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Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 76932

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Pawel Pawlus

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: surface engineering; tribology; friction; wear; lubrication; contact mechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Tribology is the multidisciplinary science of rubbing surfaces. It deals with the design, friction, wear, and lubrication of interacting surfaces in relative motion. Tribology is associated with a wide range of scientific disciplines like reliability, materials science, and diagnostics. The subjects of tribology are of great significance for engineers. Reduction of frictional losses will lead to an improvement in economy.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect high-quality research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on tribology of engineering materials, including contact mechanics and surface engineering. We are looking forward to receiving your submissions.

Prof. Pawel Pawlus
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Tribology
friction
wear
lubrication
contact mechanics
materials
surface engineering

Published Papers (31 papers)

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18 pages, 8207 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Studies of the Durability of Tools Used to Form Ceramic Tiles Made of Hardox 600 and NC11LV Steel

by Jan Marzec, Marek Hawryluk, Marcin Rychlik, Marzena M. Lachowicz and Maciej Suliga

Materials 2021, 14(5), 1262; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14051262 - 07 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1775

The study performs a comparative analysis of the wear of tools made of two wear-resistant materials: steel Hardox 600 and NC11LV, used in the process of forming a band for roofing tiles. The analyses were to allow the assessment of the possibility of [...] Read more.

The study performs a comparative analysis of the wear of tools made of two wear-resistant materials: steel Hardox 600 and NC11LV, used in the process of forming a band for roofing tiles. The analyses were to allow the assessment of the possibility of replacing the standard material for tools in this process with a much less expensive tool steel for cold work after heat treatment (with a large number of carbides), as an alternative material dedicated to tools resistant to intense abrasive wear. The performed investigations included a macroscopic and geometrical analysis with the use of 3D scanning, microstructural analyses conducted by means of a light microscope, as well as an analysis of the topography of the working areas of the tools with the use of SEM, and microhardness tests. The obtained results demonstrate that the tools made of both materials were characterized with a similar level of wear, which, in the most critical area, reached over 4 mm, while the tools made of steel NC11LV worked over a much longer period of time without regeneration, equaling 912 h, and an insert made of steel Hardox 600 operated for 384 h. A higher tool life in the case of NC11LV steel may be the result of higher hardness and the presence of hard carbides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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15 pages, 5137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wear Resistance Improvement of Cemented Tungsten Carbide Deep-Hole Drills after Ion Implantation

by Dmitrij Morozow, Marek Barlak, Zbigniew Werner, Marcin Pisarek, Piotr Konarski, Jerzy Zagórski, Mirosław Rucki, Leszek Chałko, Marek Łagodziński, Jakub Narojczyk, Zbigniew Krzysiak and Jacek Caban

Materials 2021, 14(2), 239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14020239 - 06 Jan 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3183

The paper is dedicated to the life prolongation of the tools designed for deep-hole drilling. Among available methods, an ion implantation process was used to improve the durability of tungsten carbide (WC)-Co guide pads. Nitrogen fluencies of 3 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻² [...] Read more.

The paper is dedicated to the life prolongation of the tools designed for deep-hole drilling. Among available methods, an ion implantation process was used to improve the durability of tungsten carbide (WC)-Co guide pads. Nitrogen fluencies of 3 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻², 4 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻² and 5 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻² were applied, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) measurements were performed for both nonimplanted and implanted tools. The durability tests of nonimplanted and the modified tools were performed in industrial conditions. The durability of implanted guide pads was above 2.5 times greater than nonimplanted ones in the best case, presumably due to the presence of a carbon-rich layer and extremely hard tungsten nitrides. The achieved effect may be attributed to the dissociation of tungsten carbide phase and to the lubrication effect. The latter was due to the presence of pure carbon layer with a thickness of a few dozen nanometers. Notably, this layer was formed at a temperature of 200 °C, much smaller than in previously reported research, which makes the findings even more valuable from economic and environmental perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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20 pages, 8437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Dimensional Mathematical Wear Models of Vibration Generated by Rolling Ball Bearings Made of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel

by Paweł Zmarzły

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5440; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13235440 - 29 Nov 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 1847

The paper features the development of multi-dimensional mathematical models used for evaluating the impact of selected factors on the vibration generated by 6304ZZ type rolling ball bearings from three manufacturers in the aspect of the wear process. The bearings were manufactured of AISI [...] Read more.

The paper features the development of multi-dimensional mathematical models used for evaluating the impact of selected factors on the vibration generated by 6304ZZ type rolling ball bearings from three manufacturers in the aspect of the wear process. The bearings were manufactured of AISI 52100 bearing steel. The analyzed factors included the inner and outer raceways’ roundness and waviness deviations, radial clearance and the total curvature ratio. The models were developed for vibration recorded in three frequency ranges: 50–300 Hz, 300–1800 Hz and 1800–10,000 Hz. The paper includes a specification of the principles of operation of innovative measuring systems intended for testing bearing vibration, raceway geometries and radial clearance. Furthermore, it features a specification of particular stages of the multi-dimensional mathematical models’ development and verification. Testing with the purpose of statistical evaluation of the analyzed factors is also presented. The test results and mathematical models indicate that the inner raceway’s waviness deviation had a dominant impact on the vibration examined in all frequencies. The roundness and waviness deviation of bearing raceways made of AISI 52100 steel propagates the bearing wear process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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18 pages, 13725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Mechanically Alloyed Ni-TiC Composites Processed via Spark Plasma Sintering

by Ganesh Walunj, Anthony Bearden, Amit Patil, Taban Larimian, Jijo Christudasjustus, Rajeev Kumar Gupta and Tushar Borkar

Materials 2020, 13(22), 5306; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13225306 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2532

Titanium carbide (TiC) reinforced nickel (Ni) matrix composites were processed via mechanical alloying (MA) followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. Mechanical alloying has gained special attention as a powerful non-equilibrium process for fabricating amorphous and nanocrystalline materials, whereas spark plasma sintering (SPS) [...] Read more.

Titanium carbide (TiC) reinforced nickel (Ni) matrix composites were processed via mechanical alloying (MA) followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. Mechanical alloying has gained special attention as a powerful non-equilibrium process for fabricating amorphous and nanocrystalline materials, whereas spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a unique technique for processing dense and near net shape bulk alloys with homogenous microstructure. TiC reinforcement varied from 5 to 50 wt.% into nickel matrix to investigate its effect on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ni-TiC composites. All Ni-TiC composites powder was mechanically alloyed using planetary high energy ball mill with 400 rpm and ball to powder ratio (BPR) 15:1 for 24 h. Bulk Ni-TiC composites were then sintered via SPS process at 50 MPa pressure and 900–1200 °C temperature. All Ni-TiC composites exhibited higher microhardness and compressive strength than pure nickel due to the presence of homogeneously distributed TiC particles within the nickel matrix, matrix grain refinement, and excellent interfacial bonding between nickel and TiC reinforcement. There is an increase in Ni-TiC composites microhardness with an increase in TiC reinforcement from 5 to 50 wt.%, and it reaches the maximum value of 900 HV for Ni-50TiC composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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27 pages, 9672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abrasive Sensitivity of Engineering Polymers and a Bio-Composite under Different Abrasive Conditions

by Hasan Muhandes, Ádám Kalácska, László Székely, Róbert Keresztes and Gábor Kalácska

Materials 2020, 13(22), 5239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13225239 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1879

Two different test systems were designed to evaluate the tribological behavior of five engineering plastics (Polyamide—PA grades and Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene—UHMW-PE) and a fully degradable bio-composite (Polylactic Acid—PLA/hemp fibers) targeted to agricultural machinery abrasive conditions. Pin-on-plate tests were performed with different [...] Read more.

Two different test systems were designed to evaluate the tribological behavior of five engineering plastics (Polyamide—PA grades and Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene—UHMW-PE) and a fully degradable bio-composite (Polylactic Acid—PLA/hemp fibers) targeted to agricultural machinery abrasive conditions. Pin-on-plate tests were performed with different loads, sliding velocity and abrasive particles. The material response was further investigated in a slurry containing abrasive test system with different sliding velocities and distances, abrasive media compositions and impact angles. The abrasive wear, the change of the 3D surface roughness parameters, the friction force and contact temperature evolution were also analyzed as a function of the materials’ mechanical properties (

H, E, σ_{y}, σ_{c}, ε_{B}, σ_{F}, σ_{M})

and the dimensionless numbers derived from them. Using the IBM SPSS 25 software, multiple linear regression models were used to statistically evaluate the measured data and to examine the sensitivity of the material properties and test system characteristics on the tribological behavior. For both test setups, the system and material characteristics influencing the dependent variables (wear, friction, heat generation) and the dimensionless numbers formed from the material properties were ranked using standardized regression coefficients derived from the regression models. The abrasion sensitivity of the tested materials were evaluated taking into account a wide range of influencing parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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14 pages, 8068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Ball Burnishing on Friction in Lubricated Sliding

by Slawomir Swirad and Pawel Pawlus

Materials 2020, 13(21), 5027; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13215027 - 07 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2076

Ball burnishing treatment, using the Ecoroll system, of steel samples was conducted. In the experiment, the burnishing pressure was changed. After the treatments, measurements of the surface topographies of disc samples were conducted using a white light interferometer Talysurf CCI Lite. Tribological tests [...] Read more.

Ball burnishing treatment, using the Ecoroll system, of steel samples was conducted. In the experiment, the burnishing pressure was changed. After the treatments, measurements of the surface topographies of disc samples were conducted using a white light interferometer Talysurf CCI Lite. Tribological tests were carried out in a ball-on-disc configuration. After these tests, measurements of surface topographies of disc samples were repeated. Worn surfaces were also analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. It was found that as the result of burnishing, surface topography height of tested samples decreased. Ball burnishing led to a reduction in the frictional resistance. The highest friction reduction of more than 40% was achieved with a burnishing pressure of 20 MPa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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12 pages, 5606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribological Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Al-SiC Composites

by Beata Leszczyńska-Madej, Marcin Madej and Dariusz Garbiec

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4969; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214969 - 04 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1841

The paper presents the results of research on the tribological properties of spark-plasma-sintered Al-SiC composites. Composites with contents of 50 and 70 wt.% SiC were prepared. The sintering process was carried out using an HP D 25/3 spark plasma sintering furnace under vacuum, [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results of research on the tribological properties of spark-plasma-sintered Al-SiC composites. Composites with contents of 50 and 70 wt.% SiC were prepared. The sintering process was carried out using an HP D 25/3 spark plasma sintering furnace under vacuum, at the sintering temperature of 600 °C and compaction pressures of 50 and 80 MPa, respectively. The heating rate was 100 °C/min and the holding time was 10 min. Composites with a density of 91–100% were obtained. The tribological properties of the composites were evaluated based on weight loss and the coefficient of friction using a block-on-ring tribotester. Along with the weight percentage of SiC and compaction pressure, the sliding distance, and load during the tribological test were considered. Both the weight percentage of SiC and compaction pressure affected the tribological behavior of Al-SiC composites. It was found that the wear resistance was higher when a lower compaction pressure and a smaller amount of reinforcing phase (50 wt.%) were used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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22 pages, 10184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Abrasive, Mechanical and Corrosion Effects in Ring-on-Ring Sliding Contact

by Jaroslaw Selech, Dariusz Ulbrich, Dawid Romek, Jakub Kowalczyk, Konrad Wlodarczyk and Karol Nadolny

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4950; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214950 - 04 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2326

This article presents the application of the ring-on-ring test to investigate some of the important factors affecting the abrasive and corrosion wear of a face seal used in the sugar industry. The test involves the sliding contact between two steel rings working in [...] Read more.

This article presents the application of the ring-on-ring test to investigate some of the important factors affecting the abrasive and corrosion wear of a face seal used in the sugar industry. The test involves the sliding contact between two steel rings working in different conditions such as mechanic, abrasive, corrosive extortions and its combination. Rings were made of the C45 steel and the surface layers were modified by heat and thermochemical treatment such as normalizing, flame hardening, nitriding and chrome diffusion. Maximum wear of the sample after tests under mechanic, abrasive and corrosion extortion were obtained. For C45 steel without surface modification the biggest wear was obtained for mechanical, abrasive and corrosive extortion and equals 0.0138 g. This value was three times bigger than the result for the mechanical extortion and ten times than for the corrosive conditions. For individual research options the percentage increase or decrease in wear resistance in relation to the normalized surface layer was determined. In the corrosive extortion the highest increase (90%) of wear resistance was recorded for the chrome layer relative to normalizing sample. The main conclusion of the paper is that the wear effect caused by all factors—mechanical, abrasive and corrosive—is not a straight sum of values of wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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20 pages, 4973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Microtextured Surfaces for Friction Reduction: Does the Pattern Matter?

by Carmine Putignano, Giuliano Parente, Francisco Josè Profito, Caterina Gaudiuso, Antonio Ancona and Giuseppe Carbone

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4915; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214915 - 31 Oct 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2388

Frictional performances of different textures, including axisymmetric and directional patterns, have been tested in the mixed and the hydrodynamic lubrication regimes. Experimental results, corroborated by numerical simulations, show that the leading parameter is the geometrical pattern void ratio since a large number of [...] Read more.

Frictional performances of different textures, including axisymmetric and directional patterns, have been tested in the mixed and the hydrodynamic lubrication regimes. Experimental results, corroborated by numerical simulations, show that the leading parameter is the geometrical pattern void ratio since a large number of dimples offers, at low speed, a trap for debris whereas, at high speed, due to the flow expansion in each micro-hole, fosters a fluid pressure drop, the consequent insurgence of micro-cavitation and, ultimately, the reductions of the shear stresses. Furthermore, in this paper, it is shown that, by means of directional textures, equivalent hydrodynamic wedges can be built up, thus establishing different friction performances depending on the flow direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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16 pages, 6765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precise Correlation of Contact Area and Forces in the Unstable Friction between a Rough Fluoroelastomer Surface and Borosilicate Glass

by Chao Wang, Shabnam Z. Bonyadi, Florian Grün, Gerald Pinter, Andreas Hausberger and Alison C. Dunn

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4615; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13204615 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1902

Stick-slip friction of elastomers arises due to adhesion, high local strains, surface features, and viscous dissipation. In situ techniques connecting the real contact area to interfacial forces can reveal the contact evolution of a rough elastomer surface leading up to gross slip, as [...] Read more.

Stick-slip friction of elastomers arises due to adhesion, high local strains, surface features, and viscous dissipation. In situ techniques connecting the real contact area to interfacial forces can reveal the contact evolution of a rough elastomer surface leading up to gross slip, as well as provide high-resolution dynamic contact areas for improving current slip models. Samples with rough surfaces were produced by the same manufacturing processes as machined seals. In this work, a machined fluoroelastomer (FKM) hemisphere was slid against glass, and the stick-slip behavior was captured optically in situ. The influence of sliding velocity on sliding behavior was studied over a range of speeds from 1 µm/s to 100 µm/s. The real contact area was measured from image sequences thresholded using Otsu’s method. The motion of the pinned region was delineated with a machine learning scheme. The first result is that, within the macroscale sticking, or pinned phase, local pinned and partial slip regions were observed and modeled as a combined contact with contributions to friction by both regions. As a second result, we identified a critical velocity below which the stick-slip motion converted from high frequency with low amplitude to low frequency with high amplitude. This study on the sliding behavior of a viscoelastic machined elastomer demonstrates a multi-technique approach which reveals precise changes in contact area before and during pinning and slip. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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13 pages, 9320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friction and Wear Behavior of Alumina Composites with In-Situ Formation of Aluminum Borate and Boron Nitride

by Ashish K. Kasar and Pradeep L. Menezes

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4502; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13204502 - 11 Oct 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2226

Wear and friction properties of Al₂O₃ composite reinforced with in-situ formed aluminum borate (9Al₂O₃·2B₂O₃) and hexa-boron nitride (h-BN) have been investigated. The initial constituents for the composites were Al₂O₃ [...] Read more.

Wear and friction properties of Al₂O₃ composite reinforced with in-situ formed aluminum borate (9Al₂O₃·2B₂O₃) and hexa-boron nitride (h-BN) have been investigated. The initial constituents for the composites were Al₂O₃, AlN, and H₃BO₃. The H₃BO₃ was used as a source of B₂O₃, where B₂O₃ reacted with AlN and Al₂O₃ to form in-situ h-BN and 9Al₂O₃·2B₂O₃. Based on the thermodynamic calculation and phase transformation, four different compositions were selected. First, the powders were mixed by ball milling followed by compaction at 10 MPa. The compacted pellets were sintered at 1400 °C in vacuum. The composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction followed by hardness measurement and reciprocating sliding test against alumina and steel balls. The X-ray diffraction results revealed the formation of in situ phases of 9Al₂O₃·2B₂O₃ and h-BN that improved the tribological properties. By comparing the tribological performance of different composites, it was found that the hard 9Al₂O₃·2B₂O₃ phase maintains the wear resistance of composites, whereas the coefficient of friction is highly dependent on the counter ball. Against alumina ball, the lowest coefficient of friction was observed for the composites with maximum h-BN concentration and minimum aluminum borate concentration, whereas the opposite trend was observed against the steel ball. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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21 pages, 9262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Selected Atmospheric Conditions on the Process of Abrasive Wear of CFRP

by Aneta Krzyzak, Damian Racinowski, Robert Szczepaniak, Mateusz Mucha and Ewelina Kosicka

Materials 2020, 13(18), 3965; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13183965 - 08 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2416

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of weathering and thermal shocks on the abrasive wear of epoxy resin composites reinforced with carbon fabric that are commonly used in aviation. The composite was exposed to degradation in an apparatus simulating [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of weathering and thermal shocks on the abrasive wear of epoxy resin composites reinforced with carbon fabric that are commonly used in aviation. The composite was exposed to degradation in an apparatus simulating weathering and thermal shocks and then subjected to an abrasion process, with and without the presence of water. The abrasive wear was controlled by checking the weight loss as well as by visual inspection. The research findings indicated a significant effect of the presence of water in the process of friction upon the deterioration of composite resistance to abrasion with regard to dry friction. The long-term impact of rapid cyclic temperature changes (temperature difference: from −56.5 °C to +60 °C) and a combined effect of UV-A (0.83 W/m²), along with condensation of vapor and an increased ambient temperature (above 50 °C), influenced an improvement in resistance to abrasive wear. The environment of thermal shocks diminished abrasive wear to a much smaller extent than after exploitation in an environment of weathering but both environments contributed to the degradation of the surface layer. Additionally, the environment with UV-A radiation resulted in exposure of the composite reinforcement already after four months of environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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15 pages, 13319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wear Resistance Enhancement of Al6061 Alloy Surface Layer by Laser Dispersed Carbide Powders

by Rafał Jendrzejewski, Jacek Łubiński and Gerard Śliwiński

Materials 2020, 13(17), 3683; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13173683 - 20 Aug 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1699

In this paper, results of the experimental study on improving wear resistance in sliding friction of Al-based alloy are presented. The technique used involves the formation of a metal matrix composite (MMC) in the alloy surface layer by laser dispersion of carbide powders [...] Read more.

In this paper, results of the experimental study on improving wear resistance in sliding friction of Al-based alloy are presented. The technique used involves the formation of a metal matrix composite (MMC) in the alloy surface layer by laser dispersion of carbide powders such as WC, TiC and SiC. For WC and TiC MMC surface coatings fabricated under conditions typical for most of the technologically relevant solid-state lasers (wavelength range of 0.8–1.1 μm), the nearly inversely proportional dependence of the required laser energy density on the powder mass density is observed. Highly homogenous distribution of powder particle content (up to 40%) in the MMC surface coatings of a thickness between 0.8 and 1.6 mm obtained by multiple scanning is observed in the cross-section of specimens processed within a rather narrow parameter window. Tribological tests and comparison to untreated material reveal wear resistance increases by five- and ten-fold, observed in samples with laser-dispersed TiC and WC powders, respectively. Results indicate that substantial modification and reinforcement of the surface layer can be achieved in Al alloy in a one-step process without substrate preheating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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15 pages, 10118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evolution of Fretting Wear Behavior and Damage Mechanism in Alloy 690TT with Cycle Number

by Long Xin, Yongming Han, Ligong Ling, Weidong Zhang, Yonghao Lu and Tetsuo Shoji

Materials 2020, 13(10), 2417; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13102417 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2696

The evolution of fretting wear behavior and damage mechanism in Alloy 690TT with cycle number was investigated via laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focus ion beam (FIB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the fretting running [...] Read more.

The evolution of fretting wear behavior and damage mechanism in Alloy 690TT with cycle number was investigated via laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), focus ion beam (FIB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the fretting running status underwent a transition from partial slip and mixed stick-slip to final gross slip with the transformation of Ft–D curves from the ellipse to the parallelogram. The coefficient of friction (COF) experienced three drops throughout the fretting process, which indicated the transformation from high-friction wear to low-friction wear. The first drop was due to the transition from two-body to three-body contact. The second and third drops were mainly related to the evolution of the glaze layer from a localized distribution to completely covering the whole contact surface. The competition between fretting induced fatigue cracking (FIF) and fretting induced wear (FIW) ran through the entire fretting wear process. Before the 1.2 × 10⁴th cycle, the fatigue crack growth was faster than wear, and FIF won the competition. As the fretting cycle continued to increase, the wear velocity was obviously faster than that of FIF, which indicated that FIW defeated FIF. The tribologically transformed structure (TTS) participated in the competition between FIF and FIW. The gain boundaries and dislocations in the TTS were a suitable pathway for crack initiation and propagation and oxygen permeation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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19 pages, 9940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribochemical Interactions between Carbon Nanotubes and ZDDP Antiwear Additive during Tribofilm Formation on Uncoated and DLC-Coated Steel

by Wojciech Dzięgielewski, Joanna Kowalczyk, Andrzej Kulczycki, Monika Madej and Dariusz Ozimina

Materials 2020, 13(10), 2409; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13102409 - 23 May 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2723

The data from the authors’ earlier investigations show that molecules of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) added to a lubricant can absorb energy emitted by a solid surface, which is where triboreactions occur. If the lubricant contains structures able to conduct energy, the ZDDP reactions [...] Read more.

The data from the authors’ earlier investigations show that molecules of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) added to a lubricant can absorb energy emitted by a solid surface, which is where triboreactions occur. If the lubricant contains structures able to conduct energy, the ZDDP reactions can occur even at a relatively large distance from the solid surface, which should increase the effectiveness of ZDDP as an antiwear additive. The purpose of this paper was to verify the thesis that the tribocatalytic effect depends on the ability of the solid surface to emit electrons/energy and the ability of ordered molecular structures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), to conduct energy and, most likely, to enhance the energy transfer. The tribological tests were performed using a TRB³ tribotester for 100Cr6 steel balls and uncoated or a-C:H coated HS6-5-2C steel discs. Polyalphaolefin 8 (PAO8) and PAO8 mixed with ZDDP and CNTs were used as lubricants. The results of the tribological tests suggested that: (a) the effect of the interactions between ZDDP and CNTs was clearly visible; (b) the structure and properties of the solid surface layer had a significant influence on the antiwear action of the ZDDP additive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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16 pages, 7471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Ball Burnishing on Tribological Performance of 42CrMo4 Steel under Dry Sliding Conditions

by Slawomir Swirad and Pawel Pawlus

Materials 2020, 13(9), 2127; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13092127 - 03 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2337

Ball burnishing appears to be a very promising approach for reducing surface height, generating compressive residual stresses and increasing hardness. Ball burnishing treatment was carried out using a Haas CNC Vertical Mill Center VF-1 equipped with the Ecoroll burnishing system. After burnishing, surface [...] Read more.

Ball burnishing appears to be a very promising approach for reducing surface height, generating compressive residual stresses and increasing hardness. Ball burnishing treatment was carried out using a Haas CNC Vertical Mill Center VF-1 equipped with the Ecoroll burnishing system. After burnishing, surface topographies of machined samples and hardness were measured. Wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc tribotester in dry sliding conditions. During tests, the friction force was monitored as a function of time. After tests, wear volumes were determined on the basis of surface texture measurements. Tests revealed that ball burnishing in most cases resulted in minimizing friction and wear of contacting elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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14 pages, 5798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of an Objective Criterion for the Assessment of the Feasibility of an Instrumented Indentation Test on Rough Surfaces

by Julie Marteau, Abdeljalil Jourani and Maxence Bigerelle

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1589; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13071589 - 30 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1713

The influence of roughness on the results of indentation testing was investigated using a semianalytical model. This model used simulated surfaces that were described using three standard roughness parameters: the root-mean-square deviation S_q, the wavelength (or cut-off of Gaussian high-pass filter), [...] Read more.

The influence of roughness on the results of indentation testing was investigated using a semianalytical model. This model used simulated surfaces that were described using three standard roughness parameters: the root-mean-square deviation S_q, the wavelength (or cut-off of Gaussian high-pass filter), and the fractal dimension. It was shown that S_q had the largest effect on the determination of the macrohardness, while the surface wavelength and fractal dimension had negligible effects at the scale of investigation. The error of determination of the macrohardness rose with the increase of the ratio S_q/h_max where h_max was the maximum indentation depth: S_q/h_max ratios lower than 0.02 were required to obtain a systematic error of the macrohardness lower than 5%, whatever the examined material mechanical properties (in elasticity and plasticity). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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23 pages, 9142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Select 2D and 3D Roughness Parameters at Their Relevant Scales by the Analysis of Covariance

by Stephane Tchoundjeu, Maxence Bigerelle, Francois Robbe-Valloire, Tony Da Silva Botelho and Frederic Jarnias

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13071526 - 26 Mar 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2232

In this paper, a multi-scale methodology is proposed to model and characterize the effect of two lubricants on changes in surface morphology during a running-in test. The test concerns two steels samples, mounted on a twin-disc tribometer to test each of lubricants A [...] Read more.

In this paper, a multi-scale methodology is proposed to model and characterize the effect of two lubricants on changes in surface morphology during a running-in test. The test concerns two steels samples, mounted on a twin-disc tribometer to test each of lubricants A and B for a period of 42 h. The changes are characterized by the standardized roughness parameters given in ISO 25178. A technique involving replication is used to monitor wear during the test. Using all these replication measurements, a multi-scale methodology is applied. These selected models highlighted the relevant parameters for quantifying wear during lifespan, and also showed that lubricant A was better able to preserve surface integrity during wear than lubricant B. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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18 pages, 61652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Reflectance: An Optical Method for Multiscale Curvature Characterization of Wear on Ceramic–Metal Composites

by Julie Lemesle, Frederic Robache, Gaetan Le Goic, Alamin Mansouri, Christopher A. Brown and Maxence Bigerelle

Materials 2020, 13(5), 1024; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13051024 - 25 Feb 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2340

Surface gradient characterization by light reflectance (SGCLR) is used for the first time for multiscale curvature calculations and discrimination of worn surfaces on six damaged ceramic–metal composites. Measurements are made using reflectance transformation imaging (RTI). Slope and curvature maps, generated from RTI, are [...] Read more.

Surface gradient characterization by light reflectance (SGCLR) is used for the first time for multiscale curvature calculations and discrimination of worn surfaces on six damaged ceramic–metal composites. Measurements are made using reflectance transformation imaging (RTI). Slope and curvature maps, generated from RTI, are analyzed instead of heights. From multiscale decompositions, bootstrapping, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), a strong correlation (R² = 0.90) is found between the density of furrows of Mehlum curvatures, with a band pass filter at 5.4 µm, present in ceramic grains and their mechanical properties. A strong correlation is found between the mean curvatures of the metal and the ceramics, with a high pass filter at 1286 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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14 pages, 4711 KiB

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A Comparative Study of Friction and Wear Processes of Model Metallic Biomaterials Including Registration of Friction-Induced Temperature Response of a Tribological Pair

by Magdalena Łępicka, Artur Ciszewski, Karol Golak and Małgorzata Grądzka-Dahlke

Materials 2019, 12(24), 4163; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12244163 - 11 Dec 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3088

Nowadays, metallic alloys are extensively used in wear-related biomedical applications. However, it was shown that one of the factors which may contribute to the premature implant failure is the temperature effect caused by the sliding action between the bearing surfaces. Nevertheless, there are [...] Read more.

Nowadays, metallic alloys are extensively used in wear-related biomedical applications. However, it was shown that one of the factors which may contribute to the premature implant failure is the temperature effect caused by the sliding action between the bearing surfaces. Nevertheless, there are not many papers where the wear-related temperature phenomena of biomedical alloys are discussed. Thus, in our paper, we present findings from the tribological tests of the model metallic biomaterials—316L steel, CoCrMo alloy and Ti gr. 2. In our study, the temperature alterations induced by the wear action of the examined materials were analyzed. According to the findings, the temperature response of the biomedical alloys is tribological pair dependent. While the mass loss of the tribological pair 316L–316L steel was the slightest, at the same time the temperature increase was the greatest. Based on the presented findings, further analyses in friction-induced temperature response of biomedical alloys is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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18 pages, 6177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Isotropic One-Process and Two-Process Surface Textures on the Contact of Flat Surfaces

by Pawel Pawlus, Wieslaw Zelasko and Andrzej Dzierwa

Materials 2019, 12(24), 4092; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12244092 - 07 Dec 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1968

The contact of random modeled one- and two-process textures with smooth, flat surfaces is discussed in this paper. An elastic-plastic contact model was applied, assuming a distributed radius of summits. A one-process surface was characterized by the standard deviations of height and the [...] Read more.

The contact of random modeled one- and two-process textures with smooth, flat surfaces is discussed in this paper. An elastic-plastic contact model was applied, assuming a distributed radius of summits. A one-process surface was characterized by the standard deviations of height and the correlation length; however, it also had a two-process texture by the standard deviations of the plateau and valley structures, the material ratio at the transition point, and the correlation lengths of the plateau and valley parts. It was found that the contact characteristics depended on the height and spatial properties of the surface texture. The plateau part governs the contact characteristics of two-process surfaces, while the effect of the valley surface portion is smaller. The plastic deformation leads to a smaller effect of the surface texture on the contact characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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15 pages, 11453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensor-Assisted Assessment of the Tribological Behavioral Patterns of Al–SiCp Composites under Various Environmental Temperature Conditions

by Manivannan S, Senthil Kumaran S, Srinivasan Narayanan, Kathiravan Srinivasan and Alex Noel Joseph Raj

Materials 2019, 12(23), 4004; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12234004 - 02 Dec 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2325

Currently, the use of sensors and supporting technologies has become indispensable in the assessment of tribological behavioral patterns of composites. Furthermore, the current investigation focused on the assessment of the tribological behavior of the Al–SiCp composite for high-temperature applications. Moreover, the Al–SiCp composite [...] Read more.

Currently, the use of sensors and supporting technologies has become indispensable in the assessment of tribological behavioral patterns of composites. Furthermore, the current investigation focused on the assessment of the tribological behavior of the Al–SiCp composite for high-temperature applications. Moreover, the Al–SiCp composite was fabricated by adapting the liquid metallurgy route with varying weight percentages of SiC_p (x = 3, 6, and 9). Density, hardness, and high-temperature wear tests were performed to evaluate the hardness and tribological characteristics and properties of modern-day advanced composites. Moreover, the inclusion of SiC_p enhanced the advanced composite materials hardness from 60 HV to 110 HV due to a high degree of refinement of the α-phase. Subsequently, the fabricated samples’ wear behavior was assessed by varying the wear parameter viz. the applied load (20 N and 30 N) and sliding distance (250 m, 500 m, 750 m, and 1000 m) with the constant sliding velocity (0.45 m/s) for various temperatures (40 °C, 150 °C, and 250 °C). Moreover, the results revealed that the enhancement in the reinforcement percentage improves the wear resistance. Consequently, the wear rate decreased at 250 °C, possibly owing to the development of the oxide layers. Therefore, the occurrence of delamination and plastic deformation were evidenced in the wear-out surface, thereby depicting the prevalence of delamination and the abrasive wear-mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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15 pages, 12049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Mechanical Processes as a Pre-Sulphonitriding Treatment on Tribology Properties of Selected P/M Tool Steels

by Daniel Toboła

Materials 2019, 12(20), 3431; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12203431 - 20 Oct 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2897

We have evaluated phase composition changes in the surface layer (SL) and wear resistance of steels investigated after various mechanical processes such as a pre-sulphonitriding treatments. Two various paths of surface modification were employed: Grinding–sulphonitriding (G-SN) and hard turning–slide burnishing–sulphonitriding (T-B-SN). Studies were [...] Read more.

We have evaluated phase composition changes in the surface layer (SL) and wear resistance of steels investigated after various mechanical processes such as a pre-sulphonitriding treatments. Two various paths of surface modification were employed: Grinding–sulphonitriding (G-SN) and hard turning–slide burnishing–sulphonitriding (T-B-SN). Studies were carried out on Vanadis 8 and Vancron 40 tool steels, which are classified as advanced powder metallurgy (P/M) high-alloyed steels with different types and amounts of carbides. Heat treatment to the final hardness of 64 ± 1 HRC (Vanadis 8) and 62 ± 1 HRC (Vancron 40) was performed in vacuum furnaces with gas quenching. Precipitation of different types such as sulfides, nitrides, and carbides was observed using X-ray diffraction analysis. Tribological properties of SL were evaluated by pin-on-disc experiments. Pins of Al₂O₃ and 19MnB4 steel were used as counterbodies materials. 3D surface geometrical structure measurements were also performed. Wear tracks and cross-sections of SL were observed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The three-stage process increases the wear resistance about 37% and 30%, respectively for Vanadis 8 and Vancron 40 (in case of alumina pins), whereas values of wear rates after tests performed against steel pins were very similar for two compared processes for both steels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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18 pages, 10026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Disc Surface Topography on the Dry Gross Fretting Wear of an Equal-Hardness Steel Pair

by Agnieszka Lenart, Pawel Pawlus and Andrzej Dzierwa

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3250; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12193250 - 04 Oct 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2393

Experimental investigations were carried out with an Optimol SRV5 tribological tester in a flat-on-sphere scheme. The balls co-acted with the discs in a gross sliding fretting regime. The balls and discs were made from the same steel with a very similar hardness. Tests [...] Read more.

Experimental investigations were carried out with an Optimol SRV5 tribological tester in a flat-on-sphere scheme. The balls co-acted with the discs in a gross sliding fretting regime. The balls and discs were made from the same steel with a very similar hardness. Tests were conducted at 25–35% relative humidity, 30 °C, and a constant normal load and number of cycles (18,000). The discs had different textures after various machining treatments. It was found that the total wear level of the tribological assembly was proportional to the disc surface amplitude. The influence of the disc roughness on the coefficient of friction was evident only for the smallest stroke of 0.1 mm, and the frequency of oscillation affected this dependency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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14 pages, 5981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Wear Behavior of Cryogenically Treated Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy under Dry and Wet Conditions

by Yonggang Li, Xingfu Wang, Shengqiang Yang, Lifeng Hou, Yinghui Wei, Zhongjie Zhang and Xiaoni Yang

Materials 2019, 12(18), 2850; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12182850 - 04 Sep 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2718

Titanium alloys are widely used in many fields because of their excellent comprehensive properties. However, its poor friction and wear properties limit its many potential applications. In general, the surface roughness of important parts manufactured by titanium alloy should meet certain requirements. As [...] Read more.

Titanium alloys are widely used in many fields because of their excellent comprehensive properties. However, its poor friction and wear properties limit its many potential applications. In general, the surface roughness of important parts manufactured by titanium alloy should meet certain requirements. As a low-cost and high-efficiency processing method, barrel finishing has been used for the surface finishing of titanium alloys. The main material removal mechanism of barrel finishing is micro-cutting/grinding, which is similar to the material wear mechanism under some conditions. In addition, titanium alloys are subjected to a low force in common surface finishing processes. Cryogenic treatment is a method that can improve the comprehensive properties of titanium alloys. Therefore, the friction and wear behavior of cryogenically treated Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy (CT Ti alloy) and non-cryogenically treated Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy (NT Ti alloy) at a low load and scratch speed was studied comparatively in this paper. The results show that the CT Ti alloy exhibits a lower friction coefficient and wear rate under both dry and wet wear conditions. Under wet conditions, the stabilized friction coefficient is lower than that under dry conditions. The stabilized friction coefficient of CT Ti alloy is 0.18 after reaching a stable wear stage under wet conditions. Under dry wear conditions, the NT Ti alloy mainly showed typical abrasive wear, heavy adhesion wear and oxidation wear characters. The wear mechanisms of CT Ti alloy are mainly abrasive wear, slight adhesion wear and oxidation wear. Under wet wear conditions, the wear mechanism of NT Ti alloy is abrasive wear and slight adhesion wear. After cryogenic treatment, the mechanism for CT Ti alloy is slight abrasive wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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16 pages, 6254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Resistance of Various Alloy Hardfacings for Application on Heavy-Duty Chipper Tools in Forestry Shredding and Mulching Operations

by Ladislav Falat, Miroslav Džupon, Miroslava Ťavodová, Richard Hnilica, Veronika Ľuptáčiková, Lucia Čiripová, Viera Homolová and Katarína Ďurišinová

Materials 2019, 12(13), 2212; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12132212 - 09 Jul 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3356

Five different alloy hardfacings on 16MnCr5 grade low-carbon ferritic–pearlitic steel were investigated in terms of their abrasive wear resistance in laboratory testing conditions. The selected hardfacing materials, namely “E520 RB”, “RD 571”, “LNM 420FM”, “E DUR 600”, and “Weartrode 62”, were individually deposited [...] Read more.

Five different alloy hardfacings on 16MnCr5 grade low-carbon ferritic–pearlitic steel were investigated in terms of their abrasive wear resistance in laboratory testing conditions. The selected hardfacing materials, namely “E520 RB”, “RD 571”, “LNM 420FM”, “E DUR 600”, and “Weartrode 62”, were individually deposited onto plain ground-finish surfaces of 10 mm thick steel plate samples. The studied hardfacings were fabricated using several different welding methods and process parameters proposed by their industrial manufacturers. In the present comparative study, the results obtained from laboratory abrasive wear tests of the investigated hardfacings were analyzed and discussed in relation to their microstructure, hardness, and wear mechanism characteristics. Regardless of great variety in microstructure and chemical composition of individual hardfacing materials, the results clearly indicated the governing factor for the wear resistance improvement to be the overall carbon content of the used hardfacing material. Thus it has been shown that the “E520 RB” hardfacing exhibited the highest abrasive wear resistance thanks to its appropriate hardness and beneficial “ledeburite-type” eutectic microstructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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16 pages, 5793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friction Behavior of Silver Perrhenate in Oil as Lubricating Additive for Use at Elevated Temperatures

by Junhai Wang, Ting Li, Tingting Yan, Xiaoyi Wei, Xin Qu and Shuai Yuan

Materials 2019, 12(13), 2199; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12132199 - 08 Jul 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2817

In this study, we use an aqueous solution synthesis method to prepare silver perrhenate powders and suspend them into a poly alpha olefin (PAO) base oil with polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether. Four ball tests and ball-on-disk reciprocating mode are performed to determine how silver [...] Read more.

In this study, we use an aqueous solution synthesis method to prepare silver perrhenate powders and suspend them into a poly alpha olefin (PAO) base oil with polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether. Four ball tests and ball-on-disk reciprocating mode are performed to determine how silver perrhenate performs tribologically as a lubricating additive over a wide range of temperatures. The physical and chemical properties, as well as the lubricating mechanisms of the silver perrhenate additive, are characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectrum, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The four-ball test results demonstrate that the oil added with silver perrhenate additive is more effective than the base oil in reducing friction and improving wear resistance, and provides the best lubricating performance when at a concentration of 0.5 wt%. The reciprocating mode findings indicate that the hybrid lubricant exhibits distinctively better tribological properties than the base oil at high temperatures, and its low shear strength and chemical inertness allow for low friction at elevated temperatures. The resulting silver perrhenate layer that incorporates native superalloy oxides on the worn surface can provide lubrication by serving as a barrier that prevents direct contact between the rubbing surfaces at elevated temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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13 pages, 6249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Friction and Wear Behavior of Date Palm Fruit Syrup as an Environmentally Friendly Lubricant

by Mazin Tahir, Abdul Samad Mohammed and Umar Azam Muhammad

Materials 2019, 12(10), 1589; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12101589 - 15 May 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4019

The effect of various operational factors, such as sliding speed, normal load and temperature on the tribological properties of Date palm fruit syrup (DPFS) as an environmentally friendly lubricant, is investigated. Ball-on-disc wear tests are conducted on mild steel samples in the presence [...] Read more.

The effect of various operational factors, such as sliding speed, normal load and temperature on the tribological properties of Date palm fruit syrup (DPFS) as an environmentally friendly lubricant, is investigated. Ball-on-disc wear tests are conducted on mild steel samples in the presence of DPFS as a lubricant under different conditions and the coefficient of friction and wear rate are measured. Scanning electron microscopy, stylus profilometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to evaluate the wear tracks to determine the underlying wear mechanisms. Results showed that DPFS has excellent tribological properties in terms of low friction and low wear rates making it a potential candidate to be used as a lubricant in tribological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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17 pages, 7560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Cast-Iron Surface Texturing on the Anti-Scuffing Performance under Starved Lubrication

by Wenhua Li, Baihong Yu, Bin Ye, Yan Shen, Ruoxuan Huang and Fengming Du

Materials 2019, 12(10), 1586; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12101586 - 15 May 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2830

Advances in heavy-duty diesel engine designs place higher demands on the friction and wear performance of the piston ring and cylinder liner (PRCL) interface. The potential of using micro-textures machined on the whole stroke of a cast-iron cylinder liner was investigated in this [...] Read more.

Advances in heavy-duty diesel engine designs place higher demands on the friction and wear performance of the piston ring and cylinder liner (PRCL) interface. The potential of using micro-textures machined on the whole stroke of a cast-iron cylinder liner was investigated in this work. A set of running-in and starved lubrication experiments was performed using a custom reciprocating test rig that imparts a combination of combustion-level pressures and the resulting impacts. Based on a comparison of micro-dimple parameters, the friction coefficient for the running-in period at the shocking dead center was the smallest at a designed combination of 1000-μm diameter, 22% area fraction, and arrangement with half-radius intersecting distance of two adjacent micro-dimple columns. The non-scuffing time under starvation was the longest at a designed combination of the following parameters: 800 μm diameter, 22% area fraction, and quarter-radius intersecting distance arrangement. From finite element analysis, it was found that stress concentrates at the micro-dimple periphery and at the connections between adjacent micro-dimples. However, surface topography examination showed that scuffing initiates in the non-dimpled regions between the micro-dimpled columns rather than at their edges. Finally, under reciprocating motion, micro-dimples can collect wear debris to inhibit further propagation of scuffing in the micro-dimpled region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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Review

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18 pages, 3792 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Recent Development in Modeling of Coated Spherical Contact

by Zhou Chen and Izhak Etsion

Materials 2020, 13(2), 460; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13020460 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2901

Since a coated rough surface can be modeled as a collection of many spherical coated asperities, in order to understand the coated rough surface contact, it is required to first model a single coated spherical contact. This review paper presents a comprehensive summary [...] Read more.

Since a coated rough surface can be modeled as a collection of many spherical coated asperities, in order to understand the coated rough surface contact, it is required to first model a single coated spherical contact. This review paper presents a comprehensive summary of the coated spherical contact modeling and its experimental validation that was done mostly by the authors’ group at the Technion and published in the relevant literature. The coated spherical contact is considered under two loading modes, namely pure normal loading and combined normal and tangential loading. Based on the normally loaded spherical contact results, a coated rough surface contact modeling is presented. In addition, experimental results that show an interesting correlation with the coated spherical modeling are briefly discussed. Finally, some limited work on the bilayer/multilayer coated spherical contact is introduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

1 pages, 146 KiB

Open AccessErratum

Erratum: Chen, Z. and Etsion, I. Recent Development in Modeling of Coated Spherical Contact. Materials 2020, 13, 460

by Zhou Chen and Izhak Etsion

Materials 2020, 13(15), 3362; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13153362 - 29 Jul 2020

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The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials)

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