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Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning
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Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Urban and Rural Development".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (12 November 2021) | Viewed by 38628

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tatsuhito Kono

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3-6, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Interests: urban planning; project evaluation; urban economics; public economics
Dr. Nao Sugiki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
Interests: integrated land use and transportation modeling; urban microsimulation; public service demand; mobility as a service; evacuation simulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Urban externalities, such as agglomeration economies, traffic congestion, pollution, and a natural ecosystem, strongly affect the quality of urban life as well as the sustainability of cities. These externalities are related to each other. For example, exhaust gas due to road traffic causes air pollution, while agglomeration economies attract people at business areas, which increases population density at every location and brings about urban sprawl. Urban sprawl, furthermore, damages the natural ecosystem and increases traffic. In this manner, the interaction among urban externalities is very complex and spatially heterogeneous. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate the complex and spatial mechanisms when designing policies for urban externalities. This Special Issue focuses on designing land use and transportation policies with urban modeling. Land use and transportation policies can increase welfare and contribute to the sustainability of a city, changing the relative accessibility of various locations and agents and urban externalities.

This Special Issue aims to provide the opportunity to discuss research topics on land use and transportation policies, and their evaluation methods for sustainable urban design, and on modeling the interaction and equilibrium of land use and urban externalities. Original papers are welcome for submission. Research topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Integrated modeling of urban externalities and land use;
  • Advanced simulation models and methods for land use;
  • Land use and accessibility;
  • Future smart cities;
  • Interaction between transport and spatial development;
  • Interrelations between urban activities and a natural ecosystem;
  • Transit-oriented development strategies.

Prof. Dr. Tatsuhito Kono
Dr. Nao Sugiki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • land use
  • transportation
  • externalities
  • environment
  • urban structure
  • accessibility
  • location choice
  • integrated model
  • urban microsimulation model
  • computable urban economic model
  • urban planning
  • smart city

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
Understanding Project Performance with Stochastic Interruption
by Kazuaki Okubo and Makoto Okumura
Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 2964; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14052964 - 03 Mar 2022
Viewed by 1120
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly important to implement projects with care on environmental conditions. Some projects can be carried out only during the allowable season and interrupted during other seasons. Such a project interruption is expected to affect the quality of the project’s outcome [...] Read more.
It is becoming increasingly important to implement projects with care on environmental conditions. Some projects can be carried out only during the allowable season and interrupted during other seasons. Such a project interruption is expected to affect the quality of the project’s outcome through the decision-making of the stakeholders. This paper investigates the impact of interruption on the decision-making of the project owner and the contractor. We consider a project with some work after the interruption period (two-year project), the owner can select another option (one-year project) where all work is completed before the interruption period. If the fixed cost is higher relative to the benefit, our results show that the contractor prefers the one-year project, even when the owner selects the two-year project. We also represent the two threshold values of the interruption length that determine the owner’s selection and relative quality of outcomes, respectively. It was found that a range of interruption length where the selected project does not provide the higher quality outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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15 pages, 2642 KiB  
Article
Big Data: The Engine to Future Cities—A Reflective Case Study in Urban Transport
by Christopher James Pettit, Simone Zarpelon Leao, Oliver Lock, Matthew Ng and Jonathan Reades
Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1727; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031727 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3500
Abstract
In an era of smart cities, artificial intelligence and machine learning, data is purported to be the ‘new oil’, fuelling increasingly complex analytics and assisting us to craft and invent future cities. This paper outlines the role of what we know today as [...] Read more.
In an era of smart cities, artificial intelligence and machine learning, data is purported to be the ‘new oil’, fuelling increasingly complex analytics and assisting us to craft and invent future cities. This paper outlines the role of what we know today as big data in understanding the city and includes a summary of its evolution. Through a critical reflective case study approach, the research examines the application of urban transport big data for informing planning of the city of Sydney. Specifically, transport smart card data, with its diverse constraints, was used to understand mobility patterns through the lens of the 30 min city concept. The paper concludes by offering reflections on the opportunities and challenges of big data and the promise it holds in supporting data-driven approaches to planning future cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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12 pages, 1067 KiB  
Article
Optimal Land Use Regulation for Human–Coyote Conflicts in the Denver Metropolitan Area
by Jun Yoshida and Tatsuhito Kono
Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1210; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031210 - 21 Jan 2022
Viewed by 1668
Abstract
While human–wildlife conflicts are an emerging problem in urban areas, wildlife conservation is needed to sustain human life. Because the degree of conflict depends on land cover types and housing density classes, land-use policies intended to influence both resident and wildlife behavior are [...] Read more.
While human–wildlife conflicts are an emerging problem in urban areas, wildlife conservation is needed to sustain human life. Because the degree of conflict depends on land cover types and housing density classes, land-use policies intended to influence both resident and wildlife behavior are needed. This paper numerically simulates the optimal urban boundary regulation to reduce human–coyote conflicts and conserve the ecosystem. Given the parameters of the Denver Metropolitan Area, the optimal location of the urban boundary is estimated as 1 km farther away from the market city boundary. As a result of the optimization more coyotes emerge in urban areas, while fewer herbivores and plants emerge in natural habitats. Because of a “cascade effect”, that is, secondary-and-later effects on the number of certain species through a food chain, the optimal result sees the number of plants increase with a smaller natural habitat than the market size. This indicates that because both direct and cascade effects are affected by the degree of land-use policies, it is necessary to consider the cascade effect when designing these policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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15 pages, 2776 KiB  
Article
Transition of Socio-Demographic Characteristics in Urban Areas by Applying a Topic Model to Small Area Units
by Makoto Tsukai, Satoko Ohno and Yuta Tsukano
Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 1010; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14021010 - 17 Jan 2022
Viewed by 1118
Abstract
Under the depopulation society in Japan, the hollowing out and suburbanization of urban areas have become very serious problems, but an appropriate analytical tool for land use transition has not yet been proposed. This study analyzes the transitions in socio-demographic characteristics of small [...] Read more.
Under the depopulation society in Japan, the hollowing out and suburbanization of urban areas have become very serious problems, but an appropriate analytical tool for land use transition has not yet been proposed. This study analyzes the transitions in socio-demographic characteristics of small area units in the Fukuoka and Kitakyushu metropolitan areas by applying a topic model to geographical data. Plotting the topic shares on a map clarified the spatial distribution of topics, and the transitions between two cross-sections were analyzed along with other geographical characteristics. Our empirical study showed that the topic model could clearly and quantitatively describe the transitions between two cross-sections of these urban areas. The topic model revealed that the urban center of the Fukuoka metropolitan area was expanding, while the urban center of the Kitakyushu metropolitan area was shrinking. In suburban areas, both metropolitan areas had increasing low-density residential and commercial land use. In the Kitakyushu metropolitan area, this transition could seriously threaten the sustainability of land use, since the total population had significantly decreased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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23 pages, 4753 KiB  
Article
Urban Rail Transit in Bangkok: Chronological Development Review and Impact on Residential Property Value
by Varameth Vichiensan, Vasinee Wasuntarasook, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Masanobu Kii and Titipakorn Prakayaphun
Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 284; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14010284 - 28 Dec 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4670
Abstract
Bangkok suffered from the world’s worst traffic congestion in the 1990s due to rapidly increasing car ownership, reflecting the economic growth and road-dependent transport policy beginning in the 1960s. Due to its monocentric but scattered urban structure, traffic congestion is severe, causing tremendous [...] Read more.
Bangkok suffered from the world’s worst traffic congestion in the 1990s due to rapidly increasing car ownership, reflecting the economic growth and road-dependent transport policy beginning in the 1960s. Due to its monocentric but scattered urban structure, traffic congestion is severe, causing tremendous economic loss, deteriorating air quality, and badly affecting the quality of life. A historical review reveals that the urban and transport plan and development were not efficiently coordinated, resulting in unorganized suburbanization and progressively more severe traffic congestion. It is important to reveal the impact of the transportation project on the housing market in order to incorporate the policies for transportation and urban development. To define the impact, the OLS hedonic price model and the local multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model were estimated, along with the condominium sales data. The results revealed that the impact of rail transit on a rise in property value significantly varied across the study area. It was estimated that, for the area along the major rail transit corridor in the city center, a premium of a location 100-m closer to the station would be more than 200 USD per square meter. At the same time, the value would be less than 80 USD for the area along the rail corridor in the suburb. These findings provide policy insights for future urban and railway development, including the proper coordination of rail transit development and urban development with subcenters, transit-oriented development, and improved pedestrian flow around transit stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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17 pages, 1586 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Bus Fare Structure to Observe Modal Shift, Operator Profit, and Land-Use Choices through Combined Unified Transport Model
by Nazam Ali, Shoichiro Nakayama and Hiromichi Yamaguchi
Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010139 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3091
Abstract
In order to design sustainable urban transport systems, the inclusion of the behaviors of different stakeholders is imperative. In this study, we formulated the interactions of behaviors between transport operator, landowner, workplace, residence, route and mode choices, and location of firms and businesses [...] Read more.
In order to design sustainable urban transport systems, the inclusion of the behaviors of different stakeholders is imperative. In this study, we formulated the interactions of behaviors between transport operator, landowner, workplace, residence, route and mode choices, and location of firms and businesses through a combined unified model of land-use and transport system. The commuters have two mode choices for traveling: private car and public bus. They are inclined to choose a transit mode with minimum traveling costs. We combined two models, maximization of operator profit constrained by bus frequency, while maintaining the formulation of other stakeholders through an assignment sub-model. The resulting formulation is bi-level, which is optimally solved for a small-sized instance containing two zones. The findings suggest that if the bus fare is reduced, the demand of public bus is increased. However, the operators’ profit is optimized within a certain range of fares and is lowered when the fare is too low or too high. It is determined that maximum bus frequency does not guarantee maximum profit to the service operator. The impacts of traveling costs on residence choice behavior suggest that if link fares are more, many of people opt not to travel between different zones. The analysis results presented in this paper are calculated for two types of link fares: a fixed fare (30 currency), and a range of link fare (5 to 100 currency). Different variants of the same formulation can be applied for real settings to better comprehend the nature of the model and its applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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21 pages, 2031 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Transport and Location Policies to Realize the Carbon-Free Urban Society
by Shinichi Muto, Hiroto Toyama and Akina Takai
Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 14; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14010014 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
The Japanese Government has declared that it will become carbon-free by 2050. Urban planning to realize a carbon-free society is proposed in the context of urban transport policy, which are policies to agglomerate urban facilities and link among them by public transport. However, [...] Read more.
The Japanese Government has declared that it will become carbon-free by 2050. Urban planning to realize a carbon-free society is proposed in the context of urban transport policy, which are policies to agglomerate urban facilities and link among them by public transport. However, transport and location policies to regulate land use are afraid to generate an economic loss. It is important to evaluate not only the effects of reducing GHG emissions but also economic influence. In this paper, we built the Computable General Equilibrium and Urban Economic (CGEUE) model, which modeled the transport and location behavior of each economic agent for a detailed area explicitly. We evaluated some transport and location policies such as (1) conversion from fossil fuel vehicles to electric vehicles, (2) improvement of public transport, (3) environmental tax and (4) making city compact by using the CGEUE model. As a result, it can be concluded that the combination policy of improving the public transport policy and environmental tax is the most effective under the conditions of these simulation results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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19 pages, 1060 KiB  
Article
Urban Esthetic Benefits of Undergrounding Utility Lines in Consideration of the Three-Dimensional Landscape
by Shota Ishigooka, Tatsuhito Kono and Hajime Seya
Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 14023; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414023 - 19 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2120
Abstract
Since the relative weight of form to function has been increasing in urban planning, from the esthetic viewpoint, many cities in the world have been actively pursuing the undergrounding of overhead utility lines. Esthetic factors are urban externalities in the sense that they [...] Read more.
Since the relative weight of form to function has been increasing in urban planning, from the esthetic viewpoint, many cities in the world have been actively pursuing the undergrounding of overhead utility lines. Esthetic factors are urban externalities in the sense that they are not directly traded in markets. Therefore, we need to control them optimally based on their benefits. In this study, we appraise the benefits of undergrounding utility lines in Japan and clarify the dependency of the residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) on the road width and building height. Our results show that the WTP for undergrounding utility lines is lower as the road becomes wider and the buildings along the road become higher. However, when the road is wide, the WTP does not change much regardless of the height of the buildings. In addition, the average value of the benefit–cost ratios of previous undergrounding projects is from approximately 2.27 to 2.65. However, 3–17% of these projects have benefit–cost ratios of less than 1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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23 pages, 3148 KiB  
Article
Why People Settle in Shrinking Communities: A Unified Framework of Psychological, Environmental, and Cognitive Factors
by Siyi An, Toshiaki Aoki and Atsushi Suzuki
Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13944; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132413944 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
The interpretation of settlement behavior in shrinking areas can provide insights into sustainability strategies in shrinking communities. However, the choice to settle in areas undergoing shrinkage is hard to interpret when considering residents as rational decisionmakers. To attain a deeper understanding of this [...] Read more.
The interpretation of settlement behavior in shrinking areas can provide insights into sustainability strategies in shrinking communities. However, the choice to settle in areas undergoing shrinkage is hard to interpret when considering residents as rational decisionmakers. To attain a deeper understanding of this decision-making process, a framework of residential decision making (RDM) considering a subjective environmental evaluation dimension, psychological dimension, and cognitive dimension is proposed. This process was further validated by conducting a questionnaire survey in Japanese communities. The results of the structural equation modeling reveal that the RDM framework proposed is applicable to RDM in shrinking communities. By considering geographical differences, we further found that residents in suburban communities tend to consider overall satisfaction with their location when deciding whether to stay, whereas residents in mountainous communities value emotional satisfaction factors such as place attachment when considering continuous residence. Different residential preferences contributing to the formation of RDM factors were also revealed between communities. The results of this study imply that sustainable development strategies to assist shrinking communities should be tailored to their geographical characteristics. Further, a regional design that can enrich residential experiences and neighborhood communication is important for promoting population settlement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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22 pages, 5744 KiB  
Article
Social Dynamics Simulation Using a Multi-Layer Network
by Nao Sugiki, Shogo Nagao, Fumitaka Kurauchi, Mustafa Mutahari and Kojiro Matsuo
Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13744; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132413744 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2196
Abstract
The analysis and evaluation of urban structure are important while considering sustainable urban policies. It is necessary to develop a method that can easily analyze the social dynamics that are the result of changes over time in urban transportation and land use. Therefore, [...] Read more.
The analysis and evaluation of urban structure are important while considering sustainable urban policies. It is necessary to develop a method that can easily analyze the social dynamics that are the result of changes over time in urban transportation and land use. Therefore, by describing the relationships between various agents in urban areas as a network, it is possible to analyze them by focusing on their structures. However, since there are few existing studies on social dynamics using network-based methods, it is necessary to examine the validity and effectiveness of these methods. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of urban analysis and evaluation focusing on the network shape by describing the urban activities and modeling the dynamics with a multilayer network. In particular, we focus on household composition and individual facility access, examine what kind of interpretation is possible for network indicators, and mention the applicability of complex networks to urban analysis. The model was applied to a two-dimensional grid virtual city, and the household composition and individual facility accessibility were quantified using the centrality index. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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15 pages, 16122 KiB  
Article
Heterogeneity Study of the Visual Features Based on Geographically Weighted Principal Components Analysis Applied to an Urban Community
by Yong Liu, Shutong Yang and Shijun Wang
Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13488; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313488 - 06 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1935
Abstract
Communities in urban space are the most basic living units. Community visual features directly reflect the local living quality and influence the perception of residents and visitors. The evaluation of the community visual features is of great significance to the space design under [...] Read more.
Communities in urban space are the most basic living units. Community visual features directly reflect the local living quality and influence the perception of residents and visitors. The evaluation of the community visual features is of great significance to the space design under the guidance of urban landscape recognition and urban space perception. Based on the street view image data, this paper analyzes the composition of visual features in the community space scale by using the geographically weighted principal components analysis. GWPCA can not only reflect the global characteristics, but also analyze the local components, thus describing the visual features of the community in a comprehensive manner. The results show that: (1) community visual features have significant spatial heterogeneity at different statistical scales, and the spatial heterogeneity of community visual features can provide a basis for urban landscape planning and design; (2) the combination mode of dominant visual elements can reflect different community landscapes. The analysis of this paper further illustrates the effectiveness and application prospect of street view images in identifying the landscape composition mode of urban space from the medium-micro perspective. This conclusion is helpful for planners to learn the dominant visual features of the community through street view images, and, further, use the classification of elements of street view images to guide the planning and design of cityscape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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18 pages, 3645 KiB  
Article
How Does Travel Demand Follow the Change in Infrastructure? Multiple-Year Eigenvector Centrality Analysis
by Hiroe Ando and Fumitaka Kurauchi
Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13366; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313366 - 02 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1677
Abstract
The road network is one of the most permanent elements of the physical structure of cities, and the long-term impacts should be considered for effective and efficient road network improvement. It is therefore important to catch up on how the road will be [...] Read more.
The road network is one of the most permanent elements of the physical structure of cities, and the long-term impacts should be considered for effective and efficient road network improvement. It is therefore important to catch up on how the road will be used after construction. However, we do not have much knowledge on the pattern and time lag in the change process of travel demand and supply in the real situation. To explore such changes, this study proposes to evaluate a network with eigenvector centrality (EC) measures that can evaluate the importance of nodes in a network. We believe the analysis based on topological properties by the graph theory is suitable to verify the evolution of road networks. This study analysed long-term changes over 20 years in an actual city to understand the impact of road network improvements. The EC analysis with the weights of traffic indices obtained from survey data evaluates the connectivity of road services on the supply side, and traffic concentration on the demand side. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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24 pages, 3602 KiB  
Article
Impact of Decentralization and Rail Network Extension on Future Traffic in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region
by Masanobu Kii, Varameth Vichiensan, Carlos Llorca, Ana Moreno, Rolf Moeckel and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13196; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313196 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2527
Abstract
In many large cities in developing countries, investments in transportation infrastructure are insufficient for the growing population, resulting in chronic traffic congestion and overcrowding. The urban population of developing countries is expected to increase further toward the middle of this century, and urban [...] Read more.
In many large cities in developing countries, investments in transportation infrastructure are insufficient for the growing population, resulting in chronic traffic congestion and overcrowding. The urban population of developing countries is expected to increase further toward the middle of this century, and urban planning and transportation policies that foresee future population changes and economic growth are necessary to make these cities more sustainable. Bangkok is one of the most congested metropolitan areas in the world, and transport projects such as the extension of the public transportation system are being implemented. However, due to the monocentric urban structure, both road and rail traffic is extremely congested during peak hours, which impedes some economic activities and personal interaction. In this study, we simulate the impact of urban and transportation measures in Bangkok from today to 2050. In addition to the expansion of the planned rail transit network, we evaluate the effects of a land use scenario in which sub-centers are established to develop a polycentric urban structure. The impact of alternative zoning and transportation policies and projects in Bangkok is discussed. Although this study is focused on Bangkok, the findings are assumed to be transferable to other large cities in developing countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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14 pages, 2264 KiB  
Article
Networked Compact City Policy Status and Issues—Hierarchy and Human Mobility in Tokyo, Japan
by Taichi Murooka, Hiroki Shimizu and Mamoru Taniguchi
Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13107; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313107 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3375
Abstract
As a policy to promote compact cities, Japan formulated the Location Normalization Plan (LNP) in 2014. By this plan, each municipality is promoting the establishment of Urban Function Induction-encouraged Areas (UFIA) in which life service facilities are to be provided. The role of [...] Read more.
As a policy to promote compact cities, Japan formulated the Location Normalization Plan (LNP) in 2014. By this plan, each municipality is promoting the establishment of Urban Function Induction-encouraged Areas (UFIA) in which life service facilities are to be provided. The role of the UFIA in the region might differ depending on the city scale and the UFIA hierarchy. For this study, using the Tokyo Person Trip survey, we specifically examined the mobility of people and clarified differences in the hierarchical nature of UFIA to ascertain the current status and issues of UFIA. Consequently, we obtained the following information for the realization of compactness. (1) The actual conditions of traffic characteristics and facilities differ depending on the UFIA hierarchy. Moreover, considering these hierarchies during the study of UFIA is important. (2) Sub-core UFIA in cities with a large population have a narrow usage area and a high ratio of traffic-sharing between walking and bicycling, which might engender the construction of compact living areas. (3) However, sub-core UFIA in cities with a small population have a high ratio of traffic-sharing of automobiles and a wide usage area, which presents challenges for compact city realization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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13 pages, 2900 KiB  
Article
Using Hierarchical Facility Location, Single Facility Approach, and GIS in Carsharing Services
by Mariana de Oliveira Lage, Cláudia Aparecida Soares Machado, Cristiano Martins Monteiro, Clodoveu Augusto Davis, Jr., Charles Lincoln Kenji Yamamura, Fernando Tobal Berssaneti and José Alberto Quintanilha
Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12704; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132212704 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1973
Abstract
In the last few years, vehicle sharing has driven a gradual switch from ownership-based private mobility to service usage as a sustainable urban transport alternative. A significant number of cities have implemented mobility sharing programs. Shared transport reduces both traffic congestion, and the [...] Read more.
In the last few years, vehicle sharing has driven a gradual switch from ownership-based private mobility to service usage as a sustainable urban transport alternative. A significant number of cities have implemented mobility sharing programs. Shared transport reduces both traffic congestion, and the need for parking space, decreasing the number of vehicles on the road. The optimization of shared mobility service sites increases potential user access, reduces transportation costs, and augments demand for this transportation modality. Car sharing is a mobility concept where the usage of a vehicle fleet is shared among several people. This is a relatively new concept of transport, with short vehicle rental periods. It provides the convenience of private vehicles without additional charges. A key success factor is the location of sharing stations. The study presented here refers to a car sharing service to be operated by a carmaker in the city of São Paulo (Brazil). This article aims to identify and to select the best places to establish sharing stations within the company’s dealer and servicing network. A geographic information system (GIS) calculates spatial distribution of potential trip demand. Two models of hierarchical facility location are used to determine ideal station locations. It also suggests potential local partners to house car-sharing stations, such as hotels and private car parks. Voronoi diagrams support the location task. The recent rediscovery of Weber’s classic unique facility location problem has also been applied. The selection criterion was to maximize demand and hence operator profit, while minimizing obstacles like the distance to stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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12 pages, 1422 KiB  
Article
Lockdowns Save People from Air Pollution: Evidence from Daily Global Tropospheric NO2 Satellite Data
by Sunbin Yoo and Shunsuke Managi
Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 11777; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132111777 - 25 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1421
Abstract
Motivated by the global fear of the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, we investigated whether lockdowns save people from air pollution, notably from Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Using daily satellite data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), we first found that the [...] Read more.
Motivated by the global fear of the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, we investigated whether lockdowns save people from air pollution, notably from Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Using daily satellite data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), we first found that the global NO2 tropospheric vertical column density (TVCD) decreased by 16.5% after the Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) outbreak. Then, we calculated the global health benefits, as the monetized value of life, using the value of a statistical life (VSL). The total global health benefits were approximately 8.73 trillion USD, accounting for 10% of the global GDP; such benefits would be the largest in China, followed by the United States, Japan and Germany. Our results suggest that lockdowns may bring benefits to countries that policy interventions cannot easily bring, thus highlighting the importance of social distancing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Design: Urban Externalities and Land Use Planning)
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