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Minerals
Special Issues
Obtainment, Characterization, and Applications of Organophilic Clays
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Obtainment, Characterization, and Applications of Organophilic Clays

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Clays and Engineered Mineral Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 6836

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais da Escola Politécnica de Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508030, Brazil
Interests: clay science and technology
Dr. Lucilene Betega de Paiva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo, Laboratório de Processos Químicos e Tecnologia de Partículas, São Paulo 05508901, Brazil
Interests: nanocomposite; organophilic clay

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Clays have accompanied humanity from its beginnings to the present, helping to satisfy its various types of needs such as food, shelter, communication, energy, health, and aesthetics. Currently, in practically all industrial sectors, clays can be used to provide products such as pottery, bricks, tiles, tableware, sanitary ware, additives for drilling fluids, binders for metal casting molds, fillers for rubber and plastics, and as components of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. This enormous variety of uses is mainly due to clay minerals having small dimensions, cation exchange capacities, and surfaces with hydrophilic characteristics.

The study of the interaction between clays and organic substances, as well as the applications of the products obtained, has been increasingly carried out since the beginning of the 20th century. Organophilic clays, obtained mainly from bentonites and quaternary ammonium salts, stand out among the products obtained. They possess properties such as swelling in various organic liquids and providing thixotropic organic dispersions with high viscosities at low clay concentrations.

Organophilic clays have found applications in several industrial areas such as rheological additives in oil-based fluids for drilling oil wells and for paints, as well as in the composition of articles for cosmetics and toiletries. In recent decades, there has been a considerable increase in academic and industrial interest in new applications of organophilic clays, mainly in the fields of clay/polymer nanocomposites and as sorbents for toxic substances.

The focus of this Special Issue will be to gather papers on current knowledge in the areas of the obtainment, characterization, properties, and applications of organophilic clays, covering topics such as organoclay complexes, rheological properties, clay/polymer nanocomposites, sorption of toxic substances, cosmetics, toiletries, and health.

Prof. Dr. Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz
Dr. Lucilene Betega de Paiva
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • organophilic clays
  • organoclays
  • organic substances clay complexes
  • clay/polymer nanocomposites
  • water purification
  • applications of organophilic clays

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 4642 KiB  
Article
Intercalation of Nontronite Clays from Santa Elena, Ecuador, Using Different Surfactant Hydrophobicity
by Andres F. Rigail-Cedeño, Mauricio H. Cornejo, Julio A. Cáceres-Zambrano, Johanna S. Alava-Rosado and Gladys García-Mejía
Minerals 2023, 13(2), 272; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min13020272 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1533
Abstract
The research of organoclays has been occurring for many years to develop and add value to these inorganic materials for several industrial applications, such as pollutant absorbers or impermeable plastics. The organoclay applications are intrinsically related to organo-modification and the structure of clays. [...] Read more.
The research of organoclays has been occurring for many years to develop and add value to these inorganic materials for several industrial applications, such as pollutant absorbers or impermeable plastics. The organoclay applications are intrinsically related to organo-modification and the structure of clays. This study shows the preparation and characterization of organoclays produced by a nontronite type clay (calcic bentonite) from the Tosagua Formation in the peninsula of Santa Elena in Ecuador. These clays were purified and centrifuged before organo-treatment. The purification and separation processes were used to remove organic matter and carbonates, and a cationic interchange from calcic to sodic (Ca2+ to Na+) was carried out. Organo-modification was performed using two types of cationic compounds, i.e., Oleylmethylbis (2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride and Di (hydrogenated tallow alkyl) quaternary amine to organoclay with different surface hydrophobicity. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermo-gravimetry (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the effect after the mentioned treatment and the resulting organoclays by the addition of these surfactants. The results confirm the significant intercalation of the organic treatment suitable for environmental remediation, compatibilizing recycled plastics, or improving performance in different hydrophobicity systems for industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtainment, Characterization, and Applications of Organophilic Clays)
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11 pages, 7021 KiB  
Article
Organophilic Synthetic Stevensite-Zn: Synthesis and Characterization, an Alternative Simple Method
by Thamyres Carvalho, Roberto Neves, Edemarino Hildebrando, Lucilene Betega de Paiva and Francisco R. Valenzuela-Diaz
Minerals 2022, 12(12), 1568; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12121568 - 06 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1251
Abstract
Organophilic clays are used as components in petroleum fluids, lubricants, paints, adhesives, cosmetics, and others. This requires products that are increasingly pure with homogeneous properties, which are hardly found in natural clays. Synthetic clays can thus be a solution. For this, it is [...] Read more.
Organophilic clays are used as components in petroleum fluids, lubricants, paints, adhesives, cosmetics, and others. This requires products that are increasingly pure with homogeneous properties, which are hardly found in natural clays. Synthetic clays can thus be a solution. For this, it is necessary to explore techniques for their production. The main focus of this study was to synthesize a smectite clay in a simple, fast, and economic way at a low temperature and pressure. To regulate the pH of the reaction and bring it closer to the ideal synthesis conditions, two different acids were used: nitric acid (the most widely used in the literature) and hydrochloric acid (more accessible and cheaper). Organostevensite was obtained by the direct incorporation of quarternary salt in synthetic stevensite using a semi-dry, fast, economic, and ecological method compared to that used in industry. The results showed characteristics of a uniform crystalline material with a porous structure similar to that of the smectite group. Small particle sizes of approximately 100 nm were observed by SEM. Stevensite clay was obtained by both synthesis methods using two different acids; the method using hydrochloric acid stood out. The greater practicality of its development provides a more viable option for large-scale industrial production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtainment, Characterization, and Applications of Organophilic Clays)
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Review

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23 pages, 8130 KiB  
Review
State-of-the-Art Nanoclay Reinforcement in Green Polymeric Nanocomposite: From Design to New Opportunities
by Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, Malik Maaza and M.H. Eisa
Minerals 2022, 12(12), 1495; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12121495 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3432
Abstract
Nanoclays are layered aluminosilicate nanostructures. Depending upon the chemical composition and microscopic structure, various nanoclay types have been discovered such as montmorillonite, bentonite, kaolinite, halloysite nanoclay, etc. Nanoclays have been organically modified to develop compatibility with polymers. Polymer/nanoclay nanocomposites have prompted significant breakthroughs [...] Read more.
Nanoclays are layered aluminosilicate nanostructures. Depending upon the chemical composition and microscopic structure, various nanoclay types have been discovered such as montmorillonite, bentonite, kaolinite, halloysite nanoclay, etc. Nanoclays have been organically modified to develop compatibility with polymers. Polymer/nanoclay nanocomposites have prompted significant breakthroughs in the field of nanocomposite technology. Green nanocomposites form an important class of nanomaterials using naturally derived degradable materials as matrix/nanofiller. This review essentially deliberates the fundamentals and effect of nanoclay reinforcements in the green polymer matrices. Naturally derived polymers such as cellulose, starch, natural rubber, poly(lactic acid), etc. have been employed in these nanocomposites. Green polymer/nanoclay nanocomposites have been fabricated using various feasible fabrication approaches such as the solution route, melt processing, in situ polymerization, and others. The significance of the structure-property relationships in these nanomaterials, essential to attain the desired features, has been presented. Green polymer/nanoclay nanocomposites are light weight, inexpensiveness, ecofriendly, have a low cost, and enhanced indispensable physical properties. Consequently, the green polymer/nanoclay nanocomposites have found applications towards sustainability uses, packaging, membranes, and biomedical (tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing) sectors. However, thorough research efforts are desirable to extend the utility of the green polymer/nanoclay nanocomposites in future technological sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtainment, Characterization, and Applications of Organophilic Clays)
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