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Forensic Molecules in the World of Criminal Investigations

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Analytical Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 11631

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
Interests: molecular imprinted polymers; sensors; defense; forensic science; environmental chemistry; explosives; drug analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Forensic Investigation and Analysis, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Ballinode, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
Interests: forensic pathology; thanatochemistry; taphonomy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to open the call for a Special Issue of Molecules dedicated to molecules of forensic interest. As the famous Locard’s principle states “every contact leaves a trace”, and these molecules of interest, brought to the crime scene or left behind from the criminals, are the key evidence forensic chemists and scientists use to cast light on events they could not have witnessed.

The aim and scope of this issue include any research work performed on any substance in a molecular state that becomes an object of forensic investigations, e.g., drugs, explosives, fire accelerants, food adulterants, etc.

We would also welcome any studies involving implementation of novel methods, design or use of new materials or composite materials or innovative uses of traditional detection, separation or data treatment techniques that would increase the selectivity and sensitivity in the determination of forensic molecules and would result in an improvement over the existing state of the art.

The call for papers is also open for other disciplines related of forensic chemistry that make use of molecules of forensic interest to help understanding and interpreting forensic evidence or the results obtained from forensic investigations of these molecules.

Dr. Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez
Prof. Dr. John Cassella
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • drug analysis
  • explosive analysis
  • fingerprint chemistry
  • forensic toxicology
  • environmental forensics
  • fire analysis
  • chemometric analysis
  • decomposition science (taphonomy, thanatochemistry)
  • counterfeit medicines

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1020 KiB  
Article
The Production and Evaluation of an Electrochemical Sensors for Strychnine and Its Main Metabolite Strychnine N-Oxide for Their Use in Biological Samples
by Bakhtiyar Qader, Issam Hussain, Mark Baron, Rafael Estevez-Brito, John Paul Cassella and Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez
Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1826; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27061826 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2088
Abstract
Strychnine (STN) and its major metabolite Strychnine N-Oxide (SNO) were examined electrochemically. Both parent compounds and its major metabolite showed electroactivity on glassy carbon electrodes using CV and DPV techniques. One oxidation peak at 1008 mV was observed for STN with the optimum [...] Read more.
Strychnine (STN) and its major metabolite Strychnine N-Oxide (SNO) were examined electrochemically. Both parent compounds and its major metabolite showed electroactivity on glassy carbon electrodes using CV and DPV techniques. One oxidation peak at 1008 mV was observed for STN with the optimum peak intensity at pH 7. SNO produced two oxidation peaks, at 617 mV and 797 mV, at pH 5. The peaks demonstrated irreversible behaviour and the irreversibility of the system was confirmed at different scan rates. A calibration curve was produced for both CV and DPV measurements and the sensitivity of the proposed EC method was good compared with previous electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods. The precision of oxidation peak of STN using the STN-MIP method produced a maximum value of 11.5% and 2.32% for inter-day and intraday %RSD, respectively. The average% recovery was around 92%. The electrochemical method has been successfully applied to the determination of STN in spiked plasma and urine samples. For SNO, both anodic peaks of SNO demonstrated irreversible behaviour. A different sweep rate was used for calculating the number of ‘transfer electrons’ in the system; based on this, the mechanism of oxidation reaction was proposed. Calibration curves for both oxidative peaks were produced using DPV measurements. The second anodic peak demonstrated high linearity and precision with %RSD < 1.96%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forensic Molecules in the World of Criminal Investigations)
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11 pages, 947 KiB  
Article
Determination of Cyanide in Blood for Forensic Toxicology Purposes—A Novel Nci Gc-Ms/Ms Technique
by Marcin Osak, Grzegorz Buszewicz, Jacek Baj and Grzegorz Teresiński
Molecules 2021, 26(18), 5638; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26185638 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6274
Abstract
One of the recently evolving methods for cyanide determination in body fluids is GC-MS, following extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide or pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulfonate. The aim of this study was to improve previous GC methods by utilizing a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, which [...] Read more.
One of the recently evolving methods for cyanide determination in body fluids is GC-MS, following extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide or pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulfonate. The aim of this study was to improve previous GC methods by utilizing a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, which could enhance selectivity and sensitivity allowing for the reliable confirmation of cyanide exposure in toxicological studies. Another purpose of this study was to facilitate a case investigation including a determination of cyanide in blood and to use the obtained data to confirm the ingestion of a substance, found together with a human corpse at the forensic scene. The blood samples were prepared following extractive alkylation with a phase transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium sulfate and the PFB-Br derivatization agent. Optimal parameters for detection, including ionization type and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions had been investigated and then selected. The validation parameters for the above method were as follows—linear regression R2 = 0.9997 in the range of 0.1 µg/mL to 10 µg/mL; LOD = 24 ng/mL; LOQ = 80 ng/mL and an average recovery of extraction of 98%. Our study demonstrates the first attempt of cyanide determination in blood with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The established method could be applied in forensic studies due to MS/MS confirmation of organic cyanide derivative and low matrix interferences owning to utilizing negative chemical ionization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forensic Molecules in the World of Criminal Investigations)
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Review

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14 pages, 270 KiB  
Review
Modeling Postmortem Ethanol Production/Insights into the Origin of Higher Alcohols
by Vassiliki A. Boumba
Molecules 2022, 27(3), 700; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27030700 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2420
Abstract
The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in the postmortem blood and to properly interpret the relevant blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results, in regard to ethanol levels at death [...] Read more.
The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in the postmortem blood and to properly interpret the relevant blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results, in regard to ethanol levels at death and subsequent behavioral impairment of the person at the time of death. Higher alcohols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl-alcohol), and 3-methyl-2-butanol (amyl-alcohol)) are among the volatile compounds that are often detected in postmortem specimens and have been correlated with putrefaction and microbial activity. This brief review investigates the role of the higher alcohols as biomarkers of postmortem, microbial ethanol production, notably, regarding the modeling of postmortem ethanol production. Main conclusions of this contribution are, firstly, that the higher alcohols are qualitative and quantitative indicators of microbial ethanol production, and, secondly that the respective models of microbial ethanol production are tools offering additional data to interpret properly the origin of the ethanol concentrations measured in postmortem cases. More studies are needed to clarify current uncertainties about the origin of higher alcohols in postmortem specimens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forensic Molecules in the World of Criminal Investigations)
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