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Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology
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Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental and Green Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 22890

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Paloma Álvarez-Mateos

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seville, C. Professor García Gonzalez, n°1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: biomass conversion; biofuels production; hyperspectral imaging; olive mills by-products; phytoremediation of mining soils; emissions; wastewater treatment; valorization of waste
Prof. Dr. Juan Francisco García Martín

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
Interests: biomass conversion; biofuels production; near-infrared spectroscopy; phytoremediation of mining soils; thermochemical processing; valorization of olive mills waste
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Miguel Torres García

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy Engineering, University of Seville, 41092 Seville, Spain
Interests: entrepreneurship; management; start-up; intangible; knowledge transfer; energy engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

 Dear Colleagues,

Raw oils and fats cannot be directly used in modern diesel engines, as their viscosity is too high. Therefore, they must be transformed into biofuels. Biofuels are sustainable and renewable energy sources derived from biological materials wastes. The production and consumption of biofuels continues to increase due to the growing amount of attention paid to environment protection, the rapid rate of growth of worldwide energy requirements, mainly in developing countries, and the depletion of conventional fossil-fuel resources. Biodiesel, a fuel produced from edible and non-edible vegetable oils (for example, jojoba oil, palm oil, soybean oil, canola, rice bran, sunflower, coconut, rapeseed, and Jatropha curcas), including waste cooking oils or animal fats such as tallow and fish oil.

There are numerous processes that have been studied for the production of biodiesel, both for the first, second and third generation. For instance, through the esterification/transesterification process using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Notwithstanding, most of them are not economically profitable.

This Special Issue on “Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology” aims to present high-quality research studies on biodiesel production and new technologies. Topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Biodiesel purification
  • Esterification/tranesterification processes through homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
  • Catalytic hydrogenation of oils for biodiesel production
  • Third generation resources for biodiesel production
  • Biodiesel production technology
  • Biodiesel production under supercritical conditions
  • Biodiesel and environment

Prof. Dr. Paloma Álvarez Mateos
Prof. Dr. Juan Francisco García Martín
Prof. Dr. Miguel Torres García
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Biodiesel production technologies
  • Biodiesel purification
  • Biodiesel processing
  • Biodiesel resources
  • Biodiesel process design
  • Hydrobiodiesel production

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 194 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on “Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology”
by Juan Francisco García Martín, Miguel Torres García and Paloma Álvarez Mateos
Processes 2023, 11(1), 25; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11010025 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1142
Abstract
Raw oils and fats cannot be directly used in modern diesel engines, as their viscosity is too high [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)

Research

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17 pages, 1476 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of the Hybrid Use of Chlorella vulgaris Culture with the Conventional Biological Treatment in Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants
by Amani Belaiba, Dorsaf Bouharat, Ana Malvis and Gassan Hodaifa
Processes 2021, 9(9), 1640; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9091640 - 11 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2356
Abstract
Currently, most wastewater treatment plants do not meet the legal requirements, especially regarding phosphorus and nitrogen contents. In this work, real primary urban wastewater (P-UW) was used as culture medium for the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. Experiments were carried out in batch [...] Read more.
Currently, most wastewater treatment plants do not meet the legal requirements, especially regarding phosphorus and nitrogen contents. In this work, real primary urban wastewater (P-UW) was used as culture medium for the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. Experiments were carried out in batch photobioreactors at laboratory scale. To determine the maximum nutrient removal levels and the optimal pH value for C. vulgaris growth, the following pH values were studied: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Additionally, two control experiments were conducted using UW and tap water at the same conditions but without microalgae inoculation. The operational conditions were agitation rate = 200 rpm, T = 25 °C, aeration rate = 0.5 L/min, and continuous light with illumination intensity = 359 µE m−2 s−1. Significant higher growth was obtained at pH = 7. The direct use of C. vulgaris for P-UW treatment demonstrated high removal percentages of organic (COD and BOD5 removal = 63.4% and 92.3%, respectively) and inorganic compounds (inorganic carbon removal = 99.6%). The final biomass was characterized by an accumulation of high energetic compounds, mainly carbohydrates, which ranged between 63.3% (pH = 5) and 82.8% (pH = 11) and represent a source of biofuels. These new achievements open up the possibility of new horizons in urban wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)
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14 pages, 2356 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Emissions Characteristics from Urban Bus Fueled with Diesel, Biodiesel and an Oxygenated Additive from Residual Glycerin from Biodiesel Production
by Carmen C. Barrios, Paloma Álvarez-Mateos, Ana Urueña, David Díez and Juan Francisco García-Martín
Processes 2021, 9(6), 987; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9060987 - 03 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2123
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the addition of an oxygenated additive (a mixture of mono-, di- and triacetylglycerol obtained from residual glycerin within the biodiesel production scheme) on the specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the addition of an oxygenated additive (a mixture of mono-, di- and triacetylglycerol obtained from residual glycerin within the biodiesel production scheme) on the specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a EURO 3 diesel bus during its daily route through the city. To do this, the urban bus was fuelled with five fuel blends of diesel (D), biodiesel (B), additive (A) and heptanol as co-surfactant (H). A portable emissions measurement system was used to measure the exhaust gases while an engine exhaust particle system with a dilution system, both installed on the urban bus, was used for nanoparticles measurement in actual operating conditions through the city of Seville. Results showed that B95A5 (95%v/v biodiesel, 5%v/v additive) and B90A10 were the blends that most increased NOx emissions (by 24.12% and 9.85%, respectively) compared to D100. On the other hand, B47.5D47.5A2.5H2.5 was the blend that most reduced total particle number (by 31.6%) and NOx emissions (by 12%). All in all, the oxygenated additive can be efficiently blended with biodiesel to reduce particle emissions from engines without diesel particle filter, such as those in urban buses in many European cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)
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12 pages, 1531 KiB  
Article
Biodiesel Dry Purification Using Unconventional Bioadsorbents
by Emilio Arenas, Stephanie M. Villafán-Cáceres, Yetzin Rodríguez-Mejía, Jonathan A. García-Loyola, Omar Masera and Georgina Sandoval
Processes 2021, 9(2), 194; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9020194 - 21 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4011
Abstract
The dry washing method is an alternative to replace water washing, thereby reducing the negative impacts of contamination. However, commercial adsorbents come from industrial processes that, due to their composition, may not be such a sustainable resource in the global biodiesel production process. [...] Read more.
The dry washing method is an alternative to replace water washing, thereby reducing the negative impacts of contamination. However, commercial adsorbents come from industrial processes that, due to their composition, may not be such a sustainable resource in the global biodiesel production process. In this study, the use of organic residues, such as sawdust, coconut fiber, nutshell, rice husk, and water hyacinth fiber, were proposed as bioadsorbents for the purification of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Quality parameters such as the acid number, water content, and free and total glycerin content were evaluated and compared with those after purification with commercial adsorbents (Magnesol and Amberlite BD10DRY). Promising results were obtained using sawdust in the purification process, achieving a reduction in the acid number value of 31.3% respect to the unpurified biodiesel. Indeed, the reduction with sawdust was more efficient than with Amberlite BD10DRY (that increased the acid number). In addition, sawdust reduced free glycerin by 54.8%, again more efficient than Amberlite BD10DRY. The total glycerin values were similar between commercial adsorbents and sawdust. Water content after purification with sawdust was similar to the obtained with Amberlite BD10DRY and better than with Magnesol (399, 417, and 663 mg/kg respectively). These results show that sawdust can be used as an alternative bioadsorbent in a dry purification method for biodiesel, generating less environmental impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)
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11 pages, 1303 KiB  
Article
Thermal Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel/Petrodiesel Blends by Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Its Calculated Cetane Index
by Jilliano B. Silva, Josue S. Almeida, Rodrigo V. Barbosa, Glauber J. T. Fernandes, Ana C. F. Coriolano, Valter J. Fernandes, Jr. and Antonio S. Araujo
Processes 2021, 9(1), 174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9010174 - 18 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3546
Abstract
Diesel fuel mixtures with high concentrations of biodiesel have been investigated to analyze the technical feasibility of their use in diesel cycle engines regarding thermal and oxidative properties. The results of combined techniques of oxidative stability, high Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (P-DSC), Calculated [...] Read more.
Diesel fuel mixtures with high concentrations of biodiesel have been investigated to analyze the technical feasibility of their use in diesel cycle engines regarding thermal and oxidative properties. The results of combined techniques of oxidative stability, high Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (P-DSC), Calculated Cetane Index (CCI), and calorific power were used to verify the effect of the thermal-oxidative stability as a function of the percentage of biodiesel in the mixtures. The obtained results evidenced that the thermal and oxidative stability decreased with the addition of biodiesel from 50 to 5% v/v. Low stability fuels require rapid use as the oxidation compounds degrade the product and impair vehicle performance, as well as lead to corrosion and clogging problems in various mechanical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)
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18 pages, 5778 KiB  
Article
Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Biodiesel Synthesis Catalyzed by Radiation-Induced Kenaf Catalyst in Packed-Bed Reactor
by Nur Haryani Zabaruddin, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Nor Hasimah Mohamed and Thomas Shean Yaw Choong
Processes 2020, 8(10), 1289; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8101289 - 14 Oct 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3313
Abstract
In this study, continuous transesterification of refined palm oil by using radiation-induced kenaf denoted as anion exchange kenaf catalyst in a packed-bed reactor was developed. The application of full factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) [...] Read more.
In this study, continuous transesterification of refined palm oil by using radiation-induced kenaf denoted as anion exchange kenaf catalyst in a packed-bed reactor was developed. The application of full factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) was used to design the process and analyzed the effect of reactor operating variables such as packed bed height, the molar ratio of oil to ethanol and volumetric flow rate on the production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE). The statistical analysis results showed that all three operating parameters affect the reaction efficiency significantly. The optimum conditions were determined to be 9.81 cm packed bed height, a molar ratio at 1:50, and a volumetric flow rate of 0.38 mL min−1. Three tests were carried out to verify the optimum combination of process parameters. The predicted and actual values of molar conversion fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) molar conversion were 97.29% and 96.87%, respectively. The reusability of kenaf fiber-based catalysts is discussed with a specially highlighted on fiber dissolution, leaching, and fouling. Nevertheless, the impurities absorption properties of anion exchange kenaf catalyst towards biodiesel production could eventually simplify the biodiesel purification steps and cost. In sum, anion exchange kenaf catalyst shows the potential commercial applications to transesterification of FAEE in a packed-bed reactor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)
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Review

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15 pages, 937 KiB  
Review
Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review
by Nurhani Fatihah Jariah, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap and Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan
Processes 2021, 9(7), 1198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9071198 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4230
Abstract
Biodiesel or known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is a diesel fuel substitute derived from the transesterification reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of suitable catalyst. The demand for biodiesel is increasing due to environmental and health awareness, as well [...] Read more.
Biodiesel or known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is a diesel fuel substitute derived from the transesterification reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of suitable catalyst. The demand for biodiesel is increasing due to environmental and health awareness, as well as diminishing energy security. However, the presence of impurities in biodiesel will affect engine performance by corroding fuel tubes and damaging the injectors. Common methods for the purification of biodiesel include water washing, dry washing and membrane separation. This mini review compares the technological advancement for efficient enhancement of biodiesel and glycerol refining between wet washing, dry washing (activated compound, biomass-based adsorbents and silica-based adsorbents), ion exchange and membrane separation technology. The percentage of glycerol residues, soap, alcohol and catalyst from crude biodiesel was compared to reflect the resulting biodiesel purity variation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)
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15 pages, 1806 KiB  
Review
Biodiesel and Other Value-Added Products from Bio-Oil Obtained from Agrifood Waste
by Francisco José Sánchez-Borrego, Paloma Álvarez-Mateos and Juan F. García-Martín
Processes 2021, 9(5), 797; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9050797 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7105
Abstract
Bio-oil is a promising source of chemicals and renewable fuels. As the liquid phase obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass, the composition and amount of bio-oil generated depend not only on the type of the biomass but also on the conditions under which [...] Read more.
Bio-oil is a promising source of chemicals and renewable fuels. As the liquid phase obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass, the composition and amount of bio-oil generated depend not only on the type of the biomass but also on the conditions under which pyrolysis is performed. Most fossil fuels can be replaced by bio-oil-derived products. Thus, bio-oil can be used directly or co-fed along with fossil fuels in boilers, transformed into fuel for car engines by hydrodeoxygenation or even used as a more suitable source for H2 production than biomass. On the other hand, due to its rich composition in compounds resulting from the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, bio-oil co-acts as a source of various value-added chemicals such as aromatic compounds. This review presents an overview of the potential applications of bio-oils and the pyrolysis conditions under which they are obtained. Then, different extraction methods for value-added chemicals, along with the most recent developments, are discussed and future research directions for bio-oil upgrades are highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel Production Processes and Technology)
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