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Slag Valorization for Advanced Metal Production

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A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2022) | Viewed by 9377

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Basak Anameric

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Guest Editor

Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, Coleraine, MN, USA
Interests: ironmaking; alternative ironmaking; smelting; slag valorization;

Dr. Timothy C. Eisele

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Guest Editor

Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Helena, MT 59701, USA
Interests: particulate processing; chemistry and thermodynamics of metals extraction; physical separation processes; sustainable raw materials production; oxidative and reductive bioleaching of metals
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite you to share your recent studies, thoughts, and hypothesis on slag valorization for advanced metal production. We believe that this is a great opportunity to emphasize the increasing focus on holistic, green manufacturing approaches, while achieving improved raw material utilization. We would like to especially focus on studies where sustainability and production of high-value clean co-products using waste material are explored.

You are invited to make a contribution to this Special Issue and showcase your research.

Dr. Basak Anameric
Dr. Timothy C. Eisele
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

slag
slag valorization
energy from slags
metal recycling
slag aggregates

Related Special Issue

Slag Valorization for Advanced Metal Production, 2nd Edition in Minerals

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 5098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Water Leaching of Chlorides from Aluminum Salt Slag

by Artur B. Teixeira, Weslei M. Ambrós, Carlos H. Sampaio, Fortunato L. Q. Raposo, Irineu A. S. De Brum and Josep O. Moncunill

Minerals 2022, 12(9), 1141; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12091141 - 09 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1417

Abstract

Aluminum recycling generates large amounts of hazardous wastes, known as salt slags, consisting mainly of oxides, metallic aluminum, and salt fluxes. Water leaching is a common technique used for salt removal, being a decisive operation due to water usage and the need to achieve sufficient salt recovery. In this study, water leaching tests under varied operational conditions (water type, slag particle size, solid content, and leaching time) were carried out in salt slag samples obtained from a Brazilian aluminum scrap melting company. Leaching efficiency was assessed by the % chlorine leached. The optimal leaching condition, defined as the one that resulted in the highest chloride removal from the slag together with appropriate operational conditions (larger viable slag size, lower leaching time, etc.), was identified for a slag size below 2.8 mm, 30 wt% of solids in pulp, and a leaching time of 90 min. The results showed that it was possible to recover more than 92% of the salts initially contained in the raw slag, resulting in a leached material with less than 2.5% salts. The recovered salt characteristics showed potential for recycling and could be re-mixed to the salt flux used for aluminum melting. The possibility of achieving higher efficiencies and lower water consumption during leaching was also discussed, as was a preliminary flowsheet for salt slag treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Slag Valorization for Advanced Metal Production)

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15 pages, 3272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Basic Evaluation of Phase Relation in a Phosphorus-Containing System Saturated with CaSiO₃ at Elevated Temperatures for the Utilization of Steelmaking Slag and Sewage Sludge as Phosphorus Resources

by Yu-ichi Uchida, Chiho Watanabe and Hideki Tsuruoka

Minerals 2022, 12(2), 266; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12020266 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1499

Abstract

In view of obtaining fundamental information on phosphorus recovery from steelmaking slag and sewage sludge, a laboratory experiment using the model specimen of a slag/sludge mixture prepared at 1573 K was carried out to investigate phase relation in a [CaO-SiO₂-P₂O₅]-based system. The triangular compositional region, comprising of apices CaO·SiO₂ (CS), 3CaO·P₂O₅ (C₃P), and 2CaO·SiO₂-3CaO·P₂O₅ solid solution (C₂S-C₃Pss), was considered with particular interest. In this region, using SEM-EDX observation it was found that solid saturated CS and the solid C₂S-C₃Pss with a relatively high phosphorus content can coexist. With the addition of Al₂O₃ or Fe₂O₃ to the same specimens, the liquidus phase appeared as a third phase; however, CS and C₂S-C₃Pss phases were still observed for up to 5mass% addition. The further addition of Al₂O₃ or Fe₂O₃ to 10mass% resulted in dissolution of the solid CS phase, although C₂S-C₃Pss remained as the phosphorus concentrated phase. These results show that phase equilibria based on the ternary system would be stable and be beneficial for phosphorus recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Slag Valorization for Advanced Metal Production)

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16 pages, 35822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Chromium-Bearing Carbon Steel Electric Arc Furnace Slag after Magnetic Separation to Determine the Potential for Iron and Chromium Recovery

by Kathy Bru, Alain Seron, Agnieszka Morillon, David Algermissen, Catherine Lerouge and Nourredine Menad

Minerals 2022, 12(1), 47; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12010047 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1654

Abstract

This study investigates the potential to recover iron and chromium from a chromium-bearing carbon steel Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag. This slag contains indeed about 30 wt.% Fe and 2.5 wt.% Cr. However, the minerals are intergrown at small scale (<100 µm) and iron and chromium are mostly contained in spinel phases which makes the separation challenging. Several methods including Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis were used in order to fully characterize the products obtained after a low-intensity magnetic separation of this carbon steel EAF slag, with the objective to define a pre-treatment process allowing the recovery of iron-rich particles and of a chromium-upgraded fraction. The results show that even if the magnetic separation seems to be not efficient in a first approach for producing an iron-rich/chromium-poor fraction, this fraction can be obtained by adding an attrition step which means that some separation mechanisms still occurred during the magnetic separation. However, it was not possible to produce a chromium-rich fraction. The main bottleneck for reaching a good separation is most probably the very fine liberation size of the iron and chromium bearing minerals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Slag Valorization for Advanced Metal Production)

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13 pages, 2963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Slag Content to Control Ds-Type Inclusions in 10B21 Cold Heading Steel

by Zhaoqi Song, Wei Liu, Yuhang Liu, Yongfeng Chen, Xiaotan Zuo, Shufeng Yang and Jingshe Li

Minerals 2021, 11(9), 1016; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11091016 - 18 Sep 2021

Viewed by 1876

Abstract

Ds-type inclusions during production are an important factor affecting the performance and quality of manufactured 10B21 steel. To minimize Ds-type inclusions in steel and improve the production qualification rate of steelmaking plants, a refining slag system optimization scheme was proposed based on the analysis of current inclusion evolution during the steelmaking process, and industrial tests were conducted to verify improvements resulting from application of the proposed scheme. The results showed that the composition of Ds inclusions in 10B21 steel are mainly CaO–Al₂O₃–MgO–CaS–TiN, which exists in the form of calcium–magnesium aluminate coated with titanium nitride and calcium sulfide. The main reason for the formation of Ds inclusions is the poor fluidity of the refining slag and its low capability to absorb inclusions. The poor coverage of the refining slag on the molten steel during refining can easily cause secondary oxidation of the molten steel. Thus, the formation and growth of Ds-type inclusions are aggravated after the calcium feeding line and soft blowing operation. Here, we propose to minimize Ds inclusions using our optimized refined slag system. The mass percentage of the optimized slag system is CaO: 55–60%, Al₂O₃: 20–35%, SiO₂: 3–7%, MgO: 4–8%, (MnO + FeO) < 1%, and the basicity is controlled within the range of 7–11. We observed that our optimized refining slag system has a significantly improved ability to remove inclusions, particularly Ds inclusions, which improves the qualification rate of 10B21 steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Slag Valorization for Advanced Metal Production)

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15 pages, 3859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fe₂O₃ Content and Acid on the Leaching Behavior of Phosphorus from Dephosphorization Slag

by Shi-Wei Liu, Ping-Ping Li, Chuan-Ming Du and Ning-Ning Lv

Minerals 2021, 11(9), 972; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11090972 - 07 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

Dephosphorization slag contains considerable quantities of valuable components, such as P₂O₅ and FeO_x. To recover P from dephosphorization slag, selective leaching has been adopted to separate the P-concentrating mineral phase. In this study, the effect of Fe₂O₃ content in slag and acid on the leaching behavior of P from dephosphorization slag was investigated. It was found that a higher Fe₂O₃ content in slag resulted in a higher P₂O₅ content in the C₂S–C₃P solid solution. Increasing the Fe₂O₃ content in slag promoted the dissolution of P and simultaneously suppressed the dissolution of other elements, facilitating the selective leaching of P. In the hydrochloric acid solution, more than 81% of P could be dissolved from dephosphorization slag at pH 4, and the dissolution ratio of Fe was nearly zero, achieving excellent selective leaching. Although better selective leaching was also realized in the citric acid solution at pH 5, hydrochloric acid was considered the appropriate leaching agent from the perspective of leaching cost. Through selective leaching, almost all the C₂S–C₃P solid solution was dissolved from dephosphorization slag, and the Fe-bearing matrix phase and magnesioferrite remained in the residue. The residue with low P₂O₅ content can be reutilized in ironmaking or steelmaking processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Slag Valorization for Advanced Metal Production)

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