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Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II
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Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II

A special issue of Mathematics (ISSN 2227-7390). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering Mathematics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 20467

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mauro Malvè

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía s/n, Edificio de los Pinos, E-31005 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
Interests: fluid–structure interaction; biofluid mechanics; computational modelling in biomechanics; cardiovascular biomechanics in healthy and diseased conditions; animal biomechanics; respiratory mechanics; medical devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is a continuation of the previous successful Special Issue “Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering” in the MDPI journal Mathematics.

In the last decades, the improvement of the computational technology has allowed for the introduction of advanced numerical models and high-performance simulations in several fields of the engineering. In particular, biomedical engineering, which can be considered as a bridge discipline between engineering and medicine, and combines the knowledge of several aspects of both fields, has received great attention from the scientific community for its direct relation to human health. In a more general meaning, biomedical engineering also includes the study of the processes related to nature and animals.

Specific applications can be found in the understanding of human pathologies and diseases; in the advancement of the medical health care; and in the improvement of the diagnosis, of the therapies, and of the clinical outcomes, among other aspects. However, biomedical engineering should theoretically also help to reduce the number of tests in animals, and should also contribute to the improvement of their health care. More recent applications can be found in the analysis of biological problems, such as the cells’ culture and motility, and the microfluidic and diffusion processes.

This Special Issue is focused on the numerical modelling of the complex problems in the field of biomechanical and biomedical engineering, which include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular mechanics, computational biofluid dynamics, the application of novel numerical algorithms to the biomedical engineering, advances on constitutive modelling in biomechanics, diffusion models in tissue engineering, and the use of the stenting technique in humans and animals. As such, high-quality original research papers are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Mauro Malvè
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Mathematics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  •     computational biomechanics
  •     numerical modeling of medical devices
  •     computational biofluid mechanics
  •     patient-specific-based numerical models
  •     finite element method
  •     diffusion models in the tissue engineering
  •     constitutive models
  •     numerical methods in the biomedical engineering
  •     numerical algorithms and imaging technique

Related Special Issues

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3511 KiB  
Article
Biomechanical Effects of Medializing Calcaneal Osteotomy on Bones and the Tissues Related to Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity: A Computational Study
by Javier Bayod, Ricardo Larrainzar-Garijo, Brayan David Solórzano and Christian Cifuentes-De la Portilla
Mathematics 2023, 11(10), 2243; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math11102243 - 10 May 2023
Viewed by 2960
Abstract
Medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO) is a flatfoot treatment in stages IIa–IIb. It is true that structural correction is well known, but stress changes in foot tissues have not been sufficiently studied to date. Our objective was to evaluate the stress generated by MCO [...] Read more.
Medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO) is a flatfoot treatment in stages IIa–IIb. It is true that structural correction is well known, but stress changes in foot tissues have not been sufficiently studied to date. Our objective was to evaluate the stress generated by MCO in both hindfoot and forefoot bones and in some soft tissues that support the arch. A finite element foot model was employed, simulating some situations related to flatfoot development. Results show a higher stress concentration around the osteotomy region when MCO is used in patients with plantar fascia weakness. Additionally, the stress increase found in lateral metatarsals would be the explanation for the long-term pain reported by patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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13 pages, 2032 KiB  
Article
Multiple Myeloma Cell Simulation Using an Agent-Based Framework Coupled with a Continuous Fluid Model
by Pau Urdeitx, Sandra Clara-Trujillo, Jose Luis Gomez Ribelles and Mohamed H. Doweidar
Mathematics 2023, 11(8), 1824; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math11081824 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1097
Abstract
Bone marrow mechanical conditions play a key role in multiple myeloma cancer. The complex mechanical and chemical conditions, as well as the interactions with other resident cells, hinder the development of effective treatments. Agent-based computational models, capable of defining the specific conditions for [...] Read more.
Bone marrow mechanical conditions play a key role in multiple myeloma cancer. The complex mechanical and chemical conditions, as well as the interactions with other resident cells, hinder the development of effective treatments. Agent-based computational models, capable of defining the specific conditions for every single cell, can be a useful tool to identify the specific tumor microenvironment. In this sense, we have developed a novel hybrid 3D agent-based model with coupled fluid and particle dynamics to study multiple myeloma cells’ growth. The model, which considers cell–cell interactions, cell maturation, and cell proliferation, has been implemented by employing user-defined functions in the commercial software Fluent. To validate and calibrate the model, cell sedimentation velocity and cell proliferation rates have been compared with in vitro results, as well as with another previously in-house developed model. The results show that cell proliferation increased as cell–cell, and cell–extracellular matrix interactions increased, as a result of the reduction n maturation time. Cells in contact form cell aggregates, increasing cell–cell interactions and thus cell proliferation. Saturation in cell proliferation was observed when cell aggregates increased in size and the lack of space inhibited internal cells’ proliferation. Compared with the previous model, a huge reduction in computational costs was obtained, allowing for an increase in the number of simulated cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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17 pages, 2434 KiB  
Article
An Unfitted Method with Elastic Bed Boundary Conditions for the Analysis of Heterogeneous Arterial Sections
by Stephan Gahima, Pedro Díez, Marco Stefanati, José Félix Rodríguez Matas and Alberto García-González
Mathematics 2023, 11(7), 1748; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math11071748 - 06 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
This manuscript presents a novel formulation for a linear elastic model of a heterogeneous arterial section undergoing uniform pressure in a quasi-static regime. The novelties are twofold. First, an elastic bed support on the external boundary (elastic bed boundary condition) replaces the classical [...] Read more.
This manuscript presents a novel formulation for a linear elastic model of a heterogeneous arterial section undergoing uniform pressure in a quasi-static regime. The novelties are twofold. First, an elastic bed support on the external boundary (elastic bed boundary condition) replaces the classical Dirichlet boundary condition (i.e., blocking displacements at arbitrarily selected nodes) for elastic solids to ensure a solvable problem. In addition, this modeling approach can be used to effectively account for the effect of the surrounding material on the vessel. Secondly, to study many geometrical configurations corresponding to different patients, we devise an unfitted strategy based on the Immersed Boundary (IB) framework. It allows using the same (background) mesh for all possible configurations both to describe the geometrical features of the cross-section (using level sets) and to compute the solution of the mechanical problem. Results on coronary arterial sections from realistic segmented images demonstrate that the proposed unfitted IB-based approach provides results equivalent to the standard finite elements (FE) for the same number of active degrees of freedom with an average difference in the displacement field of less than 0.5%. However, the proposed methodology does not require the use of a different mesh for every configuration. Thus, it is paving the way for dimensionality reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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32 pages, 9891 KiB  
Article
Hamilton–Jacobi Inequality Adaptive Robust Learning Tracking Controller of Wearable Robotic Knee System
by Houssem Jerbi, Izzat Al-Darraji, Georgios Tsaramirsis, Lotfi Ladhar and Mohamed Omri
Mathematics 2023, 11(6), 1351; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math11061351 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1193
Abstract
A Wearable Robotic Knee (WRK) is a mobile device designed to assist disabled individuals in moving freely in undefined environments without external support. An advanced controller is required to track the output trajectory of a WRK device in order to resolve uncertainties that [...] Read more.
A Wearable Robotic Knee (WRK) is a mobile device designed to assist disabled individuals in moving freely in undefined environments without external support. An advanced controller is required to track the output trajectory of a WRK device in order to resolve uncertainties that are caused by modeling errors and external disturbances. During the performance of a task, disturbances are caused by changes in the external load and dynamic work conditions, such as by holding weights while performing the task. The aim of this study is to address these issues and enhance the performance of the output trajectory tracking goal using an adaptive robust controller based on the Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural Network (NN) system and Hamilton–Jacobi Inequality (HJI) approach. WRK dynamics are established using the Lagrange approach at the outset of the analysis. Afterwards, the L2 gain technique is applied to enhance the control motion solutions and provide the main features of the designed WRK control systems. To prove the stability of the controlled system, the HJI approach is investigated next using optimization techniques. The synthesized RBF NN algorithm supports the easy implementation of the adaptive controller, as well as ensuring the stability of the WRK system. An analysis of the numerical simulation results is performed in order to demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed tracking control algorithm. The results showed the ability of the suggested controller of this study to find a solution to uncertainties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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25 pages, 899 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Parameter Influence on Lesion Growth for a Mechanobiology Model of Atherosclerosis
by Patricia Hernández-López, Miguel A. Martínez, Estefanía Peña and Myriam Cilla
Mathematics 2023, 11(4), 829; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math11040829 - 06 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1011
Abstract
In this work, we analyse the influence of the parameters of a mathematical model, previously proposed by the authors, for reproducing atheroma plaque in arteries. The model uses Navier–Stokes equations to calculate the blood flow along the lumen in a transient mode. It [...] Read more.
In this work, we analyse the influence of the parameters of a mathematical model, previously proposed by the authors, for reproducing atheroma plaque in arteries. The model uses Navier–Stokes equations to calculate the blood flow along the lumen in a transient mode. It also uses Darcy’s law, Kedem–Katchalsky equations, and the three-pore model to simulate plasma and substance flows across the endothelium. The behaviours of all substances in the arterial wall are modelled with convection–diffusion–reaction equations, and finally, plaque growth is calculated. We consider a 2D geometry of a carotid artery, but the model can be extrapolated to other geometries or arteries, such as the coronaries or the aorta. A mono-variant sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was performed, with values of ±25% and ±10%, with respect to the values of the previous model. The results were analysed with respect to the volume in the plaque of foam cells (FC), synthetic smooth muscle cells (SSMC), and collagen fibre. It was observed that the volume in the plaque of the different substances (FC, SSMC, and collagen) has a strong influence on the results, so it could be used to analyse the vulnerability of plaque. The stenosis ratio of the plaque was also analysed, showing a strong influence on the results as well. Parameters that influence all the results considered when ranged ±10% are the rate of LDL degradation and the diffusion coefficients of LDL and monocytes in the arterial wall. Furthermore, it was observed that the change in the volume of foam cells in the plaque has a greater influence on the stenosis ratio than the change of synthetic smooth muscle cells or collagen fibre. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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19 pages, 5079 KiB  
Article
Chaotic Model of Brownian Motion in Relation to Drug Delivery Systems Using Ferromagnetic Particles
by Saša Nježić, Jasna Radulović, Fatima Živić, Ana Mirić, Živana Jovanović Pešić, Mina Vasković Jovanović and Nenad Grujović
Mathematics 2022, 10(24), 4791; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math10244791 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1576
Abstract
Deterministic and stochastic models of Brownian motion in ferrofluids are of interest to researchers, especially those related to drug delivery systems. The Brownian motion of nanoparticles in a ferrofluid environment was theoretically analyzed in this research. The state of the art in clinical [...] Read more.
Deterministic and stochastic models of Brownian motion in ferrofluids are of interest to researchers, especially those related to drug delivery systems. The Brownian motion of nanoparticles in a ferrofluid environment was theoretically analyzed in this research. The state of the art in clinical drug delivery systems using ferromagnetic particles is briefly presented. The motion of the nanoparticles in an external field and as a random variable is elaborated by presenting a theoretical model. We analyzed the theoretical model and performed computer simulation by using Maple software. We used simple low-dimensional deterministic systems that can exhibit diffusive behavior. The ferrofluid in the gravitational field without the presence of an external magnetic field in the xy plane was observed. Control parameter p was mapped as related to the fluid viscosity. Computer simulation showed that nanoparticles can exhibit deterministic patterns in a chaotic model for certain values of the control parameter p. Linear motion of the particles was observed for certain values of the parameter p, and for other values of p, the particles move randomly without any rule. Based on our numerical simulation, it can be concluded that the motion of nanoparticles could be controlled by inherent material properties and properties of the surrounding media, meaning that the delivery of drugs could possibly be executed by a ferrofluid without an exogenous power propulsion strategy. However, further studies are still needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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22 pages, 6634 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Criteria for the Degree of Pathological Remodeling of the Aortic Duct
by Eugene Talygin, Alexander Gorodkov, Teona Tibua and Leo Bockeria
Mathematics 2022, 10(24), 4773; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math10244773 - 15 Dec 2022
Viewed by 905
Abstract
Analysis of the properties of the aorta was carried out by numerous researchers using several parameters. However, the general laws of change in the dynamic geometry of the aortic flow channel in connection with the hydrodynamics of the swirling blood flow have not [...] Read more.
Analysis of the properties of the aorta was carried out by numerous researchers using several parameters. However, the general laws of change in the dynamic geometry of the aortic flow channel in connection with the hydrodynamics of the swirling blood flow have not been studied properly. Therefore, at present, attempts to correct various diseases are carried out based on the location of the aneurysm, and not in accordance with the general patterns of changes in the dynamic geometry of the entire aortic channel. For a proper understanding of the aortic flow channel remodeling mechanisms, it is necessary to determine the quantitative parameters that formalize the geometry of this channel. The geometric shape of the aorta primarily depends on the hydrodynamics of the flow inside the aortic flow channel, which is the only source of force impact on its walls. The main result of the present study was that we obtained the new quantitative parameters that characterize the normal aorta and the degree of its shape deviations caused by pathological changes of the aortic duct. These parameters were calculated based on the software processing of the three-dimensional aortic reconstruction in normal conditions and in the case of differently localized aortic aneurysm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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20 pages, 12217 KiB  
Article
An Image-Based Framework for the Analysis of the Murine Microvasculature: From Tissue Clarification to Computational Hemodynamics
by Santiago Mañosas, Aritz Sanz, Cristina Ederra, Ainhoa Urbiola, Elvira Rojas-de-Miguel, Ainhoa Ostiz, Iván Cortés-Domínguez, Natalia Ramírez, Carlos Ortíz-de-Solórzano, Arantxa Villanueva and Mauro Malvè
Mathematics 2022, 10(23), 4593; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math10234593 - 04 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1507
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier is a unique physiological structure acting as a filter for every molecule reaching the brain through the blood. For this reason, an effective pharmacologic treatment supplied to a patient by systemic circulation should first be capable of crossing the barrier. [...] Read more.
The blood–brain barrier is a unique physiological structure acting as a filter for every molecule reaching the brain through the blood. For this reason, an effective pharmacologic treatment supplied to a patient by systemic circulation should first be capable of crossing the barrier. Standard cell cultures (or those based on microfluidic devices) and animal models have been used to study the human blood–brain barrier. Unfortunately, these tools have not yet reached a state of maturity because of the complexity of this physiological process aggravated by a high heterogeneity that is not easily recapitulated experimentally. In fact, the extensive research that has been performed and the preclinical trials carried out provided sometimes contradictory results, and the functionality of the barrier function is still not fully understood. In this study, we have combined tissue clarification, advanced microscopy and image analysis to develop a one-dimensional computational model of the microvasculature hemodynamics inside the mouse brain. This model can provide information about the flow regime, the pressure field and the wall shear stress among other fluid dynamics variables inside the barrier. Although it is a simplified model of the cerebral microvasculature, it allows a first insight on into the blood–brain barrier hemodynamics and offers several additional possibilities to systematically study the barrier microcirculatory processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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10 pages, 2595 KiB  
Communication
Computational Study of the Microsphere Concentration in Blood during Radioembolization
by Unai Lertxundi, Jorge Aramburu, Macarena Rodríguez-Fraile, Bruno Sangro and Raúl Antón
Mathematics 2022, 10(22), 4280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math10224280 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1234
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics techniques are increasingly used to computer simulate radioembolization, a transcatheter intraarterial treatment for patients with inoperable tumors, and analyze the influence of treatment parameters on the microsphere distribution. Ongoing clinical research studies are exploring the influence of the microsphere density [...] Read more.
Computational fluid dynamics techniques are increasingly used to computer simulate radioembolization, a transcatheter intraarterial treatment for patients with inoperable tumors, and analyze the influence of treatment parameters on the microsphere distribution. Ongoing clinical research studies are exploring the influence of the microsphere density in tumors on the treatment outcome. In this preliminary study, we computationally analyzed the influence of the microsphere concentration in the vial on the microsphere concentration in the blood. A patient-specific case was used to simulate the blood flow and the microsphere transport during three radioembolization procedures in which the only parameter varied was the concentration of microspheres in the vial and the span of injection, resulting in three simulations with the same number of microspheres injected. Results showed that a time-varying microsphere concentration in the blood at the outlets of the computational domain can be analyzed using CFD, and also showed that there was a direct relationship between the variation of microsphere concentration in the vial and the variation of microsphere concentration in the blood. Future research will focus on elucidating the relationship between the microsphere concentration in the vial, the microsphere concentration in the blood, and the final microsphere distribution in the tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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20 pages, 3453 KiB  
Article
Atherosclerotic Plaque Segmentation Based on Strain Gradients: A Theoretical Framework
by Álvaro T. Latorre, Miguel A. Martínez, Myriam Cilla, Jacques Ohayon and Estefanía Peña
Mathematics 2022, 10(21), 4020; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math10214020 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1343
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerotic plaque detection is a clinical and technological problem that has been approached by different studies. Nowadays, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is the standard used to capture images of the coronary walls and to detect plaques. However, IVUS images are difficult to segment, [...] Read more.
Background: Atherosclerotic plaque detection is a clinical and technological problem that has been approached by different studies. Nowadays, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is the standard used to capture images of the coronary walls and to detect plaques. However, IVUS images are difficult to segment, which complicates obtaining geometric measurements of the plaque. Objective: IVUS, in combination with new techniques, allows estimation of strains in the coronary section. In this study, we have proposed the use of estimated strains to develop a methodology for plaque segmentation. Methods: The process is based on the representation of strain gradients and the combination of the Watershed and Gradient Vector Flow algorithms. Since it is a theoretical framework, the methodology was tested with idealized and real IVUS geometries. Results: We achieved measurements of the lipid area and fibrous cap thickness, which are essential clinical information, with promising results. The success of the segmentation depends on the plaque geometry and the strain gradient variable (SGV) that was selected. However, there are some SGV combinations that yield good results regardless of plaque geometry such as ▽εvMises+▽εrθ, ▽εyy+▽εrr or ▽εmin+▽εTresca. These combinations of SGVs achieve good segmentations, with an accuracy between 97.10% and 94.39% in the best pairs. Conclusions: The new methodology provides fast segmentation from different strain variables, without an optimization step. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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17 pages, 3992 KiB  
Article
Modified Whiteside’s Line-Based Transepicondylar Axis for Imageless Total Knee Arthroplasty
by Muhammad Sohail, Jaehyun Park, Jun Young Kim, Heung Soo Kim and Jaehun Lee
Mathematics 2022, 10(19), 3670; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math10193670 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2217
Abstract
One of the aims of successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is to restore the natural range of motion of the infected joint. The operated leg motion highly depends on the coordinate systems that have been used to prepare the bone surfaces for an [...] Read more.
One of the aims of successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is to restore the natural range of motion of the infected joint. The operated leg motion highly depends on the coordinate systems that have been used to prepare the bone surfaces for an implant. Assigning a perfect coordinate system to the knee joint is a considerable challenge. Various commercially available knee arthroplasty devices use different methods to assign the coordinate system at the distal femur. Transepicondylar axis (TEA) and Whiteside’s line are commonly used anatomical axes for defining a femoral coordinate system (FCS). However, choosing a perfect TEA for FCS is trickier, even for experienced surgeons, and a small error in marking Whiteside’s line leads to a misaligned knee joint. This work proposes a modified Whiteside’s line method for the selection of TEA. The Whiteside’s line, along with the knee center and femur head center, define two independent central planes. Multiple prominent points on the lateral and medial sides of epicondyles are marked. Based on the lengths of perpendicular distances between the multiple points and central planes, the most prominent epicondyle points are chosen to define an optimal TEA. Compared to conventional techniques, the modified Whiteside’s line defines a repeatable TEA Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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29 pages, 2680 KiB  
Article
The Correlation between Bone Density and Mechanical Variables in Bone Remodelling Models: Insights from a Case Study Corresponding to the Femur of a Healthy Adult
by José Luis Calvo-Gallego, Fernando Gutiérrez-Millán, Joaquín Ojeda, María Ángeles Pérez and Javier Martínez-Reina
Mathematics 2022, 10(18), 3367; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math10183367 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1767
Abstract
Bone remodelling models (BRM) are often used to estimate the density distribution in bones from the loads they are subjected to. BRM define a relationship between a certain variable measuring the mechanical stimulus at each bone site and either the local density or [...] Read more.
Bone remodelling models (BRM) are often used to estimate the density distribution in bones from the loads they are subjected to. BRM define a relationship between a certain variable measuring the mechanical stimulus at each bone site and either the local density or the local variation of density. This agrees with the Mechanostat Theory, which establishes that overloaded bones increase their density, while disused bones tend to decrease their density. Many variables have been proposed as mechanical stimuli, with stress or strain energy density (SED) being some of the most common. Yet, no compelling reason has been given to justify the choice of any of these variables. This work proposes a set of variables derived from the local stress and strain tensors as candidates for mechanical stimuli; then, this work correlates them to the density in the femur of one individual. The stress and strain tensors were obtained from a FE model and the density was obtained from a CT-scan, both belonging to the same individual. The variables that best correlate with density are the stresses. Strains are quite uniform across the femur and very poorly correlated with density, as is the SED, which is, therefore, not a good variable to measure the mechanical stimulus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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Review

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16 pages, 3347 KiB  
Review
Modelling the Upper Airways of Mandibular Advancement Surgery: A Systematic Review
by Mohd Faruq Abdul Latif, Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali, M. F. Abdullah, Norliza Binti Ibrahim, Roziana M. Razi, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Sarfaraz Kamangar, Mohamed Hussien, N. Ameer Ahammad and Azeem Khan
Mathematics 2023, 11(1), 219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/math11010219 - 01 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1239
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a conceivably hazardous ailment. Most end up with non-reversible surgical techniques, such as the maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) procedure. MMA is an amazingly obtrusive treatment, regularly connected to complexities and facial change. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is broadly utilized [...] Read more.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a conceivably hazardous ailment. Most end up with non-reversible surgical techniques, such as the maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) procedure. MMA is an amazingly obtrusive treatment, regularly connected to complexities and facial change. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is broadly utilized as an instrument to comprehend the stream system inside the human upper airways (UA) completely. There are logical inconsistencies among the investigations into the utilizations of CFD for OSAS study. Thus, to adequately understand the requirement for OSAS CFD investigation, a systematic literature search was performed. This review features the necessary recommendations to accurately model the UA to fill in as an ideal predictive methodology before mandibular advancement surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-II)
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