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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Satellite Missions for Earth and Planetary Exploration".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2023) | Viewed by 18365

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Prof. Dr. Jong-Hoon Won

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Guest Editor

Department Electrical and Computer Engineeing, Engineering School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
Interests: GNSS signal design; receiver and signal processing; autonomous driving
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Nobuaki Kubo

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Guest Editor

Department of Maritime Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan
Interests: multipath mitigation; software GNSS receiver; RTK/PPP; PPP-RTK; GNSS applications (car, ship, pedestrian)
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The successful deployment of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) by service providers gives us new opportunities and challenges to provide reliable position, navigation, and timing solution that is essential for modern human life. They are composed of four global players, such as the United States’ global positioning system (GPS), Russian global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), European Galileo, and Chinses Beidou navigation satellite system (BDS), and two regional players, such as the Japanese quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS), and Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS). The multiple uses of GNSS in a device or service provides new possibilities and challenges for the use of sophisticated methods, developed in the field of high-precision and geoscience applications, for practical applications of various grades of GNSS receivers. Algorithmic advancements are a key factor for the opportunities and challenges in enhancing the accuracy, availability, interoperability, and integrity of a range of practical GNSS applications.

This Special Issue aims at studies covering recent advances and future challenges in GNSS technology for various research investigations as well as a range of practical applications. We encourage both theoretical and applied research contributions on the use of GNSS technology in all disciplines. Topics may cover anything from the GNSS algorithms and applications for remote sensing, atmospheric modeling and applications to more comprehensive aims and scales. Hence, GNSS receivers, positioning algorithms, important contemporary applications, and software tool developments for data collection and processing, as well as their applications in various fields are welcome.

Articles may address, but are not limited, to the following topics:

- GNSS technology

- GNSS algorithms and applications

- High-precision GNSS methods

- New methods for atmospheric modeling and applications

- Advances in GNSS signal processing and theoretical modeling

- Design, prototyping, and testing of positioning and timing devices and services

- Space Service Volume (SSV) applications

- Next-generation navigation purpose signal design

- GNSS applications to position, navigation, and timing-based devices and services

Prof. Dr. Jong-Hoon Won
Prof. Dr. Nobuaki Kubo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

GNSS technology
receiver and signal processing
new signal design for next-generation GNSS
navigation applications
autonomous (or self-) driving

Related Special Issue

Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications (Second Edition) in Remote Sensing

Published Papers (11 papers)

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18 pages, 4759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Radio Frequency Compatibility for New Radio Navigation Satellite Service Signal Design in the L6-Band

by Subin Lee, Kahee Han and Jong-Hoon Won

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(2), 319; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs16020319 - 12 Jan 2024

Viewed by 938

Abstract

The L- and S-bands are becoming increasingly congested with the modernization of radio navigation satellite service (RNSS) systems and the development of a new satellite navigation system. In order to solve the problem of frequency band congestion, compatibility performance assessment is essential when designing a new RNSS signal. This paper proposes a three-step compatibility assessment methodology for the design of new RNSS signals and evaluates the compatibility performance of L6-band signals based on the proposed methodology. The open signals of Galileo, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), as well as the three candidate signals of the new RNSS, are considered for the compatibility assessment. Based on the assessment results, this paper shows that the interference caused by the introduction of a new RNSS signal in the L6-band is tolerable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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14 pages, 2347 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Noncoherent Channel Combining for GNSS Signal Tracking with an Adaptive Antenna Array

by Song Li, Honglei Lin, Xiaomei Tang, Chunjiang Ma and Feixue Wang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(2), 213; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs16020213 - 05 Jan 2024

Viewed by 562

Abstract

Adaptive antenna arrays are widely used to protect Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers from interference. However, conventional blind anti-jamming array processing methods can cause satellite signal attenuation, which reduces signal tracking precision and measurement accuracy. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes the noncoherent channel combining method for GNSS signal tracking with an adaptive antenna array. A two-stage processing architecture is applied in the proposed method, where the first stage implements interference suppression, and the second stage achieves noncoherent channel combining. The proposed method has the advantage of blind characteristics that can be implemented without any other auxiliary information. It also reveals a unified processing architecture for anti-jamming array processing methods. Thus, a detailed comparison and analysis of the proposed method with several typical blind anti-jamming methods is performed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and its superiority over existing methods in terms of tracking performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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22 pages, 6270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sub-Nanosecond UTC Dissemination Based on BDS-3 PPP-B2b Service

by Zhe Zhang, Baoqi Sun, Kan Wang, Xiaohong Han, Haiyan Yang, Ge Wang, Meifang Wu, Yuanxin Wang, Changjiang Geng and Xuhai Yang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(1), 43; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs16010043 - 21 Dec 2023

Viewed by 775

Abstract

The BeiDou-3 system (BDS-3) broadcasts PPP-B2b signals to provide real-time PPP service. Compared with the traditional PPP technique, the PPP-B2b service broadcasts corrections through satellite links, covers a wide area, and is independent of the internet. With the PPP-B2b service, users can obtain high-precision positioning information through the real-time PPP. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the positioning performance of PPP-B2b. In theory, high-precision timing information could also be obtained through PPP-B2b. With the development of science and technology, the need for highly accurate time measurement, even at the sub-nanosecond level, is experiencing significant growth. However, the GNSS standard timing service can hardly meet these requirements. This contribution analyzes the timing performance of the PPP-B2b service and proposes a sub-nanosecond precise timing method of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) based on the PPP-B2b service. BDS-3 and GPS observations from nine tracking stations and real-time collected PPP-B2b corrections over 516 days were used to analyze the performance of the proposed timing method. The results show that: (1) The difference between the PPP-B2b-restored UTC, which was realized by one-way timing with the UTC offsets in broadcast ephemeris, and UTC (NTSC), fluctuates within a few ns. (2) The timing uncertainty of the zero baseline based on the proposed method is better than 0.2 ns. (3) Compared with the post-processed PPP time transfer, the UTC dissemination uncertainty of the short and long baseline with the proposed method is better than 0.7 ns. The experiment results verified the feasibility of the proposed sub-nanosecond level precise UTC dissemination method based on the PPP-B2b service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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22 pages, 9962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Data Quality Assessment Approach for High-Precision GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) with Case Studies in Hong Kong and Canada/USA

by Lawrence Lau and Kai-Wing Tai

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(7), 1925; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs15071925 - 03 Apr 2023

Viewed by 2662

Abstract

Centimeter-level or better positioning accuracy is needed in engineering surveying applications. When employing the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in engineering surveying, the high-precision real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning method must be used to achieve such positioning accuracy. Currently, precise point positioning (PPP) cannot reliably achieve the positioning accuracy needed for engineering surveying in real time. The high-precision RTK positioning method needs carrier-phase measurements and a reference station/network. Surveyors may not need a GNSS receiver in their organizations/companies to act as the reference station. Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), run by international/national organizations/agencies or private companies such as GNSS receiver manufacturers, let users freely access the raw GNSS measurements or corrections for real-time and post-processing applications. The positioning accuracy of the GNSS rover is affected by the data quality of the reference stations, including virtual reference stations (VRS). The International GNSS Service (IGS) currently provides the number of cycle slips and the L1 and L2 average pseudorange multipath errors per station daily. The US National Geodetic Survey (NGS) provides daily station coordinate residuals. Carrier-phase data quality of the CORS stations is not provided by their organizations/agencies. Nowadays, many CORS stations track multi-GNSS satellites. This paper proposes a multi-GNSS and multi-frequency data quality assessment approach for CORS stations with a focus on carrier-phase data quality. The proposed approach is demonstrated with case studies on IGS/CORS networks in Hong Kong and Canada/USA. In other words, a strategy to obtain non-linear combined carrier-phase multipath errors and noise is proposed in this work. The data quality of a CORS station depends on the site environment, monument type and height, and GNSS receiver/antenna. An account of the data quality at some selected stations is given; the main focus of the paper is on the proposed data quality assessment approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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21 pages, 7047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Structural Displacements on a Wall with Five-Constellation Precise Point Positioning: A Position-Constrained Method and the Performance Analyses

by Feng-Yu Chu and Yin-Wei Chen

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(5), 1314; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs15051314 - 27 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1235

Abstract

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) technique has been commonly applied to structural displacement monitoring. Considering the sheltering effect, GNSS receivers are regularly mounted on the top of a structure, but the structure is often not a rigid body; therefore, the receiver should also be mounted on the wall of the structure. Combining five constellations, GNSS can effectively reduce the sheltering effect. Therefore, this study attempts to apply the five-constellation PPP technique to monitor structural long-term displacements on the wall (SLDW) and structural vibrational displacements on the wall (SVDW) and then analyze their performance. Two novel methods are proposed in monitoring SVDW. Firstly, semi-generated measurements are designed to generate pseudo-environments with vibrations for the receiver. Therefore, additional instruments are not necessary to generate vibrations. Secondly, to further reduce the sheltering effect, a position-constrained PPP (PCPPP) model is developed. Formal performance analyses are presented in this study, and the results show that using the five-constellation PPP to monitor SLDW and SVDW in the horizontal direction is possible as long as the sheltering effect over the half sky of the receiver is not severe. In monitoring SVDW, the PCPPP model can perform better than the classical PPP model and be successful in the horizontal direction when the condition of elevation cutoff is given as high as 50°. For Asia-Pacific mid-low-latitude regions, the global positioning system (GPS) and BeiDou system (BDS) are important to maintain the availability of monitoring SVDW. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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21 pages, 3866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Precise Single-Frequency Time and Frequency Transfer with Galileo E1/E5a/E5b/E5/E6 Observations

by Wei Xu, Chao Yan and Jian Chen

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(21), 5371; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14215371 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1319

Abstract

With the rapid upgrade of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) single-frequency (SF) receivers and the increasing market demand for low-cost hardware, SF precise point positioning (PPP) technology has been widely applied in the time and frequency field. The five-frequency signals provided by the whole constellation of Galileo bring more opportunities for the application of SF PPP in time and frequency transfer. In this contribution, using Galileo’s multi-frequency observations, three SF PPP time and frequency transfer models, i.e., the un-combined (UC) model, the ionosphere-free-half (IFH) model, and the ionosphere-weighted constraints (IWCs) model are established. SF PPP time and frequency transfer performance with Galileo E1, E5a, E5b, E5, and E6 multi-frequency observations is evaluated using four links (947.7 km to 1331.6 km) with five external high-precision atomic clocks stations. The results show that the time and frequency transfer performance of SF-UC and SF-IWC is better than that of SF-IFH, and the timing accuracy of SF-UC and SF-IWC is similar. SF PPP time and transfer performance with E5, E5a, E5b, and E6 signals is improved compared with traditional E1 signal. Among them, the frequency stability of E5 improves the most (about 58%), and that of E6 improves the least (about 14%). In addition, the difference in frequency stability between SF and double-frequency (DF) PPP decreases gradually with an increase in average time, and the frequency stability difference between SF and DF PPP can reach 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ in 120,000 s, indicating that SF PPP has the potential to achieve DF PPP frequency stability. Considering the possible frequency data loss during actual observation, the cost of the GNSS SF receiver, and the advantages of Galileo multi-frequency observations, SF PPP can also meet the long-time time and frequency transfer requirements, and the SF-IWC model based on Galileo E5 observations is more recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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16 pages, 4976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of BDS/GPS Multi-Frequency RTK Positioning Performance under Different Baseline Lengths

by Ershen Wang, Wei Song, Yize Zhang, Xiaozhu Shi, Zhi Wang, Song Xu and Wansen Shu

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(15), 3561; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14153561 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1710

Abstract

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is fully operational and provides positioning, navigation, and timing services to users worldwide. To comprehensively evaluate the BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) global real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning performance, five sets of IGS/MEGX stations with different baseline lengths are selected in this research, and the visibility of current BDS-3, BDS-2+BDS-3, and Global Positioning System (GPS) system satellites are analyzed. The single frequency, dual-frequency, and triple-frequency positioning accuracy as well as ambiguity fixing rate under short baseline and long baseline are also analyzed. The experimental results show that the positioning accuracies of B1C, BII, L1, and B3I single-frequency bands were about the same, while for band B2a it was lower. For the short baseline dual-frequency RTK positioning mode, the accuracy of BDS-3 (B1C/B2a), BDS-3 (B1I/B3I), triple-frequency BDS-3 (B1C/B2a/B3I), and GPS (L1L2) is comparable and slightly better than that of BDS-3 (B1I/B3I). With the increase in baseline length, the advantages of dual-frequency BDS-3 (B1C/B2a) and triple frequency BDS (B1C/B2a/B3I) are more obvious, with triple-frequency BDS-3 (B1C/B2a/B3I) having the best positioning accuracy. In terms of ambiguity fixing performance, dual-frequency BDS-2+BDS-3 (B1I/B3I) and dual-frequency GPS (L1L2) have the highest ambiguity fixing rate. The ambiguity fixing rate of dual-frequency BDS-3 (B1C/B2a) and triple-frequency BDS-3 (B1C/B2a/B3I) can be higher than 90% within 100 km. In the case of positioning using only the BDS-3 system, the triple-frequency BDS-3 (B1C/B2a/B3I) is superior to both the dual-frequency BDS-3 (B1I/B3I) and dual-frequency BDS-3 (B1C/B2a) in terms of both positioning accuracy and ambiguity fixing rate. The BDS-2+BDS-3 (B1I/B3I) dual-frequency RTK, which has reached a level comparable to GPS, can provide global users with real-time centimeter-level differential positioning services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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23 pages, 27047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Galileo Time Transfer with Five-Frequency Uncombined PPP: A Posteriori Weighting, Inter-Frequency Bias, Precise Products and Multi-Frequency Contribution

by Zhehao Zhang and Lin Pan

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(11), 2538; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14112538 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

Galileo satellites can broadcast signals on five frequencies, namely E1, E5A, E5B, E5 (A+B), and E6. The multi-frequency integration has become an emerging trend in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data processing. This study focused on the precise time transfer based on Galileo five-frequency uncombined precise point positioning (PPP), including the performance comparison of PPP time transfer with a priori and a posteriori weighting strategies, with different inter-frequency bias (IFB) dynamic models, and with the precise satellite products from different analysis centers, as well as the contribution of multi-frequency observations for time transfer. Compared with the a priori weighting strategy, the short-term frequency stability of time transfer adopting the Helmert variance component estimation method can be improved by 28.9–37.6% when the average time is shorter than 100 s. The effect of IFB dynamic models on Galileo five-frequency PPP time transfer is not obvious. When employing the post-processed precise satellite products from seven analysis centers, the accuracy of time transfer can be better than 0.1 ns, while an accuracy of 0.253 ns can be obtained in the real-time mode. At an average time of approximately 10,000 s, the post-processed time transfer with Galileo five-frequency PPP can provide a frequency stability of 3.283 × 10⁻¹⁴ to 3.459 × 10⁻¹⁴, while that in real-time mode can be 3.541 × 10⁻¹⁴. Compared with dual-frequency PPP results, the contribution of multi-frequency combination to the accuracy and frequency stability of time transfer is not significant, but multi-frequency PPP can achieve more reliable time transfer results when the signal quality is poor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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30 pages, 9780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shipborne GNSS-Determined Sea Surface Heights Using Geoid Model and Realistic Dynamic Topography

by Sander Varbla, Aive Liibusk and Artu Ellmann

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(10), 2368; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14102368 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1854

Abstract

With an increasing demand for accurate and reliable estimates of sea surface heights (SSH) from coastal and marine applications, approaches based on GNSS positioning have become favored, to bridge the gap between tide gauge (TG) and altimetry measurements in the coastal zone, and to complement offshore altimetry data. This study developed a complete methodology for jointly deriving and validating shipborne GNSS-determined SSH, using a geoid model and realistic dynamic topography estimates. An approach that combines the properties of hydrodynamic models and TG data was developed to obtain the latter. Tide gauge data allow estimating the spatiotemporal bias of a hydrodynamic model and, thus, linking it to the used vertical datums (e.g., a novel geoid-based Baltic Sea Chart Datum 2000). However, TG data may be erroneous and represent different conditions than offshore locations. The qualities of spatiotemporal bias are, hence, used to constrain TG data errors. Furthermore, a rigid system of four GNSS antennas was used to ensure SSH accuracy. Besides eliminating the vessel’s attitude effect on measurement data, the rigid system also provides a means for internal validation, suggesting a 4.1 cm height determination accuracy in terms of standard deviation. The methodology also involves eliminating the effect of sea state conditions via a low-pass filter and empirical estimation of vessel sailing-related corrections, such as the squat effect. The different data validation (e.g., examination of residual values and intersection analyses) results, ranging from 1.8 cm to 5.5 cm in terms of standard deviation, indicate an SSH determination accuracy of around 5 cm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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21 pages, 6911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Estimating the Optimal Coefficient of L1C/B1C Signal Correlator Joint Receiving

by Yao Guo, Decai Zou, Xue Wang, Yongnan Rao, Peng Shang, Ziyue Chu and Xiaochun Lu

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(6), 1401; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14061401 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

The design of a modern Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been exceptionally valued by the military and civilians of various countries. The inclusion of the pilot channel in addition to the navigation data channel is considered one of the major changes in GNSS modernization. Schemes of an equal weight combination (1:1 combination) and power ratio combination for data and pilot are primarily adopted by traditional receivers. With the emergence of the new data and pilot modulation signals with unequal power, such as L1C at Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 frequency and B1C at BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) B1 frequency, the traditional combination coefficient cannot achieve optimal reception performance. Considering the influence of the combination coefficient on the reception performance, the optimal coefficient of the correlator joint is estimated in this paper. The entire architecture of the data/pilot correlator joint tracking and positioning with unequal power is given. Based on the equivalence principle of the correlator joint and the discriminator joint, the optimal coefficient of the carrier loop is determined. A mathematical model of joint code tracking accuracy is established, and the optimal coefficient of the code loop is determined. The real-life satellite signal and simulation results show that the amplitude–ratio combined scheme is the best for receiving of correlator joints, followed by the power–ratio combination scheme and, finally, the 1:1 combination scheme. It is worth mentioning that the positioning accuracy of the amplitude–ratio combination is improved by 2% compared to the 1:1 combination, and by 1.3% compared to the power–ratio combination for B1C signal. The positioning accuracy of the amplitude–ratio combination is improved by 2.37% compared to the 1:1 combination, and by 1.6% compared to the power–ratio combination for L1C signal. The conclusions of this paper are validated for the traditional data/pilot with an equal power allocation. The techniques and test results provide technical support for GNSS high-precision-user receivers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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10 pages, 3071 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Feasibility Analysis of GPS L2C Signals for SSV Receivers on SBAS GEO Satellites

by Hak-Beom Lee, Ki-Ho Kwon and Jong-Hoon Won

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(21), 5329; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14215329 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1509

Abstract

This paper analyzes the feasibility of Global Positioning System (GPS) L2C signals for use with the space service volume (SSV) receiver on satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites equipped with L1 and L5 band signal transmitters. Augmentation signals transmitted at L1 and L5 bands from SBAS GEO satellites may interfere with the same bands of SSV GPS-receiving antennas. Therefore, the use of L1 and L5 band signals for the GPS SSV receiver on SBAS GEO satellites is prohibited, and the GPS L2C signal is selected. Unlike ground systems, the various constraints of space exploration in GEO should be considered. Therefore, signal feasibility analysis is essential before considering the use of new global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals in GEO. This paper presents satellite visibility, dilution of precision, and navigation solution error when the GPS L2C signal is used in GEO satellites through numerical simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-GNSS: Methods, Challenges, and Applications)

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