ionic, electronic, mixed) for energy conversion technologies; design and fabrication of solid oxide electrochemical cells (fuel cells, electrolysis cells, sensors, pumps, converters, membrane reactors)
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Dr. Oksana Rakhmanova

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Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620066 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: lithium-ion batteries; graphene; silicene; computer experiment; molecular dynamics; membranes
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrochemistry is gaining significant interest among researchers, engineers, students, and the general scientific community, as it is ubiquitous. A great number of life processes are found to be electrochemical. Important issues, such as cell function and signal transition in the nervous system, technologies for renewable energy conversion, batteries, fuel cells, production of ecologically friendly high-quality materials, processing and pyro-processing of wastes, corrosion protection, and many others, have been developed and studied through electrochemical methods and techniques.

This Special Issue entitled "Electrochemical processes, materials and devices" welcomes full research papers and reviews focused on:

Kinetics and thermodynamics of electrode processes on solid and molten electrodes in molten salts;
Pyrochemical technologies and spent nuclear fuel recycling;
Production of metals and alloys by electrolysis of fluoride, chloride and oxide melts: processes and electrolytic cells;
Development of promising functional materials for next-generation solid oxide electrochemical devices: properties and structure;
Biochemical materials: properties and synthesis mechanisms.

Prof. Dr. Yury Zaikov
Dr. Pavel Arkhipov
Dr. Dmitry Medvedev
Dr. Oksana Rakhmanova
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

thermodynamics
kinetics
molten salts
solid state electrolyte
electrolytic refining
electrochemical devices
electrochemical system
computer simulation
synthesis.

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Oxygen Content in the LiF–NaF–KF Melt

by Anna A. Maslennikova, Peter N. Mushnikov, Alexey V. Dub, Olga Yu. Tkacheva, Yury P. Zaikov, Ya-Lan Liu and Wei-Qun Shi

Materials 2023, 16(11), 4197; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16114197 - 05 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1192

Abstract

The present paper is dedicated to the quantitative determination of oxygen-containing impurities in the LiF–NaF–KF eutectic using electrochemical (cyclic and square-wave voltammetry) and reduction melting methods. The LiF–NaF–KF melt was analyzed before and after purifying electrolysis. The amount of oxygen-containing impurities removed from the salt during purification was determined. It was found that after electrolysis, the concentration of oxygen-containing impurities decreased by 7 times. The results obtained via electrochemical techniques and reduction melting were well-correlated, which made it possible to evaluate the quality of the LiF–NaF–KF F melt. To verify the analysis conditions, mechanical mixtures of LiF–NaF–KF containing Li₂O were analyzed using the reduction melting method. The oxygen concentration in the mixtures varied from 0.672 to 2.554 wt. %. Based on the analysis results, the dependence approximated by the straight line was obtained. These data may be used to draw calibration curves and to further develop the procedure of oxygen analysis of fluoride melts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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12 pages, 3757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Conductivity of FLiNaK in a Molten State

by Alexey Rudenko, Alexander Redkin, Evgeniya Il’ina, Svetlana Pershina, Peter Mushnikov, Yuriy Zaikov, Sergey Kumkov, Yalan Liu and Weiqun Shi

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5603; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15165603 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2117

Abstract

Although the thermal conductivity of molten salt mixtures is of interest for many potential technological applications, precise values are often hard to obtain. In this study, the thermal diffusivity of FliNaK was studied in a molten state using the laser flash method and found to be very slightly dependent on temperature. The heat capacity of FliNaK was measured using the DSC method. There was a minor difference between our results and data from the literature. From calculations based on thermal diffusivity, density and heat capacity values, thermal conductivity was shown to decrease with temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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8 pages, 1645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Temperature Passivation of the Surface of Candidate Materials for MSR by Adding Oxygen Ions to FLiNaK Salt

by Eduard A. Karfidov, Yuri P. Zaikov, Evgenia V. Nikitina, Konstantin E. Seliverstov and Alexey V. Dub

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155174 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1203

Abstract

The problem of tailoring the structural materials for MSR is solved by continuously overcoming the shortcomings of widely used materials and finding new ones. The materials commonly used in engineering may not be applicable for MSR due to their high corrosivity. Experiments were carried out to determine the corrosion rate of stainless steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti with different concentrations of oxide ions (by adding lithium oxide to the melt in the concentration range from 0 to 0.8 wt.%) in a FLiNaK melt. The formation of a protective oxygen-containing layer with a thickness of 1 micron has been realized. The corrosion rate decreases by an order of magnitude at the concentration of oxygen anions in the melt, in the range from 0.2 to 0.4% by weight, which may indicate high-temperature passivation of the material due to modification of the composition of the fluoride melt and reduction in its corrosion activity. In addition, the corrosion type of stainless steel in fluoride melts changes from the intercrystalline and pitting that is usually harmful to reactor material structure to total corrosion when lithium oxide is added. This is due to the “healing” of individual corrosion defects formed on the surface of the studied material by oxygen-containing compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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10 pages, 2547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Viscosity of the NaF-KF-NdF₃ Molten System

by Alexei Rudenko, Alexander Kataev and Olga Tkacheva

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4884; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15144884 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1411

Abstract

The dynamic viscosity (η) of the molten system (NaF-KF)_eut-NdF₃ containing NdF₃ in an amount from 0 to 15 mol.% was studied by rotational viscometry using a high-temperature rheometer, FRS 1600. Viscosity measurements were carried out in the temperature range from liquidus to 1153 K. The measurement procedure was tested on the (LiF-NaF-KF)_eut melt. The choice of the parameter shear rate was carried out according to the viscosity and flow curves. Viscosity does not depend on shear rate, and therefore the investigated melts behave like Newtonian fluids, in the range of 9–19 s⁻¹. The experimentally obtained viscosity values for (NaF-KF)_eut-NdF₃ melts in a wide temperature range are described by an exponential equation. In the coordinates ln(η) = f(1/T), they are straight lines; however, their temperature coefficients are noticeably different, which indicates significant impacts of composition and temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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15 pages, 4530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proton Conduction in Acceptor-Doped BaSnO₃: The Impact of the Interaction between Ionic Defects and Acceptor Impurities

by Lev Putilov and Vladislav Tsidilkovski

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4795; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15144795 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1486

Abstract

Barium stannate is known as a promising proton-conducting material for clean energy applications. In this work, we elucidate the effect of the interaction of protons and oxygen vacancies with acceptor impurities on proton conduction in acceptor-doped BaSnO₃. The analysis relies on our theoretical developments in hydration and proton hopping in proton-conducting perovskites. The transport theory, based on the master equation and effective medium approximation, provides the analytical description of hopping conduction considering the effects of disorder and changes in the potential energy landscape for protons caused by acceptor impurities. Using the proposed approach, we establish the dependence of the proton mobility and conductivity on the energies of the acceptor-bound states of ionic defects and external conditions. It is shown that the considered interactions can substantially affect the effective activation energies and prefactors of these transport coefficients. We also demonstrate that the correlation between the ionic radius r_A of an acceptor impurity and the energies of its interaction with ionic defects leads to a non-monotonic dependence of the proton conductivity on r_A. The obtained results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data on the bulk conductivity of BaSnO₃ doped with different acceptors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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11 pages, 3255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sr Deficiency on Electrical Conductivity of Yb-Doped Strontium Zirconate

by Adelya Khaliullina, Anastasia Meshcherskikh, Aleksander Pankratov and Liliya Dunyushkina

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4126; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124126 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1314

Abstract

The effect of Sr-deficiency on microstructure, phase composition and electrical conductivity of Sr_xZr_0.95Yb_0.05O_3-δ (x = 0.94–1.00) was investigated via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy. The samples were synthesized by a chemical solution method and sintered at 1600 °C. According to X-ray diffraction data, the samples with x = 0.96–1.00 were single-phase oxides possessing an orthorhombic perovskite-type structure; while zirconia-based minor phases arouse at x = 0.94, which was confirmed by the electron microscopy. Sr stoichiometry was shown to influence the electrical conductivity. The highest total and bulk conductivities, 6–10⁻⁴ Scm⁻¹ and 3–10⁻³ Scm⁻¹, respectively, at 600 °C in humid air (pH₂O = 3.2 kPa), were observed for the x = 0.98 composition. In the temperature range of 300–600 °C, the conductivity of the samples with x = 0.96–1.00 increased with the increase in humidity, which indicates a significant contribution of protonic defects to the charge transport. Electrical conductivity of Sr_xZr_0.95Yb_0.05O_3-δ was discussed in terms of the defect formation model and the secondary phases precipitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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17 pages, 4901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Gd_2−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 Solid Solution: Ionic Conductivity and Chemical Stability in the Melt of LiCl-Li₂O

by Irina Anokhina, Olga Pavlenko, Natal’ya Proskurnina, Alexander Dedyukhin and Irina Animitsa

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4079; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124079 - 08 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1553

Abstract

Materials with pyrochlore structure A₂B₂O₇ have attracted considerable attention owing to their various applications as catalysts, sensors, electrolytes, electrodes, and magnets due to the unique crystal structure and thermal stability. At the same time, the possibility of using such materials for electrochemical applications in salt melts has not been studied. This paper presents the new results of obtaining high-density Mg²⁺-doped ceramics based on Gd₂Zr₂O₇ with pyrochlore structure and comprehensive investigation of the electrical properties and chemical stability in a lithium chloride melt with additives of various concentrations of lithium oxide, performed for the first time. The solid solution of Gd_2−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) with the pyrochlore structure was obtained by mechanically milling stoichiometric mixtures of the corresponding oxides, followed by annealing at 1500 °C. The lattice parameter changed non-linearly as a result of different mechanisms of Mg²⁺ incorporation into the Gd₂Zr₂O₇ structure. At low dopant concentrations (x ≤ 0.03) some interstitial positions can be substituted by Mg²⁺, with further increasing Mg²⁺-content, the decrease in the lattice parameter occurred due to the substitution of host-ion sites with smaller dopant-ion. High-density ceramics 99% was prepared at T = 1500 °C. According to the results of the measurements of electrical conductivity as a function of oxygen partial pressure, all investigated samples were characterized by the dominant ionic type of conductivity over a wide range of pO₂ (1 × 10^–18 ≤ pO₂ ≤ 0.21 atm) and T < 800 °C. The sample with the composition of x = 0.03 had the highest oxygen-ion conductivity (10⁻³ S·cm⁻¹ at 600 °C). The investigation of chemical stability of ceramics in the melt of LiCl with 2.5 mas.% Li₂O showed that the sample did not react with the melt during the exposed time of one week at the temperature of 650 °C. This result makes it possible to use these materials as oxygen activity sensors in halide melts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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18 pages, 4344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Reduction of La₂O₃, Nd₂O₃, and CeO₂ in LiCl-Li₂O Melt

by Alexey V. Shishkin, Vladimir Yu. Shishkin, Aleksandr A. Pankratov, Anna A. Burdina and Yuriy P. Zaikov

Materials 2022, 15(11), 3963; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15113963 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

The reduction of pellets composed of individual CeO₂, Nd₂O₃ and a La₂O₃-Nd₂O₃-CeO₂ mixture by lithium extracted on a cathode during lithium chloride electrolysis at 650 °C was studied. The methods of cyclic voltammetry, electron microscopy, including determination of the elemental composition of the studied objects, and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied for the present study. The reduction degree of rare-earth metal (REM) oxides was determined using both the bromine method and reduction melting of the samples in the graphite crucible. The formation of the metallic phase composed of the rare-earth elements (REEs) was not observed even at the cathode potentials, corresponding to the formation of the liquid alkali metal phase, and lithium extraction, which, in the quantitative ratio, exceeds greatly the values needed for the reduction reaction. CeO₂ was found to reduce to Ce₂O₃. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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12 pages, 6558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electronic Properties and Structure of Silicene on Cu and Ni Substrates

by Alexander Galashev and Alexey Vorob’ev

Materials 2022, 15(11), 3863; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15113863 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

Silicene, together with copper or nickel, is the main component of electrodes for solar cells, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and new-generation supercapacitors. The aim of this work was to study the electronic properties and geometric structure of “silicene–Ni” and “silicene–Cu” systems intended for use as LIB electrodes. The densities of electronic states, band structures, adhesion energies and interatomic distances in the silicene–(Cu, Ni) systems were determined by ab initio calculations. Silicene on a copper substrate exhibited temperature stability in the temperature range from 200 to 800 K, while on a nickel substrate, the structure of silicene was rearranged. Adsorption energies and bond lengths in the “silicene–Cu” system were calculated in the range of Li/Si ratios from 0.125 to 0.5. The formation of the Li₂ isomer during the adsorption of lithium in a ratio to silicon of 0.375 and 0.5 was observed. Silicene was found to remain stable when placed on a copper substrate coated with a single layer of nickel. The charge redistribution caused by the addition of a nickel intermediate layer between silicene and a copper substrate was studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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12 pages, 3323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Relations in a NaFeO₂-SnO₂ (0–50 mol.% SnO₂) System and the Crystal Structure and Conductivity of Na_0.8Fe_0.8Sn_0.2O₂

by Georgiy S. Shekhtman, Elena A. Sherstobitova, Mariya S. Shchelkanova and Evgenia A. Ilyina

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3612; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15103612 - 18 May 2022

Viewed by 1587

Abstract

With the view of developing new materials for sodium and sodium-ion power sources, NaFeO₂-SnO₂ (0–50 mol.% SnO₂) powders were synthesized using a solid state method, and their phase composition and crystal structure were studied. A phase of the Na_0.8Fe_0.8Sn_0.2O₂ composition with a layered rhombohedral structure of the α-NaFeO₂ type was found when the tin dioxide content was 20 mol.%. The phase produced was of an O3 structural type. O3-type phases have sufficiently good performance when used as cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries and, moreover, often have a rather high sodium-cation conductivity. A two-dimensional migration map was built using Voronoi–Dirichlet partition and TOPOS software package. The sodium-ion conductivity of Na_0.8Fe_0.8Sn_0.2O₂ at room temperature was rated low (10⁻⁸ S × cm⁻¹ at 20 °C), which may be the result of channels too narrow for Na⁺ migration. The results obtained show that the application of the compound studied in this work as a solid electrolyte in sodium power sources is unlikely. It is the potential use of Na_0.8Fe_0.8Sn_0.2O₂ as the active material of cathodes in Na and Na-ion power sources that presents practical interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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16 pages, 4188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Interdependent Nuclei under Potentiostatic Conditions

by Alexander V. Kosov, Olga V. Grishenkova, Vladimir A. Isaev and Yuriy Zaikov

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3603; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15103603 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1208

Abstract

The problem of diffusion-controlled growth following an instantaneous nucleation event was studied within the framework of a new numerical model, considering the spatial distribution of hemispherical nuclei on the electrode surface and the mutual influence of growing nuclei via the collision of 3D diffusion fields. The simulation of the diffusion-controlled growth of hexagonal and random ensembles was performed at the overpotential-dependent number density of nuclei. The diffusion flow to each nucleus within a random ensemble was simulated by the finite difference method using the derived analytical expressions for the surface areas and the volumes formed at the intersection of 3D diffusion fields with the side faces of a virtual right prism with a Voronoi polygon base. The implementation of this approach provides an accurate calculation of concentration profiles, time dependences of the size of nuclei, and current transients. The results, including total current density transients, growth exponents, and nucleus size distribution, were compared with models developed within the concept of planar diffusion zones, the mean-field approximation and the Brownian dynamics simulation method, as well as with experimental data from the literature. The prospects of the model for studying the initial stages of electrocrystallization were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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15 pages, 4090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molten Chlorides as the Precursors to Modify the Ionic Composition and Properties of LiNbO₃ Single Crystal and Fine Powders

by Nikolay A. Viugin, Vladimir A. Khokhlov, Irina D. Zakiryanova, Vasiliy N. Dokutovich and Boris D. Antonov

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3551; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15103551 - 16 May 2022

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

Modifying lithium niobate cation composition improves not only the functional properties of the acousto- and optoelectronic materials as well as ferroelectrics but elevates the protonic transfer in LiNbO₃-based electrolytes of the solid oxide electrochemical devices. Molten chlorides and other thermally stable salts are not considered practically as the precursors to synthesize and modify oxide compounds. This article presents and discusses the results of an experimental study of the full or partial heterovalent substitution of lithium ion in nanosized LiNbO₃ powders and in the surface layer of LiNbO₃ single crystal using molten salt mixtures containing calcium, lead, and rare-earth metals (REM) chlorides as the precursors. The special features of heterovalent ion exchange in chloride melts are revealed such as hetero-epitaxial cation exchange at the interface PbCl₂-containing melt/lithium niobate single crystal; the formation of

{Li}_{(1 - x)} {Ca}_{(x / 2)} V_{(x / 2)}^{{Li}^{+}} {NbO}_{3}

solid solutions with cation vacancies as an intermediate product of the reaction of heterovalent substitution of lithium ion by calcium in LiNbO₃ powders; the formation of lanthanide orthoniobates with a tetragonal crystal structure such as scheelite as the result of lithium niobate interaction with trichlorides of rare-earth elements. It is shown that the fundamental properties of ion-modifiers (ion radius, nominal charge), temperature, and duration of isothermal treatment determine the products’ chemical composition and the rate of heterovalent substitution of Li⁺-ion in lithium niobate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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12 pages, 3230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Layered Perovskites BaM₂In₂O₇ (M = La, Nd): From the Structure to the Ionic (O²⁻, H⁺) Conductivity

by Nataliia Tarasova, Anzhelika Galisheva, Irina Animitsa, Ksenia Belova, Anastasia Egorova, Ekaterina Abakumova and Dmitry Medvedev

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3488; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15103488 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

The design of new oxide compounds that can be used as oxygen- or proton-conducting electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells is actively in progress. Despite the intensive research activities regarding electrolytes with perovskite/fluorite structures, the search for other structural alternatives is of paramount importance. In this study we focus on a novel material with significantly improved properties for the electrochemical purposes. The two-layered BaNd₂In₂O₇ perovskite with a Ruddlesden–Popper structure was investigated as a protonic conductor for the first time. In detail, its local structure, water uptake, and the ionic (O²⁻, H⁺) conductivity were comprehensively studied. The nature of rare-earth elements (M = La, Nd) in the structure of BaM₂In₂O₇ on the structural and transport properties was revealed. The presented analysis showed that the composition of BaNd₂In₂O₇ is nearly pure proton conductor below 350 °C. This work opens up a new way in the design of protonic conductors with double-layered perovskite structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Processes, Materials and Devices)

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