Vitrimers and Their Processing

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Smart and Functional Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2023) | Viewed by 8021

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Interests: nanocoatings; TiO2; textiles; surfaces; functional coatings; finishes
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Co-Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
Interests: prepreg technology; sandwich structures; recycling/sustainability; automation in manufacturing; thermoplastics/resin development; high-temperature materials

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Co-Guest Editor
Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 210600, China
Interests: advanced composite resins; toughening mechanism; interfacial domains; prepreg manufacturing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Introduction: Over the past decade, a new class of polymers (i.e., vitrimers) has received a great deal of attention in both academia and industry. Vitrimers possess high strength and high modulus, similar to thermoset polymers, while being recyclable and reprocessable, similar to thermoplastic polymers [1]. This is due to the dynamic covalent chemistry in the backbone of polymer structures. Moreover, vitrimers can be fully recycled, reprocessed in a closed loop [2], and weldable and strong as virgin polymer [3]. Additionally, carbon fibers might be reclaimed from the polymer structure non-destructively [4]. Moreover, the properties of these vitrimers might be finely tuned by changing their crosslink density [5]. Despite having some basic knowledge of this class of polymers, most of the phenomenon in detail is still worth exploring. Changing a new dynamic bond might entirely change the recycling behavior and properties of the polymer. Thus, this Special Issue aims to welcome those new findings in this research direction.

Challenges: Though several research works have been made, it is still challenging to overcome many problems, such as:

  • Retaining high modulus and full recyclability;
  • Easy, one-step, catalyst-free synthesis;
  • Fully biobased vitrimers from renewable feedstock;
  • Nontoxicity of vitrimers;
  • Fast dynamics under certain stimuli;
  • Easy reclamation of fibers and fillers from composites, etc.

Thus, this Special Issue invites authors to address these new and innovative topics to fill the research gap.

Aim of the special issue: This Special Issue welcomes experts working in vitrimer synthesis and processing, self-healing polymers, dynamic covalent chemistry, reversible reactions, sustainable chemistry, and simulations for vitrimers. These innovations might be in monomers, polymers, thermosets, composites, and other applications. All kinds of interrelated innovations in the polymers, chemistry, and composite industry related to vitrimers are warmly welcomed.

References

  1. Memon, H.; Wei, Y.; Zhu, C. Recyclable and reformable epoxy resins based on dynamic covalent bonds – Present, past, and future. Polym. Test 2022, 105, 107420, doi:https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107420.
  2. Memon, H.; Liu, H.; Rashid, M.A.; Chen, L.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, L.; Wei, Y.; Liu, W.; Qiu, Y. Vanillin-Based Epoxy Vitrimer with High Performance and Closed-Loop Recyclability. Macromolecules 2020, 53, 621-630, doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02006.
  3. Memon, H.; Wei, Y. Welding and reprocessing of disulfide-containing thermoset epoxy resin exhibiting behavior reminiscent of a thermoplastic. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2020, 137, 49541, doi:https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1002/app.49541.
  4. Memon, H.; Wei, Y.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, Q.; Liu, W. An imine-containing epoxy vitrimer with versatile recyclability and its application in fully recyclable carbon fiber reinforced composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2020, 199, 108314, doi:https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108314.
  5. Memon, H.; Wei, Y.; Zhu, C. Correlating the thermomechanical properties of a novel bio-based epoxy vitrimer with its crosslink density. Materials Today Communications 2021, 29, 102814, doi:https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102814.

Dr. Hafeezullah Memon
Prof. Dr. Steven Nutt
Prof. Dr. Yi Wei
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • synthesis of vitrimers
  • epoxy vitrimers
  • self-healing
  • dynamic covalent chemistry
  • reversible reactions
  • 3D printing
  • vitrimer processing
  • sustainable chemistry
  • biobased polymers
  • crosslink density
  • simulations for vitrimers
  • vitrimer composites

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3845 KiB  
Article
Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing with Polyethylene Vitrimers
by Maria Camila Montoya-Ospina, Jiachen Zeng, Xiao Tan and Tim A. Osswald
Polymers 2023, 15(6), 1332; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15061332 - 07 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2414
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely used polymers in conventional polymer manufacturing processes. However, it remains a challenge to use PE in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM). Some of the challenges that this material presents include low self-adhesion and shrinkage during the [...] Read more.
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely used polymers in conventional polymer manufacturing processes. However, it remains a challenge to use PE in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM). Some of the challenges that this material presents include low self-adhesion and shrinkage during the printing process. These two issues lead to higher mechanical anisotropy when compared to other materials, along with poor dimensional accuracy and warpage. Vitrimers are a new class of polymers that have a dynamic crosslinked network, allowing the material to be healed and reprocessed. Prior studies on polyolefin vitrimers suggest that the crosslinks reduce the degree of crystallinity and increase the dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. In this study, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE vitrimers (HDPE-V) were successfully processed using a screw-assisted 3D printer. It was demonstrated that HDPE-V were able to reduce shrinkage during the printing process. This shows that 3D printing with HDPE-V will provide better dimensional stability when compared to regular HDPE. Furthermore, after an annealing process, 3D-printed HDPE-V samples showed a decrease in mechanical anisotropy. This annealing process was only possible in HDPE-V due to their superior dimensional stability at elevated temperatures, with minimal deformation above melting temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitrimers and Their Processing)
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16 pages, 5912 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Testing of Hybrid 3D Printing Vitrimer Resins
by Jaime Casado, Osman Konuray, Gerard Benet, Xavier Fernández-Francos, José Maria Morancho and Xavier Ramis
Polymers 2022, 14(23), 5102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14235102 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1642
Abstract
The quality of photocure-based 3D printing greatly depends on the properties of the photoresin. There are still many challenges to be overcome at the material level before such additive manufacturing methods dominate the manufacturing industry. To contribute to this exciting re-search, an acrylate-epoxy [...] Read more.
The quality of photocure-based 3D printing greatly depends on the properties of the photoresin. There are still many challenges to be overcome at the material level before such additive manufacturing methods dominate the manufacturing industry. To contribute to this exciting re-search, an acrylate-epoxy hybrid and vitrimeric photoresin was studied to reveal the formulation parameters that could be leveraged to obtain improved processability, mechanical performance, and repairability/reprocessability. As the network becomes more lightly or densely crosslinked as a result of changing monomer compositions, or as its components are compatibilized to different extents by varying the types and loadings of the coupling agents, its thermomechanical, tensile, and vitrimeric behaviors are impacted. Using a particular formulation with a high concentration of dynamic β-hydroxyester linkages, samples are 3D printed and tested for repair and recyclability. When processed at sufficiently high temperatures, transesterification reactions are triggered, allowing for the full recovery of the tensile properties of the repaired or recycled materials, despite their inherently crosslinked structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitrimers and Their Processing)
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Review

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14 pages, 1832 KiB  
Review
Bio-Vitrimers for Sustainable Circular Bio-Economy
by Sravendra Rana, Manisha Solanki, Nanda Gopal Sahoo and Balaji Krishnakumar
Polymers 2022, 14(20), 4338; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14204338 - 15 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3019
Abstract
The aim to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG) and cut CO2-emission is forcing researchers to develop bio-based materials over conventional polymers. Since most of the established bio-based polymeric materials demonstrate prominent sustainability, however, performance, cost, and durability limit their utilization in [...] Read more.
The aim to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG) and cut CO2-emission is forcing researchers to develop bio-based materials over conventional polymers. Since most of the established bio-based polymeric materials demonstrate prominent sustainability, however, performance, cost, and durability limit their utilization in real-time applications. Additionally, a sustainable circular bioeconomy (CE) ensures SDGs deliver material production, where it ceases the linear approach from production to waste. Simultaneously, sustainable circular bio-economy promoted materials should exhibit the prominent properties to involve and substitute conventional materials. These interceptions can be resolved through state-of-the-art bio-vitrimeric materials that display durability/mechanical properties such as thermosets and processability/malleability such as thermoplastics. This article emphasizes the current need for vitrimers based on bio-derived chemicals; as well as to summarize the developed bio-based vitrimers (including reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties) and their requirements for a sustainable circular economy in future prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitrimers and Their Processing)
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