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Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry

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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 23333

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Prof. Dr. Ana Sutlović

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: dyeing; textile printing; natural dyestuff; wastewater

Dr. Sanja Ercegović Ražić

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: plasma modifications of textiles and leather; functionalization of textile materials; modifications of fibers and textiles; ecology and sustainable development
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Dr. Marija Gorjanc

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: dyeing; plasma; nanotechnology; ecology; textile materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advanced textile materials are the result of the demands and challenges of modern life. Textiles have to meet requirements in terms of advanced properties, aesthetic criteria, ecology, and circular economy. The development of advanced textile materials that are multifunctional or have targeted properties is emphasized.

This Special Issue aims to gather the latest advances from the perspective of textile materials chemistry from across the scientific community. Key topics of particular interest include but are not limited to the following:

Development of advanced textile materials;
Studies on the treatment of textiles to improve their properties and for special purposes, e.g., antibacterial properties, biodegradation, flame retardancy, medical and hospital textiles, geotextiles;
Research on textile materials with multifunctional properties;
Research on synthesis of new dyes;
Application of dyes of natural origin;
Development of novel composite materials;
Development of novel detergents for environmentally acceptable textile care;
Development of new methods for the characterization and treatment of textile wastewater.

Manuscripts recommended by the Organizing and Scientific Committee of the symposium "Textile Science and Economy" will receive a 600 CHF discount on the publication fee. More about the 14th Scientific and Professional Symposium “Textile Science and Economy” can be found on the website: http://tzg.ttf.unizg.hr/?lang=en

The University of Zagreb Faculty of Textile Technology organizes the traditional 14^th Scientific and Professional Symposium “Textile Science and Economy” (TZG Symposium) with the aim of cooperation between the academic community and the business sector. The TZG Symposium will be held on 26 January 2022 with the topic “Transfer of innovations to the economy” as the basis for sustainable development and increasing the competitiveness of the economy.

Prof. Dr. Ana Sutlović
Dr. Sanja Ercegović Ražić
Dr. Marija Gorjanc
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of DNA-Damaging Effects Induced by Different Tanning Agents Used in the Processing of Natural Leather—Pilot Study on HepG2 Cell Line

by Sanja Ercegović Ražić, Nevenka Kopjar, Vilena Kašuba, Zenun Skenderi, Jadranka Akalović and Jasna Hrenović

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 7030; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207030 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1381

Abstract

For a long time, the production and processing of cowhide was based on the use of chrome tanning. However, the growing problem with chromium waste and its negative impact on human health and the environment prompted the search for more environmentally friendly processes such as vegetable tanning or aldehyde tanning. In the present study, we investigated the DNA-damaging effects induced in HepG2 cells after 24 h exposure to leather samples (cut into 1 × 1 cm² rectangles) processed with different tanning agents. Our main objective was to determine which tanning procedure resulted in the highest DNA instability. The extent of treatment-induced DNA damage was determined using the alkaline comet assay. All tanning processes used in leather processing caused primary DNA damage in HepG2 cells compared to untreated cells. The effects measured in the exposed cells indicate that the leaching of potentially genotoxic chemicals from the same surface is variable and was highest after vegetable tanning, followed by synthetic tanning and chrome tanning. These results could be due to the complex composition of the vegetable and synthetic tanning agents. Despite all limitations, these preliminary results could be useful to gain a general insight into the genotoxic potential of the processes used in the processing of natural leather and to plan future experiments with more specific cell or tissue models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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17 pages, 5534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cotton Pre-Treatment on Dyeing with Onion and Pomegranate Peel Extracts

by Lea Botteri, Anja Miljković and Martinia Ira Glogar

Molecules 2022, 27(14), 4547; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27144547 - 16 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2299

Abstract

In this paper the possibility of applying natural dyes on cellulose fibres were researched with respect to the impact of cotton material pre-treatment (scouring, chemical bleaching, mercerization and mordanting), using renewable sources of natural dyes (waste as a source). As mordants, metal salts of copper, aluminium and ferrum were used, and the influence on colour change as well as on fastness properties were analysed. The natural dyes were extracted from onion peel (Allium cepa L.) and pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.). In spectrophotometric analysis performed of the plant extracts, the onion extract has peaks at 400 and 500 nm, resulting in red-orange colourations and the pomegranate extract shows a maximum at 400 nm, i.e., in the yellow region, which is characteristic of punicalin. Results show significant influence of cotton pre-treatments on colour appearance and fastness properties, caused by pre-treatments affecting the properties and structure of the cotton itself. The positive effect of mercerization on dye absorption and bonding is confirmed. For wash and light fastness properties, more satisfactory results have been obtained for yarns dyed with pomegranate peel natural dye, and the key importance of mordants for fastness properties has been confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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19 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decontamination Efficiency of Thermal, Photothermal, Microwave, and Steam Treatments for Biocontaminated Household Textiles

by Branko Neral, Selestina Gorgieva and Manja Kurečič

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3667; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27123667 - 07 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, textile laundering hygiene has proved to be a fundamental measure in preventing the spread of infections. The first part of our study evaluated the decontamination efficiency of various treatments (thermal, photothermal, and microwave) for bio contaminated textiles. The effects on textile decontamination of adding saturated steam into the drum of a household textile laundering machine were investigated and evaluated in the second part of our study. The results show that the thermal treatment, conducted in a convection heating chamber, provided a slight reduction in efficiency and did not ensure the complete inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus on cotton swatches. The photothermal treatment showed higher reduction efficiency on contaminated textile samples, while the microwave treatment (at 460 W for a period of 60 s) of bio contaminated cotton swatches containing higher moisture content provided satisfactory bacterial reduction efficiency (more than 7 log steps). Additionally, the treatment of textiles in the household washing machine with the injection of saturated steam into the washing drum and a mild agitation rhythm provided at least a 7 log step reduction in S. aureus. The photothermal treatment of bio contaminated cotton textiles showed promising reduction efficiency, while the microwave treatment and the treatment with saturated steam proved to be the most effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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21 pages, 9095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silver Nanowires and Silanes in Hybrid Functionalization of Aramid Fabrics

by Alicja Nejman, Anna Baranowska-Korczyc, Katarzyna Ranoszek-Soliwoda, Izabela Jasińska, Grzegorz Celichowski and Małgorzata Cieślak

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1952; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27061952 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2011

Abstract

New functionalization methods of meta- and para-aramid fabrics with silver nanowires (AgNWs) and two silanes (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)) and diethoxydimethylsilane (DEDMS) were developed: a one-step method (mixture) with AgNWs dispersed in the silane mixture and a two-step method (layer-by-layer) in which the silanes mixture was applied to the previously deposited AgNWs layer. The fabrics were pre-treated in a low-pressure air radio frequency (RF) plasma and subsequently coated with polydopamine. The modified fabrics acquired hydrophobic properties (contact angle Θ_W of 112–125°). The surface free energy for both modified fabrics was approximately 29 mJ/m², while for reference, meta- and para-aramid fabrics have a free energy of 53 mJ/m² and 40 mJ/m², respectively. The electrical surface resistance (R_s) was on the order of 10² Ω and 10⁴ Ω for the two-step and one-step method, respectively. The electrical volume resistance (R_v) for both modified fabrics was on the order of 10² Ω. After UV irradiation, the Rs did not change for the two-step method, and for the one-step method, it increased to the order of 10¹⁰ Ω. The specific strength values were higher by 71% and 63% for the meta-aramid fabric and by 102% and 110% for the para-aramid fabric for the two-step and one-step method, respectively, compared to the unmodified fabrics after UV radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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12 pages, 3856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Properties of Non-Modified Wool, Determined and Discussed in Relation to ISO 20645:2004 Standard

by Tomislav Ivankovic, Antonija Rajic, Sanja Ercegovic Razic, Sabine Rolland du Roscoat and Zenun Skenderi

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27061876 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

Wool is considered to possibly exhibit antibacterial properties due to the ability of wool clothing to reduce the build-up of odor, which arises from the microbial activity of skin microbiota. Indeed, when tested with a widely used agar diffusion plate test method, even wool or other textiles not treated with any antimicrobial agent can be interpreted to show certain antibacterial effects due to the lack of growth under the specimen, as instructed in ISO 20645:2004 standard. Therefore, we analyzed in detail what happens to bacterial cells in contact with untreated wool and cotton fabric placed on inoculated agar plates by counting viable cells attached to the specimens after 1 and 24 h of contact. All wool and several cotton samples showed no growth under the specimen. Nevertheless, it was shown without a doubt that neither textile material kills bacteria or inhibits cell multiplication. A reasonable explanation is that bacterial cells firmly attach to wool fibers forming a biofilm during multiplication. When the specimen was lifted off the nutrient agar surface, the cells in the form of biofilm remained attached to the wool fibers, removing the biomass and resulting in a clear, no growth zone underneath it. By imaging the textile specimens with X-ray microtomography, we concluded that the degree of attachment could be dependent on surface topography. The results indicate that certain textiles, in this case, wool, could exhibit antibacterial properties by removing excess bacteria that grow on the textile/skin interface when taken off the body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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14 pages, 4812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cotton Cationization on Pigment Layer Characteristics in Digital Printing

by Martinia Ira Glogar, Tihana Dekanić, Anita Tarbuk, Ivana Čorak and Petra Labazan

Molecules 2022, 27(4), 1418; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27041418 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1862

Abstract

The paper examines the influence of cotton cationization on the print quality in terms of penetration, colour yield and colour depth, which have been analysed in comparison to cotton untreated and pretreated with conventional acrylate binder. The process of cationization during mercerization was performed with a cationizing agent Rewin DWR (CHT Bezema). Standard (non-cationized) and cationized fabric, with and without additional layering of binder have been printed by digital inkjet pigment printing method. Moisture management testing (MMT) and dynamic contact angle measurement (drop shape analyzer–DSA30S) were performed on standard and cationized fabric, with and without binder, both with and without pigment layer. After printing, the objective values of colour depth (K/S) and colour parameters L*, C* and h° were analysed. The samples were also analysed by the method of microscopic imaging using a DinoLite microscope. Printed samples were tested to washing fastness, and the results are presented in terms of total colour difference (dECMC), according to CMC(l:c) equation, after the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th washing cycles. Results showed that the cotton cationization will improve the uniformity and coverage of the printed area as well as increase the K/S value. For the samples with binder, the positive effect of cationization on the stability and bond strength between the polymer layer as a pigment carrier with the cotton fabric was confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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12 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Initial pH Value on the Adsorption of Reactive Black 5 Dye on Powdered Activated Carbon: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Thermodynamics

by Branka Vojnović, Mario Cetina, Petra Franjković and Ana Sutlović

Molecules 2022, 27(4), 1349; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27041349 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of initial pH value (pH₀) on the isothermal adsorption of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye on commercial powdered activated carbon. Four initial pH values were chosen for this experiment: pH₀ = 2.00, 4.00, 8.00, and 10.00. In order to investigate the mechanism of adsorption kinetic, studies have been performed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models as well as an intraparticle diffusion model. In addition, thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were determined for pH₀ = 4.00. Results of this research showed that the initial pH value significantly influences the adsorption of RB5 dye onto activated carbon. The highest adsorption capacities (q_e) and efficiencies of decolouration were observed for initial pH values of pH₀ = 2.00 (q_e = 246.0 mg g⁻¹) and 10.00 (q_e = 239.1 mg g⁻¹) due to strong electrostatic interactions and attractive π···π interactions, respectively. It was also shown that the adsorption of RB5 dye on activated carbon at all initial pH values is kinetically controlled, assuming a pseudo-second-order model, and that intraparticle diffusion is not the only process that influences on the adsorption rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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13 pages, 2393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Dyeing of Modified Cotton Fabric with Cochineal Dye

by Ivana Čorak, Iva Brlek, Ana Sutlović and Anita Tarbuk

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 1100; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27031100 - 07 Feb 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4013

Abstract

Natural dyes are not harmful to the environment owing to their biodegradability. For dye application to textiles, salts are necessary as mordant or electrolytes and make an environmental impact. In this paper, the influence of cationization during mercerization to the dyeing of cotton fabric with natural dye from Dactylopius coccus was researched. For this purpose, bleached cotton fabric as well as fabric cationized with Rewin OS was pre-mordanted using iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) and dyed with natural cochineal dye with and without electrolyte addition. For the characterization of surface changes after cationization, an electrokinetic analysis on SurPASS was performed and compared to pre-mordanting. For determination of dye exhaustion, the analysis of dye solution was performed on a UV/VIS spectrophotometer Cary 50 Solascreen. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed using a Datacolor 850 spectrophotometer, measuring remission ”until tolerance” and the whiteness degree, color parameters, color depth (K/S), and colorfastness of dyed fabric were calculated. Levelness was determined by visual assessment. Cationized cotton fabrics showed better absorption and colorfastness. Pre-mordanting and cationization showed synergism. The electrolytes improved the process of dye absorption. However, when natural dyeing was performed on cotton fabric cationized during mercerization, similar chromacity, uniform color, and colorfastness were achieved with and without electrolyte, resulting in pure purple hue of cochineal. For achieving a violet hue, pre-mordanting with Fe-salt was needed. Therefore, salt can be reduced or even unnecessary, which makes this process of natural dyeing more environmentally friendly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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11 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Disinfection and Soil Removal during Low-Temperature Household Laundry

by Petra Forte Tavčer, Katja Brenčič, Rok Fink and Brigita Tomšič

Molecules 2022, 27(1), 195; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27010195 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

In the Water, Energy and Waste Directive, the European Commission provides for the use of household washing programmes with lower temperatures (30–40 °C) and lower water consumption. However, low washing temperatures and the absence of oxidising agents in the liquid detergents, and their reduced content in powder detergents, allow biofilm formation in washing machines and the development of an unpleasant odour, while the washed laundry can become a carrier of pathogenic bacteria, posing a risk to human health. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to liquid detergents in low-temperature household washing allows disinfection of the laundry without affecting the properties of the washed textiles even after several consecutive washes. Fabrics of different colours and of different raw material compositions were repeatedly washed in a household washing machine using a liquid detergent with the addition of 3% stabilised HP solution in the main wash, prewash or rinse. The results of the antimicrobial activity, soil removal activity, colour change and tensile strength confirmed the excellent disinfection activity of the 3% HP, but only if added in the main wash. Its presence did not discolour nor affect the tensile strength of the laundry, thus maintaining its overall appearance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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Review

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16 pages, 8684 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mechanisms Involved in the Modification of Textiles by Non-Equilibrium Plasma Treatment

by Gregor Primc, Rok Zaplotnik, Alenka Vesel and Miran Mozetič

Molecules 2022, 27(24), 9064; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27249064 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1275

Abstract

Plasma methods are often employed for the desired wettability and soaking properties of polymeric textiles, but the exact mechanisms involved in plasma–textile interactions are yet to be discovered. This review presents the fundamentals of plasma penetration into textiles and illustrates mechanisms that lead to the appropriate surface finish of fibers inside the textile. The crucial relations are provided, and the different concepts of low-pressure and atmospheric-pressure discharges useful for the modification of textile’s properties are explained. The atmospheric-pressure plasma sustained in the form of numerous stochastical streamers will penetrate textiles of reasonable porosity, so the reactive species useful for the functionalization of fibers deep inside the textile will be created inside the textile. Low-pressure plasmas sustained at reasonable discharge power will not penetrate into the textile, so the depth of the modified textile is limited by the diffusion of reactive species. Since the charged particles neutralize on the textile surface, the neutral species will functionalize the fibers deep inside the textile when low-pressure plasma is chosen for the treatment of textiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Textile Materials Chemistry)

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