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Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment
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Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Hazards and Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (8 March 2024) | Viewed by 43898

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Moe Mojtahedi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Interests: AI in construction and project management; AI in built environment; AI in disaster risk management; AI in resilient built environment; AI in smart cities

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Disaster risk has increased significantly over the past few decades due to global warming, growing populations in flood or bushfire prone areas, increasing urbanisation, and variable community preparedness for natural hazards. The frequency, scale and intensity of extreme weather events are increasing, and the built environment is especially vulnerable. Disaster risk management authorities, particularly local governments, have tended to focus on disaster recovery rather than mitigation and risk reduction strategies for built infrastructure. There has been limited research into operational disaster risk management for the built environment, particularly in disaster preparedness, response, and building back better in recovery.

This Special Issue would explore cross-disciplinary approaches, methodologies, and applications of disaster risk reduction systems, tools, procedures, and models that can be incorporated into a resilient built environment. This Special Issue invites researchers in urban planning, civil engineering, construction management, sustainable development, public policy, and other disciplines and cross-disciplinary fields. Relevant topics include but are not limited to the following areas:

  • Disaster resilient built environment;
  • Disaster risk reduction knowledge-based systems;
  • Disaster risk reduction, sustainability and circular economy;
  • Disruptive technologies as a solution for disaster risk reduction in the built environment;
  • Mathematical and simulation tools for reducing disaster risks;
  • Disaster resilience assessment tools for the built environment;
  • Mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery;
  • Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction in the built environment;
  • Resilience and sustainability—design, procurement, construction and post-disaster reconstruction;
  • Evacuation planning, decision support system, and optimization;
  • Smart and resilient cities and infrastructure.

Dr. Moe Mojtahedi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • disaster risk reduction tools
  • resilience and sustainability
  • resilient built environment

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

35 pages, 5592 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Earthquake Preparedness: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Analysis in Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia
by Goran Grozdanić, Vladimir M. Cvetković, Tin Lukić and Aleksandar Ivanov
Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3138; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su16083138 - 09 Apr 2024
Viewed by 755
Abstract
Authorities and governmental bodies strongly emphasize the importance of residents preparing for natural disasters, particularly underscoring the significance of readiness for geophysical hazards like earthquakes. In this study, which represents comparative quantitative research, the levels and predictors of the impact on preparedness for [...] Read more.
Authorities and governmental bodies strongly emphasize the importance of residents preparing for natural disasters, particularly underscoring the significance of readiness for geophysical hazards like earthquakes. In this study, which represents comparative quantitative research, the levels and predictors of the impact on preparedness for earthquake-induced disasters in South-Eastern European countries such as Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia are examined. Using the snowball sampling technique (online questionnaire), a survey of 1245 respondents (Montenegro (n = 400), North Macedonia (n = 345), and Serbia (n = 500) was conducted from February 2023 to February 2024. The paper is based on the central hypothesis that the most significant predictor of earthquake preparedness in Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia is age, followed by education and gender. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which five scores of the subscales (household preparedness, community preparedness, disaster preparation, earthquake risk awareness, and reinforced house) were associated with seventh demographic and socio-economic variables. In addition to the mentioned analysis, other statistical analyses such as t-test, one-way ANOVA analysis, and Pearson correlation were also utilized. The results indicate that age emerges as a predictor in various aspects of earthquake-induced disaster preparedness and awareness in most models, followed by education and gender. These findings confirm the significance of respondents’ age in determining levels of preparedness and earthquake awareness. Overall, in North Macedonia, respondents recorded the highest ratings (M = 3.52) for household preparedness for earthquakes, compared to Serbia (M = 3.26) and Montenegro (M = 2.98), where the lower ratings were recorded. Research findings, taking into account cultural characteristics, can serve as a basis for the development of targeted interventions, strategies, policies, and programs aimed at improving the level of societal preparedness for earthquake-induced disasters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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17 pages, 12637 KiB  
Article
Land Use Sustainability: Assessment of the Dynamic Response of Typical Bedrock-Buried-Hill Earth Fissure Sites in the Su-Xi-Chang Area
by Ge Cao, Yahong Deng, Huandong Mu, Jiang Chang, You Xuan and Dexin Niu
Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3117; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su16083117 - 09 Apr 2024
Viewed by 271
Abstract
Disaster prevention and the mitigation of earth fissures is a key issue in the sustainable development of urban land. Structures directly avoiding earth fissures are not conducive to the rational planning and efficient utilization of urban construction. The Su-Xi-Chang area, which consists of [...] Read more.
Disaster prevention and the mitigation of earth fissures is a key issue in the sustainable development of urban land. Structures directly avoiding earth fissures are not conducive to the rational planning and efficient utilization of urban construction. The Su-Xi-Chang area, which consists of the cities of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou, surrounded by Taihu Lake, has developed bedrock buried-hill earth fissures that are rare in the rest of the country. Existing research results have identified the genesis mechanisms, distribution patterns, and developmental characteristics of this type of fissure. Not only does the slow-variable activity of earth fissures cause direct damage to surface and underground structures, but in addition, when an earthquake occurs, the presence of earth fissures may cause the seismic response of the site to be altered or even strengthened, leading to unknown damage or the possible destruction of structures near the fissures. However, no studies have been conducted to assess the dynamic effects of bedrock-buried-hill earth fissure sites. Therefore, in this research, based on six typical bedrock-buried-hill-type earth fissures in the Su-Xi-Chang area, and in order to accurately reveal the dynamic amplification effect law of the earth fissure sites, systematic spectral analyses and comparisons of the microtremor signals were carried out by using the linear analysis method (Direct Fourier Transform Analysis) and the nonlinear analysis method (Hilbert–Huang Transform). The results show that bedrock-buried-hill-type earth fissures have a significant amplification effect on the dynamic response of the site; the amplification effect of bedrock-buried-hill fissure sites follows the same attenuation pattern, and the furthest range of the dynamic response on the site is about 25 m, beyond which the original seismic fortification level can be maintained; the extreme value of the amplification factor of the two sides of this type of site, as derived from the Fourier and HHT methods, is about double, and the nearest earth fissure region should be considered to have a raised seismic fortification intensity of more than double the original. The Hilbert–Huang transform method has good applicability for processing microtremor data, and nonlinear signal analysis methods can be considered comprehensive for future microtremor signal processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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15 pages, 1586 KiB  
Article
The Evaluation and Comparison of Resilience for Shelters in Old and New Urban Districts: A Case Study in Kunming City, China
by Jie Zhou, Wenyi Liu, Yu Lin, Benyong Wei and Yaohui Liu
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 3022; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su16073022 - 04 Apr 2024
Viewed by 456
Abstract
As a critical resource in emergency response and a pivotal element in disaster prevention and risk reduction, shelters play a central role in the holistic continuum of rescue and relief efforts. However, existing research often overlooks the comprehensive assessment and enhancement of shelter [...] Read more.
As a critical resource in emergency response and a pivotal element in disaster prevention and risk reduction, shelters play a central role in the holistic continuum of rescue and relief efforts. However, existing research often overlooks the comprehensive assessment and enhancement of shelter resilience. This study proposes a novel safety–robustness–accessibility (SRA) model aimed at evaluating and enhancing the overall resilience of shelters in the face of disasters. Firstly, a resilience assessment system for shelters was established, leveraging multi-source data and encompassing diverse dimensions, including safety, robustness, and accessibility. Subsequently, the entropy weight method was utilized to determine the weights of the assessment indicators. The case study and comparative analysis were conducted on shelters situated in two urban areas, old and new, in Kunming City, China, namely Wuhua District and Chenggong District. The findings reveal a higher quantity of shelters in Wuhua District compared to Chenggong District; however, the overall resilience level is relatively low, predominantly categorized as “Mid-Low” grade, constituting a substantial 57.94%. Conversely, shelters in Chenggong District exhibit a relatively high resilience level, predominantly classified as “Medium” grade, accounting for 33.77%. This study furnishes valuable data references and specific strategies aimed at enhancing the resilience of urban shelters against disasters. It offers crucial insights for urban planning and management to strengthen shelter resilience, thereby contributing to the development of a more resilient and sustainable urban future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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24 pages, 8986 KiB  
Article
Multi-Criteria Earthquake Risk Sensitivity Mapping at the Local Level for Sustainable Risk-Sensitive Land Use Planning (RSLUP)
by Uttama Barua, Mehedi Ahmed Ansary, Ishrat Islam, Hafiz Suliman Munawar and Mohammad Mojtahedi
Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7518; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15097518 - 04 May 2023
Viewed by 1790
Abstract
Risk-Sensitive Land-Use Planning (RSLUP) is a critical process for integrating disaster-risk management (DRM) considerations into land-use planning, for which first it is necessary to understand the existing risk sensitivity. This study aims to develop a GIS-based multi-criteria zoning approach to mapping earthquake-risk sensitivity [...] Read more.
Risk-Sensitive Land-Use Planning (RSLUP) is a critical process for integrating disaster-risk management (DRM) considerations into land-use planning, for which first it is necessary to understand the existing risk sensitivity. This study aims to develop a GIS-based multi-criteria zoning approach to mapping earthquake-risk sensitivity of land use at local level. The methodology comprises two main steps. Firstly, the spatial earthquake-risk sensitivity of land use is evaluated based on some risk themes related to development, land use, and emergency facilities. Secondly, earthquake-risk sensitivity is mapped by overlaying the spatial risk-theme maps, using weights determined through the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Overall, four earthquake-risk-sensitive zones were identified in the study area, ranging from high-risk-sensitive zones to low-risk-sensitive zones. This research contributes to the theory and practice of DRM by proposing a multi-criteria risk-sensitivity assessment and mapping methodology. The findings demonstrate that the risk-sensitivity map provides policymakers with a guide to identify “where” and “why” RSLUP interventions are necessary. This will serve as a decision-support system to formulate the “what” and “how” of the RSLUP at the local level, reflecting the risk sensitivity accordingly and thereby ensuring sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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20 pages, 4110 KiB  
Article
Resilience of Public Open Spaces to Earthquakes: A Case Study of Chongqing, China
by Mohsen Alawi, Dongzhu Chu and Seba Hammad
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1092; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su15021092 - 06 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2378
Abstract
Public open spaces (POSs) can be crucial during earthquakes, serving as essential places for recovery and mitigation. However, the ability of POSs to respond to earthquakes varies based on their degree of resilience. Resilience plays a significant role in ensuring effective responsiveness to [...] Read more.
Public open spaces (POSs) can be crucial during earthquakes, serving as essential places for recovery and mitigation. However, the ability of POSs to respond to earthquakes varies based on their degree of resilience. Resilience plays a significant role in ensuring effective responsiveness to earthquakes in POSs, in addition to enhancing their daily use in normal times. By exploring and examining the earthquake resilience criteria that can be incorporated into the planning and design of POSs, this study aims to determine and enhance the ability of POSs to provide an effective response during earthquakes. Four main criteria consisting of twelve sub-criteria of earthquake resilience are investigated. The resilience criteria are applied and compared in 169 POSs in three different areas in Chongqing municipality in China. A geographic information system (GIS) is used to study the earthquake-resilience criteria of the POSs. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to weight the resilience criteria. Weighted overlay analysis (OWA) is used to determine the degrees of earthquake resilience of POSs. The results show the different potentials for earthquake resilience in POSs according to the area characteristics and POS type. The results also show that the current resilience degree of POSs is insufficient to respond effectively to earthquakes, especially severe ones. This study provides a valuable source for enhancing cities’ resilience against earthquake disasters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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17 pages, 1366 KiB  
Article
Cyclone-Induced Disaster Loss Reduction by Social Media: A Case Study on Cyclone Amphan in Koyra Upazila, Khulna District, Bangladesh
by S M Nadim Sultan and Keshav Lall Maharjan
Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 13909; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142113909 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1796
Abstract
This study aims to examine the role of social media use in reducing household cyclone-induced disaster loss by obtaining warning and preparedness information. Data were collected following the aftermath of cyclone Amphan in affected households of the Koyra sub-district, Khulna district of Bangladesh [...] Read more.
This study aims to examine the role of social media use in reducing household cyclone-induced disaster loss by obtaining warning and preparedness information. Data were collected following the aftermath of cyclone Amphan in affected households of the Koyra sub-district, Khulna district of Bangladesh using random sampling. Data from 150 households using only traditional media and 150 from those using both social and traditional media were collected through semi-structured questionnaires. Using propensity score matching, it was found that households using both social media and traditional media were able to reduce loss by more than 47,494.31 Bangladeshi Taka compared to households using traditional media. Moreover, households using both media received more important timely information than households using only traditional media. This helped them to work more efficiently and timely, such as cutting ripe crops from fields and keeping them in a safe place, taking domestic animals and poultry to the nearest safe places, putting higher fences using necessary material around ponds to prevent fish being washed away, and so on, to reduce cyclone-induce disaster loss. For obtaining information, problems coastal people faced included less internet bandwidth, the absence of a unified Facebook page and a common YouTube channel, and rumors. Possible solutions for these problems, stated by the respondents, were government-managed free internet before cyclones, a single Facebook page and a single YouTube channel for this purpose. Thus, this research shows social media as a good tool for reducing cyclone-induced disaster loss in Bangladesh coastal areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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29 pages, 3889 KiB  
Article
Emergency Decision-Making for Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project Using Case-Based Reasoning and Prospect Theory
by Feng Li, Pengchao Zhang, Xin Huang, Jiabin Sun and Qian Li
Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 13707; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su142113707 - 22 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is one of the crucial frameworks of China’s water network and an essential channel for water resource allocation in North China. The safe operation of the project has a huge impact on regional economic [...] Read more.
The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is one of the crucial frameworks of China’s water network and an essential channel for water resource allocation in North China. The safe operation of the project has a huge impact on regional economic development, social stability and other aspects. The objectives of this research are to improve the disposal efficiency of all kinds of accidents during the operation of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, reduce people’s property losses and ensure the safety of water supply along the line. This paper will put forward a new emergency decision-making method based on case-based reasoning technology and prospect theory. The method is divided into two parts: (1) Collecting the historical case information and building the case library. The frame representation in the case-based reasoning technology is used to describe the characteristics of historical cases and adopt the two-level method of historical cases fast retrieval and similarity fuzzy matching retrieval to complete the preliminary selection of emergency plans; (2) The decision-making and optimization model of disposal plans based on prospect theory, namely, using the value function and probability weight classification to measure the prospect value of similar schemes and selecting the optimal disposal scheme, in order to improve the science and rationality of the decision-making results. Finally, examples are taken to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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17 pages, 1181 KiB  
Article
Built Infrastructure Conditions Mediate the Relationship between Stakeholders Attributes and Flood Damage: An Empirical Case Study
by Mohammad Mojtahedi and Bee Lan Oo
Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9739; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13179739 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1901
Abstract
Most of the previous research has tended to focus on the impact of flood characteristics on built infrastructure damage rather than to investigate the condition of the infrastructure and stakeholders’ capacity to manage flood risks. The role of stakeholder attributes, such as the [...] Read more.
Most of the previous research has tended to focus on the impact of flood characteristics on built infrastructure damage rather than to investigate the condition of the infrastructure and stakeholders’ capacity to manage flood risks. The role of stakeholder attributes, such as the power, legitimacy, and urgency of local governments, in reducing the impact of disasters on built infrastructure remains ambiguous. Stakeholders’ organizational attributes, together with socio-economic and built infrastructure conditions, need to be considered to provide a better understanding of how to reduce disaster risk. The main aim of this research was to empirically investigate the mediating role of socio-economic and infrastructure conditions in the direct relationship between stakeholders’ attributes and economic damage to road infrastructure from flooding. Survey data collected from local governments in New South Wales, Australia and historical data for over 20 years from archive databases were analyzed using structural equation modeling with the partial least squares estimation approach. The results showed that socio-economic and infrastructure conditions have significant mediating effects on the direct relationship between stakeholders’ attributes and flood damage. Engaging stakeholders proactively empowers legitimate stakeholders in urgent conditions, and this is essential to reduce the economic impact of flood disasters and to better manage road infrastructure. Finally, to better manage flood risks, local governments need to improve their capacity of power, legitimacy, and urgency; state and federal governments need to improve the socio-economic conditions of the communities; and the transport infrastructure authorities need to develop long-term solutions for resilient roads and bridges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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22 pages, 6278 KiB  
Article
UAVs in Disaster Management: Application of Integrated Aerial Imagery and Convolutional Neural Network for Flood Detection
by Hafiz Suliman Munawar, Fahim Ullah, Siddra Qayyum, Sara Imran Khan and Mohammad Mojtahedi
Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7547; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13147547 - 06 Jul 2021
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 6562
Abstract
Floods have been a major cause of destruction, instigating fatalities and massive damage to the infrastructure and overall economy of the affected country. Flood-related devastation results in the loss of homes, buildings, and critical infrastructure, leaving no means of communication or travel for [...] Read more.
Floods have been a major cause of destruction, instigating fatalities and massive damage to the infrastructure and overall economy of the affected country. Flood-related devastation results in the loss of homes, buildings, and critical infrastructure, leaving no means of communication or travel for the people stuck in such disasters. Thus, it is essential to develop systems that can detect floods in a region to provide timely aid and relief to stranded people, save their livelihoods, homes, and buildings, and protect key city infrastructure. Flood prediction and warning systems have been implemented in developed countries, but the manufacturing cost of such systems is too high for developing countries. Remote sensing, satellite imagery, global positioning system, and geographical information systems are currently used for flood detection to assess the flood-related damages. These techniques use neural networks, machine learning, or deep learning methods. However, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) coupled with convolution neural networks have not been explored in these contexts to instigate a swift disaster management response to minimize damage to infrastructure. Accordingly, this paper uses UAV-based aerial imagery as a flood detection method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract flood-related features from the images of the disaster zone. This method is effective in assessing the damage to local infrastructures in the disaster zones. The study area is based on a flood-prone region of the Indus River in Pakistan, where both pre-and post-disaster images are collected through UAVs. For the training phase, 2150 image patches are created by resizing and cropping the source images. These patches in the training dataset train the CNN model to detect and extract the regions where a flood-related change has occurred. The model is tested against both pre-and post-disaster images to validate it, which has positive flood detection results with an accuracy of 91%. Disaster management organizations can use this model to assess the damages to critical city infrastructure and other assets worldwide to instigate proper disaster responses and minimize the damages. This can help with the smart governance of the cities where all emergent disasters are addressed promptly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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14 pages, 1253 KiB  
Article
Developing Hospital Emergency and Disaster Management Index Using TOPSIS Method
by Mohammad Mojtahedi, Riza Yosia Sunindijo, Fatma Lestari, Suparni and Oktomi Wijaya
Sustainability 2021, 13(9), 5213; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13095213 - 07 May 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4209
Abstract
Indonesia is a country prone to experiencing natural hazards and disasters, which have frequently damaged public infrastructure, including hospitals. The role of hospitals is crucial to alleviate the impact of disasters. However, there is still a lack of study that analyzes the factors [...] Read more.
Indonesia is a country prone to experiencing natural hazards and disasters, which have frequently damaged public infrastructure, including hospitals. The role of hospitals is crucial to alleviate the impact of disasters. However, there is still a lack of study that analyzes the factors that influence the readiness of hospitals in emergency situations. Filling in this gap, the aim of this paper is to analyze and rank hospitals across West Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia by the resilience of their emergency management approaches. This research seeks to measure hospital resiliency during emergencies and disasters. Results indicate that the emergency and disaster management coordination, response and disaster recovery planning, communication and information management, logistics and evacuation, human resources, finance, patient care and support services, decontamination and security are key attributes for the decision-making matrix. Based on the Hospital Safety Index tool, this research proposes the Hospital Emergency and Disaster Management (HEDM) index by combining the key attributes and sub-attributes using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) as a multi-attribute decision-making technique. The paper concludes that the anticipated benefits of analyzing the resilience of hospitals by using HEDM is the identification of the most susceptible hospitals based on their levels of readiness and resiliency in areas which are prone to experiencing disasters. This prioritization is important for resource allocation and budget planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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15 pages, 3888 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Variations and Risk Analysis of Chinese Typhoon Disasters
by Fang Chen, Huicong Jia, Enyu Du, Lei Wang, Ning Wang and Aqiang Yang
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2278; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13042278 - 20 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2520
Abstract
Typhoons are a product of air-sea interaction, which are often accompanied by high winds, heavy rains, and storm surges. It is significant to master the characteristics and pattern of typhoon activity for typhoon warning and disaster prevention and mitigation. We used the Kernel [...] Read more.
Typhoons are a product of air-sea interaction, which are often accompanied by high winds, heavy rains, and storm surges. It is significant to master the characteristics and pattern of typhoon activity for typhoon warning and disaster prevention and mitigation. We used the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) index as the hazard index; the probability of exceeding, or reaching, return period or exceeding a certain threshold was used to describe the probability of hazard occurrence. The results show that the overall spatial distribution of typhoon hazards conforms to a northeast-southwest zonal distribution, decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest. Across the six typical provinces of China assessed here, data show that Hainan possesses the highest hazard risk. Hazard index is relatively high, mainly distributed between 0.005 and 0.015, while the probability of exceeding a hazard index greater than 0.015 is 0.15. In light of the four risk levels assessed here, the hazard index that accounts for the largest component of the study area is mainly distributed up to 0.0010, all mild hazard levels. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu as well as six other provinces and autonomous regions are all areas with high hazard risks. The research results can provide important scientific evidence for the sustainable development of China’s coastal provinces and cities. The outcomes of this study may also provide the scientific basis for the future prevention and mitigation of marine disasters as well as the rationalization of related insurance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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17 pages, 1768 KiB  
Article
Planning of Safety of Cities and Territory from the Point of View of Population Protection in the Czech Republic
by Jiri Pokorny, Barbora Machalova, Simona Slivkova, Lenka Brumarova and Vladimir Vlcek
Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9487; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su12229487 - 14 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1765
Abstract
Ensuring territorial safety is one of the state’s main tasks, and the public administration plays a primary role in fulfilling it. The safety and sustainability of a territory is ensured by, inter alia, safety planning, including spatial planning. Spatial planning contains safety requirements [...] Read more.
Ensuring territorial safety is one of the state’s main tasks, and the public administration plays a primary role in fulfilling it. The safety and sustainability of a territory is ensured by, inter alia, safety planning, including spatial planning. Spatial planning contains safety requirements for population protection. The requirements for ensuring the safety of the population included in the spatial plan vary significantly between countries. The existing population protection requirements contained in the spatial plan have been unsatisfactory for a long time. The main issue is that they are out of date and difficult to apply. The article presents a new proposed method for determining requirements for the protection of the population, which is based on evaluating the risks in the cities and territory. The specific population protection requirements are determined based on the resulting risks and their scaling. The requirements are classified as general when the territory is not faced with external risks or specific when there are such risks. The method is applied to the conditions of the Czech Republic. In terms of national standard specifics, there are requirements in areas of public infrastructure, public utility buildings, and public benefit measures. The method for determining population protection requirements can be considered applicable in a general form by various countries if the national standards specifics or other aspects are taken into account. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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Review

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16 pages, 3595 KiB  
Review
Geodesign Approaches to City Resilience Planning: A Systematic Review
by Ripan Debnath, Christopher Pettit and Simone Zarpelon Leao
Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 938; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14020938 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
The increased frequency of extreme events facing society is placing mounting pressure on cities and regions that need more robust resilience planning against growing uncertainty. Data augmented participatory methods, such as geodesign, offer much promise in supporting strategic planning to make our cities [...] Read more.
The increased frequency of extreme events facing society is placing mounting pressure on cities and regions that need more robust resilience planning against growing uncertainty. Data augmented participatory methods, such as geodesign, offer much promise in supporting strategic planning to make our cities and regions more resilient. In that context, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of geodesign practices in resilience planning, through a systematic review of the selected 487 studies available from various bibliographic databases. The results indicate that a total of 75 studies were connected to resilience thinking, with a focus on climate change, floods, and sea level rise risks. A significant cluster of those resilience-related studies worked, especially, on improving sustainability. A detailed analysis of 59 relevant geodesign case studies revealed a strong underlying emphasis on disaster risk reduction and management activities. This study also noticed two prominent approaches among the analysed case studies to future city scenario planning: computational (41 studies), and collaborative (18 studies). It is recommended that an explicit integration of these two approaches into the geodesign approach can assist future city resilience planning endeavours. Thus, future research should further investigate the utility of integrating data-driven modelling and simulation within a collaborative scenario planning process, the usability of digital tools such as planning support systems within a collaborative geodesign framework, and the value of the plan’s performance evaluation during resilience decision-making. Another area for future work is increased community engagement in city resilience practices. The geodesign approach can provide a comprehensive framework for bringing communities, decision-makers, experts, and technologists together to help plan for more resilient city futures. Finally, while geodesign’s explicit role in empirical resilience implementations has been found to be low in this systematic review study, there are significant opportunities to support evidence-based and collaborative city resilience planning and decision-making activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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25 pages, 6895 KiB  
Review
Factors Influencing the Intrinsic Seismic Risk of Open Spaces in Existing Built Environments: A Systematic Review
by Martina Russo, Marco Angelosanti, Gabriele Bernardini, Laura Severi, Enrico Quagliarini and Edoardo Currà
Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 42; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14010042 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3193
Abstract
Open spaces (OSs), such as streets, squares, and green areas, in existing built environments (BEs) are key places in disaster risk management. The seismic risk in the OSs is strictly related to BE characteristics. Scientific literature mainly focuses on extrinsic factors affecting risk, [...] Read more.
Open spaces (OSs), such as streets, squares, and green areas, in existing built environments (BEs) are key places in disaster risk management. The seismic risk in the OSs is strictly related to BE characteristics. Scientific literature mainly focuses on extrinsic factors affecting risk, which are related to BE elements on the OSs frontier (e.g., buildings) that could cause indirect effects on the OSs. Conversely, just a few risk assessment studies consider intrinsic factors, which are related to OS elements that could suffer direct effects. Moreover, synoptic studies on such factors are still missing. Through literature-based research, the paper identifies specific factors influencing seismic risk in the OSs, focusing notably on intrinsic vulnerability. The literature review methodology includes both a systematic review from Scopus databases and a traditional bibliographic search using snowball analysis. According to the final selected papers, risk factors are classified into five categories of OS characteristics: morpho-typology; physical; construction; use and users; and context. Statistical analysis of the categories’ recurrence in the final papers firstly allows current literature gaps to be defined. The results also provide a preliminary OSs risk index weighting each category in terms of such recurrences, thus representing a first useful step to support non-expert stakeholders in a preliminary assessment of priorities to define the seismic risk of Oss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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24 pages, 5723 KiB  
Review
The Integration of Lean and Resilience Paradigms: A Systematic Review Identifying Current and Future Research Directions
by Mahyar Habibi Rad, Mohammad Mojtahedi and Michael J. Ostwald
Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 8893; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13168893 - 09 Aug 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4044
Abstract
Integration of the lean and resilience paradigms has attracted increasing attention among scientists and practitioners. In an interconnected world, the need to be resilient involves increased readiness to deal with risks from both outside and inside an enterprise, and to be lean involves [...] Read more.
Integration of the lean and resilience paradigms has attracted increasing attention among scientists and practitioners. In an interconnected world, the need to be resilient involves increased readiness to deal with risks from both outside and inside an enterprise, and to be lean involves maximizing value while minimizing waste. The combination of these requirements has been the catalyst for a move towards lean–resilience operations. To better understand this trend, which seeks to help firms retain a competitive position and survive disruptions, this paper provides a systematic literature review of 53 articles identified through the C-I-M-O (context-intervention-mechanism-outcome) framework and examines them using descriptive and content analysis. The results trace the growth of lean–resilience research from its infancy to its current advanced state. This paper also identifies for the first time the lack of structured research on the number and categories of implemented practices and their associated benefits. To address this deficiency, a concept map is developed to provide guidance on the topic, identify gaps and inconsistencies in the literature, understand the state of development and suggest future research directions. The results are used to identify four dominant streams: application, compatibility, integration, and impact assessment in the context of the supply chain, conceptual development and operational research of various organizational and industry sectors. Further topics for investigation are recommended in the form of research questions. The proposed concept map is intended to assist researchers and practitioners to develop knowledge about the integration of lean and resilience paradigms in new contexts and formulate more effective deployment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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31 pages, 3701 KiB  
Review
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies for Roadway Assets and Networks: A State-of-the-Art Review
by Ahmad Mohamad El-Maissi, Sotirios A. Argyroudis and Fadzli Mohamed Nazri
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 61; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13010061 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4870
Abstract
Road networks are considered as one of the most important transport infrastructure systems, since they attain the economic and social prosperity of modern societies. For this reason, it is vital to improve the resiliency of road networks in order to function normally under [...] Read more.
Road networks are considered as one of the most important transport infrastructure systems, since they attain the economic and social prosperity of modern societies. For this reason, it is vital to improve the resiliency of road networks in order to function normally under daily stressors and recover quickly after natural disasters such as an earthquake event. In the last decades, vulnerability assessment studies for road networks and their assets gained great attention among the research community. This literature review includes a brief introduction about seismic vulnerability assessment, followed by the roadway assets damage and their damage states, and then the main typologies for the vulnerability assessment of roadway assets. Moreover, it focuses on available assessment methods, which were proposed to quantify the vulnerability of road networks and its assets. These methods are divided into two main categories, physical and traffic-based approaches. Methods based on fragility functions and vulnerability indexes were investigated in physical approach for roadways and its assets. On the other hand, accessibility and link importance index were explored in traffic-based approach for road networks. This paper reviews and comments the most common vulnerability assessment methods for road networks and its assets and points out their advantages and disadvantages. The main gaps and needs are identified and recommendations for future studies are provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Built Environment)
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