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Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology
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Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2024) | Viewed by 7648

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology (FTKEE), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Taman Tasik Utama, Ayer Keroh 75450, Malacca, Malaysia
Interests: UWB antennas; metamaterial and metasurface; microwave sensors; reflectors; 5G and sub 6 GHz
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In today's world, advanced communication and monitoring systems, including pollution detection, environmental sensor radio links, radars, and mobile devices, require antennas and sensors capable of functioning in complex environments and capturing various physical parameters related to the environment. Specifically, emerging systems designed for acquiring and monitoring environmental data offer a range of services that demand a high level of adaptability within limited system dimensions.

Alongside the traditional services provided by previous systems, such as ultra-broadband internet connection, IP telephony, mobile web access, data postprocessing, data storage, and other exciting applications involving artificial intelligence (AI) for data management and processing, these systems can be integrated with 5G devices. In this context, the development of suitable radiating systems and specialized microwave sensors becomes crucial for the design of next-generation monitoring systems. These antenna systems and sensors must be lightweight, cost-effective, and capable of maintaining high levels of performance in any environment.

Microwave antennas with fully adaptive properties are essential for significantly enhancing the performance of monitoring systems and are widely utilized in various fields, including environmental and structural engineering monitoring, precision agriculture, pollution monitoring, and other practical and fascinating applications. The primary objective of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of ongoing research on microwave antennas and sensors, highlight the latest advancements and innovations in the field, and identify new challenges and opportunities for applications.

Dr. Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microwave sensors
  • switched beam antenna
  • sum/difference arrays
  • reconfigurable antennas
  • reconfigurable antennas based on parasitic elements
  • MEMS-reconfigurable antennas
  • multibeam antennas
  • multifrequency antennas
  • antenna control algorithms
  • long-range RFID
  • chipless RFID
  • chipless sensors
  • modulated scattering technique (MST) sensors
  • radar sensors

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 2320 KiB  
Article
Design of a Compact and Minimalistic Intermediate Phase Shifting Feed Network for Ka-Band Electrical Beam Steering
by Sebastian Verho and Jae-Young Chung
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1235; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24041235 - 15 Feb 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
Intermediate phase shifting is a footprint- and cost-reduction technique for reconfigurable feed networks. These feed networks are utilized in antenna arrays to perform electrical beam steering. In intermediate phase shifting, a phase shifter is shared between two adjacent antennas. Conventionally, antennas only have [...] Read more.
Intermediate phase shifting is a footprint- and cost-reduction technique for reconfigurable feed networks. These feed networks are utilized in antenna arrays to perform electrical beam steering. In intermediate phase shifting, a phase shifter is shared between two adjacent antennas. Conventionally, antennas only have individual phase shifters. With shared phase shifters, we reduce the number of components and the footprint by 25%. Consequently, this decreases the price and enables designs at millimeter-wave frequencies where space is limited due to frequency-dependent antenna spacing. This intermediate phase shifting is demonstrated by designing a reconfigurable feed network for the Ka-band that generates a continuous phase shift profile for beam steering. Due to the use of varactors and a novel biasing method, it does not require expensive beamformer integrated chips or lumped components for biasing. The feed network is combined with a 4 × 4 antenna array to demonstrate its beam-steering capabilities. The result is a high-density and minimalistic design that fits in a small volume of 25.6 × 25.6 × 0.95 mm3. With this small antenna array, the main beam is steered at ±40∘ broadside, providing full 1D and restricted 2D steering. It is a potential candidate for wireless sensor and mobile networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology)
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12 pages, 3159 KiB  
Article
Deeply Implanted Conformal Antenna for Real-Time Bio-Telemetry Applications
by Ladislau Matekovits, Farzad Mir, Gianluca Dassano and Ildiko Peter
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1170; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24041170 - 10 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 996
Abstract
The design and experimental verification of a deeply implanted conformal printed antenna is presented. The hip implant acts as the ground plane for a coaxial-cable-fed trapezoidal radiator designed to transmit biological signals collected within the body by proper biosensors. The arrangement, consisting of [...] Read more.
The design and experimental verification of a deeply implanted conformal printed antenna is presented. The hip implant acts as the ground plane for a coaxial-cable-fed trapezoidal radiator designed to transmit biological signals collected within the body by proper biosensors. The arrangement, consisting of a metallic (or equivalent) hip implant, bio-compatible gypsum-based dielectric, and conformal radiator, was tested when the hosting 3D-printed plastic bone was immersed in tissue-like liquid contained in a plastic bucket. The dimensions of the set-up are similar to a human leg. Matching and radiation characteristics are presented in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band (2.4–2.5 GHz), showing the feasibility of the proposed arrangement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology)
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15 pages, 10996 KiB  
Article
Multifunction Applications of Filtering Dielectric Resonator Antenna Based on Liquid Crystal
by Ke Xia, Lei Zhang and Haifeng Zhang
Sensors 2024, 24(1), 115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s24010115 - 25 Dec 2023
Viewed by 823
Abstract
In this paper, a new type of multifunctional device is realized by designing a filtering dielectric resonator antenna (FDRA) with liquid crystal (LC). The LC is encapsulated by glass plates and placed between the feeding network and the ground. Firstly, the resonance frequencies [...] Read more.
In this paper, a new type of multifunctional device is realized by designing a filtering dielectric resonator antenna (FDRA) with liquid crystal (LC). The LC is encapsulated by glass plates and placed between the feeding network and the ground. Firstly, the resonance frequencies of the hairpin bandpass filter (|S11| is less than −10 dB) move simultaneously when the dielectric constant of LC changes at different temperatures. Then, the hairpin bandpass filter is extended to an FDRA, and the influence of the dielectric constant of LC on the antenna performance parameters is realized to the function of the temperature sensor. The results show that the dielectric constant of LC has an approximately linear relationship with the resonance frequencies of the FDRA. Simultaneously, the axial ratio, gain, antenna efficiency, E-field distribution, and pattern of the FDRA have changed significantly. Furthermore, the FDRA mainly works in the frequency range of 4.65~5.53 GHz, which has good antenna performance and filtering characteristics. Taking resonance frequency fx as an example, its sensitivity, maximum FOM, minimum detection limit, and minimum resolution are determined to be 95 GHz/RIU, 0.5, 0.1, and 9.68, respectively. The multifunctional device provides a novel approach and solution for the transmission of antenna signals and temperature measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology)
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14 pages, 6449 KiB  
Article
Designing a Compact Dual-Band, Dual-Polarized Antenna for Biotelemetry Communications Using the Characteristic Mode Method
by Xiaoming Xu, Zhiwei Song and Yuchao Wang
Sensors 2023, 23(22), 9094; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23229094 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 955
Abstract
A compact dual-band, dual-polarized, implantable antenna was designed using the characteristic mode method for operation in the wireless medical telemetry service (WMTS) band (1.4 GHz) and the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (2.45 GHz). By utilizing slotting techniques and materials with high [...] Read more.
A compact dual-band, dual-polarized, implantable antenna was designed using the characteristic mode method for operation in the wireless medical telemetry service (WMTS) band (1.4 GHz) and the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (2.45 GHz). By utilizing slotting techniques and materials with high dielectric constants, the antenna volume was minimized to 47.4 mm3, and circular polarization was gained in the WMTS band by using the characteristic mode method. A three-layer physical model of human tissues was constructed in a simulation, and a biogel and minced pork were used in the measurements. The measured peak gains are −20.85 dBi (1.4 GHz) and −22.15 dBi (2.45 GHz). The measured effective axis ratio bandwidth in the WMTS band is 170 MHz (1.33–1.50 GHz, 12.0%), and the impedance bandwidth in the ISM band is 390 MHz (2.21–2.60 GHz, 16.2%). At 1.4 GHz and 2.45 GHz, the largest 1 g average SAR values are 376 W/Kg and 318 W/Kg, which comply with IEEE C95.1-1999. Moreover, when the communication chain affinity exceeds 20 dB for 1.4 GHz and 2.4 GHz, the transceiver range reaches 8.2 m and 9.7 m. This antenna can be used for implantable wireless telemetry systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology)
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15 pages, 11641 KiB  
Article
Mutual Coupling Reduction in MIMO DRA through Metamaterials
by Muhammad Sabir Khan, Shahid Khan, Owais Khan, Sajid Aqeel, Neelam Gohar and Mariana Dalarsson
Sensors 2023, 23(18), 7720; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23187720 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1308
Abstract
A single negative metamaterial structure with hexagonal split-ring resonators (H-SRRs) is inserted within a two-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) in order to achieve a reduction of mutual coupling between closed multiple antenna elements. Between closed, tightly coupled, high-profile antenna elements, [...] Read more.
A single negative metamaterial structure with hexagonal split-ring resonators (H-SRRs) is inserted within a two-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) in order to achieve a reduction of mutual coupling between closed multiple antenna elements. Between closed, tightly coupled, high-profile antenna elements, the single negative magnetic inclusions (H-SRRs) are embedded. By incorporating magnetic structures within antenna elements, the mutual coupling is significantly diminished. Mutual coupling reduction is attained by inserting an array of hexagonal split-ring resonators between the inter-spacing elements. An operative approach for the reduction of the mutual coupling between two × two MIMO DRAs initially operating at 5.2-GHz band is provided. To make the simulated design replica of the fabricated prototype, an air gap is introduced between the substrate, DRs, and H-SSRs. The addition of the air gap shifts the simulated results to 5.9 GHz, which closely resembles the measured values. The mutual coupling reduction is realized by integrating a meta-surface amid the two × two MIMO DRAs, which are settled in the H-plane. The meta-surface embraces an array of hexagonal split-ring resonator (H-SRR) cells that are unified along the E-plane. The H-SRR structure is designed to offer band-stop functionality within the antenna bandwidth. The proposed design has an overall dimension of 40 × 58.3 × 4.75 mm3 (1.5λ × 1.02λ × 0.079λ). By stacking the DRA with a one × three array of H-SRR unit cells, a 30 dB reduction in the mutual coupling level is attained without compromising on the antenna performance. The corresponding mutual impedance of the MIMO DRA is better than 30 dB over 5.9–6.1 GHz operating bandwidth. The proposed design has a DG of 10 db, ECC < 0.02, CCL < 0.02 bits/s/Hz, and an MEG of 0 dB. The overall design has a promising performance, which shows its suitability for the target wireless application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology)
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Review

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27 pages, 3736 KiB  
Review
A Review of Lunar Communications and Antennas: Assessing Performance in the Context of Propagation and Radiation
by Elham Serria, Rida Gadhafi, Sara AlMaeeni, Husameldin Mukhtar, Abigail Copiaco, Raed Abd-Alhameed, Frederic Lemieux and Wathiq Mansoor
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9832; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23249832 - 14 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2060
Abstract
Over the previous two decades, a notable array of space exploration missions have been initiated with the primary aim of facilitating the return of both humans and robots from Earth to the moon. The significance of these endeavors cannot be emphasized enough as [...] Read more.
Over the previous two decades, a notable array of space exploration missions have been initiated with the primary aim of facilitating the return of both humans and robots from Earth to the moon. The significance of these endeavors cannot be emphasized enough as numerous entities, both public and private, from across the globe have invested substantial resources into this pursuit. Researchers have committed their efforts to addressing the challenges linked to lunar communication. Even with all of these efforts, only a few of the many suggested designs for communication and antennas on the moon have been evaluated and compared. These designs have also not been shared with the scientific community. To bridge this gap in the existing body of knowledge, this paper conducts a thorough review of lunar surface communication and the diverse antenna designs employed in lunar communication systems. This paper provides a summary of the findings presented in lunar surface communication research while also outlining the assorted challenges that impact lunar communication. Apart from various antenna designs reported in this field, based on their intended usage, two additional classifications are introduced: (a) mission-based antennas—utilized in actual lunar missions—and (b) research-based antennas—employed solely for research purposes. Given the critical need to comprehend and predict lunar conditions and antenna behaviors within those conditions, this review holds immense significance. Its relevance is particularly pronounced in light of the numerous upcoming lunar missions that have been announced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Sensors and Antenna Topology)
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