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The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Tourism, Culture, and Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 39859

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ana Pastor Pérez

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Guest Editor

Institute of Archeology, Department of History and Archeology, Universitat of Barcelona, 08011 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: heritage management; preventive conservation; social archaeology; urban archaeology; ethnographic methods; heritage values

Dr. David Barreiro Martínez

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Guest Editor

Heritage Sciences Institute (INCIPIT) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Interests: theoretical foundation for an applied archaeology; theoretical approaches to cultural heritage as valorisation process; memory and landscape interactions

Dr. Eva Parga Dans

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Guest Editor

Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
Interests: sociology of heritage; social value; sustainable tourism; World Heritage Site; cultural heritage management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heritage sites, events, ruins, and fragments can evoke different sensations, emotions, and memories of our own history and the history of others. In the last two decades, cultural managers, urban planners, conservators, and architects have begun to approach heritage valorisation from different perspectives. However, the integration of interactions between people and heritage by managers attempting to assess heritage values has been beset with difficulties. Although the definition, evaluation, and use of heritage values has been one of the most important themes in heritage management for more than twenty years (Avrami 2009, Avrami, Mason and de la Torre [eds.] 2000, Parga-Dans and Alonso González 2019), there is still a seemingly unbridgeable gap between those heritage values that experts consider to be the most appropriate and those that society needs. A move among heritage practitioners to become more aware of people’s different cultural perceptions of heritage has also motivated recent studies (Barreiro and Criado-Boado 2015, De la Torre 2013, Gao and Jones 2020, Taylor 2015). With this in mind, a series of studies and tentative participatory processes has attempted to approach novel ways of categorising social values (e.g., Apaydin [ed.] 2020, Fedheim and Khalaf, Fusco Girard 2014, Jones 2017). But how can they be applied in practice?

Nowadays, heritage values are part of every project associated with the dissemination, conservation, maintenance, and experiential improvement of places related to cultural heritage (Fouseki et al. 2020, Pastor Pérez 2018). At this stage, some controversial questions arise. Can we think of heritage values that do not have a social component? How are the social and long-term sustainable dynamics of valorisation being applied in projects? Can the intangible social value of cultural heritage be put into a straitjacket to be evaluated? How can the social impact of heritage be assessed? The literature on the various forms of cultural heritage measurement and assessment is abundant and varied in terms of theory. However, there is a need for research into how assessment methodologies that have the potential to promote a sustainable impact can be implemented in practice (Demas 2013, Díaz-Andreu 2017, Molina Neira 2019, Parga-Dans, Alonso González and Otero Enríquez 2020).

This Special Issue aims to explore new approaches to defining the term “heritage value”, incorporating cultural awareness and social justice issues into its social use (Rastegar et al. 2020). With regard to the future, authors will be asked to look into how managers, educators, and researchers currently use heritage values and, in particular, how they integrate the social aspect of heritage into their theory and practice. We intend this volume to critically reflect on the limits of indicators for measuring heritage values, especially when attempting to reveal the social dimension of heritage. The ultimate aim of the Special Issue is to argue that working on methods that bring us closer to the social impact of a heritage project implies building true bridges between the different agents, especially between academia and society.

Contributions to the Special Issue may include theoretical articles, articles that develop topics based on particular case studies and, finally, photographic essays.

Dr. Ana Pastor Pérez
Dr. David Barreiro Martínez
Dr. Eva Parga Dans
Guest Editors

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Keywords

heritage management
heritage values
cultural perception
social value
assessment methodology
indicators for measuring heritage values
social dimension of heritage

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 5913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Critical Review of Pakistani Current Legislation on Sustainable Protection of Cultural Heritage

by Nisar Ali Khan, Camillo Nuti, Giorgio Monti and Mario Micheli

Sustainability 2022, 14(6), 3633; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14063633 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3646

Abstract

This paper discusses the contribution of individuals and their effects on the protection and management of archaeological sites found in the British colonies at the beginning of the 19th Century. Despite all these contributions, the most important bequest is the formation of comprehensive legislation on cultural properties that are still applicable and considered essential to the historic, standing, or ruined, monuments located in Pakistan. It should be noted that Pakistan’s heritage laws are uniformly applicable to all kinds of architectural heritage, archaeological sites, and monuments, irrespective of their nature, state, and classification. This contrasts with the lack of updates and amendments of rules and guidelines for the preservation of heritage sites and monuments across the country from further damages. The paper focuses on the current architectural and heritage management rules and policies of Pakistan, which are based on the British colonial legacy with some (partial) changes introduced since Pakistan’s independence in 1947. Finally, the paper emphasizes the need for the development of advanced management policies and proposed heritage management rules for the preservation of heritage constructions, archaeological sites, and architectural monuments to establish the link between the present and past to remain for future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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10 pages, 246 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Value from Development-Led Archaeology in the UK: Advancing the Narrative to Reflect Societal Changes

by Sadie Watson and Harald Fredheim

Sustainability 2022, 14(5), 3053; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14053053 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2932

Abstract

This paper explores how current challenges in the development-led system of archaeology in the UK are widely applicable elsewhere. Using the UK model, we explore the legislative and structural frameworks that enable archaeological work and the pressing need to better provide benefit for the wider public from that work. We believe that there is a focus on outputs rather than outcomes, which has perpetuated the idea that contracting archaeology is a product of development rather than a process that can instigate social value. We argue that the shift to public benefit and social value in UK policy should be encouraging practitioners operating within this industry to pay more attention to the links between their standard contracting practice and the benefits they deliver to people through their work. We explore why this could be a way of meeting policy priorities but also an opportunity to bridge the gaps between expert-identified heritage values and societal needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

19 pages, 1062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Indicators to Evaluate Cultural Heritage and the Quality of Life in Small and Medium-Sized Towns: The Study of 10 Towns from the Polish-German Borderland

by Sławomir Książek, Magdalena Belof, Wojciech Maleszka, Karolina Gmur, Marta Kukuła, Robert Knippschild, Eva Battis-Schinker, Bettina Knoop and Sarah Al-Alawi

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1322; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14031322 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2897

Abstract

Cultural built heritage (CBH) is one of the most important cultural assets that affect the quality of life (QoL) in cities, and it is especially significant in small and medium-sized towns that lack some other advantages of larger urban centres. However, in quality of life studies, CBH is often neglected or treated superficially. This is probably due to the lack of a universal method developed to study their mutual interdependence based on a set of proven, objective indicators. This paper presents the authors’ attempt to fill this methodological gap by developing a set of indicators that would make it possible to assess the relationship between QoL and CBH. The study focused on historic small and medium-sized towns, located peripherally on the borderlands between Poland and Germany, since it was considered that especially for such towns, the architectural and urban heritage can appear as a crucial factor in improving the quality of life. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the mutual relationship between the phenomenon of QoL and CBH, a triangulation of research methods has been adopted: first, a literature review, where indicators were sought; second, semi-structured interviews and workshops with selected experts; and third, focus-group studies in 10 pilot locations. The analysis yielded quantitative and qualitative indicators in each set, allowing for the measurement of the mutual relationship between QoL and CBH. The set offered a total of 20 indicators developed specifically for small and medium-sized towns, and despite certain limitations, it can be considered universal and can also be applied to other urban centres. Furthermore, the study identified the five distinct spheres in which the relationship between QoL and CBH can be observed and analysed. This typology can be used as a background for deeper studies at specific sites, regardless of their size and location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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21 pages, 5193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heritage and Diversity: Values in European Heritage Management Reflected in Award-Winning Best Practices

by Monique H. van den Dries, Miyuki J. H. Kerkhof and Sunniva T. Homme

Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 885; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14020885 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1748

Abstract

The EU_CUL research network project, which is a collaboration of academics in heritage studies and in pedagogy, explored the use of cultural heritage for fostering social responsibility in higher education (Erasmus + project. In this context, research was conducted on inspirational examples and best practices in heritage management that include social and other societal values of heritage. This included award winning heritage practices in Europe. Heritage awards have, as a good practice assessment methodology, the potential to promote particular implemented practices. They can therefore help us find out what is considered ‘best practices’ in heritage management. An analysis of these practices also enables us to identify patterns, trends and potential biases. Sub-questions posed were: what is considered a ‘best practice’ in heritage awards? What kind of practices get these prizes and recognitions? What kinds of heritage are included and get the most attention? To what extent is the diversity of heritage, values and individuals in Europe represented? This chapter will discuss the results of this analysis of heritage awards and critically discuss the patterns that emerge and how this relates to governance and leadership in heritage management. The research is limited to Europe, it focuses on EAA and Europa Nostra, thus national prizes were not included. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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9 pages, 853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heritage as Action Research

by Guillermo Reher

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 282; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su14010282 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

This paper intends to weigh the importance of archaeology by how much impact it has, or could have, on society. Heritage values are precisely the language in which that impact translates to the general public. It is necessary, however, to balance the duty to protect heritage with the mutating and negotiated nature of these values. Archaeologists should not be seen as the wardens but rather as the enablers, the midwives, of local communities coming to terms with a deeper understanding of their past. The more effectively this heritage stimulates the relation of the community with these values, the greater the potential it will have to stimulate social innovation, which is the foundation for sustainable development or abandonment. For many the boon of cultural heritage is tourism, and this is true but to an insufficient extent. In order to be sustainable, tourism must be part of a broader social innovation strategy that foregoes easy pickings in favor of the creation of quality brands, employment, and the protection of traditional lifeways. Only in this way can heritage truly unlock a sustainable horizon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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22 pages, 2876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a Comprehensive Assessment Model of Social Value with Respect to Heritage Value for Sustainable Heritage Management

by Yabing Xu, John Rollo, Yolanda Esteban, Hui Tong and Xin Yin

Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13373; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313373 - 02 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2987

Abstract

By the end of the 20th century, the influence of economic globalization had impacted many aspects of society, including in particular cultural heritage. Additionally, economic globalization has brought a ‘compression’ of the cultures of different ethnic groups and regions around the world. Due to the loss of cultural confidence and economic benefits, many historical areas with cultural and social significance are no longer protected and valued. If this deficit is to be addressed, then the evaluation of heritage value is an important step in establishing effective conservation policies. China’s Grand Canal is a case in point. The loss of historical culture in the past 30 years, often due to the increasing numbers of both large and small developments, has given rise to the forfeit and distortion of many historically significant areas of China’s Grand Canal towns and cities. This research proposes a qualitative and quantitative methodology to develop a comprehensive assessment model of social value with respect to heritage value. The methodology selected conceptual framework, and questionnaire surveys as major approaches to the development of the research and is applied to the Grand Canal towns of Nanyang, Wuzhen, Tongli and Nanxun. The conceptual framework is used to establish the indicators and hypotheses for the evaluation of social value in order to develop a comprehensive assessment model for sustainable heritage management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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24 pages, 2849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Composite Index to Measure Smartness and Competitiveness of Heritage Tourism Destination and Historic Building

by Maysa Ali Selim, Noura Anwar Abdel-Fattah and Yasmine Sabry Hegazi

Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13135; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132313135 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2383

Abstract

The key issue of this current study is related to shaping the attractiveness of heritage destinations, highlighting the significance of reuse and upgrading their historical buildings to achieve a high level of competitiveness and distinctiveness through a smart approach. Some of these cultural assets and events tend to be monotonous, and not so attractive for various categories of tourists, which negatively affects investment opportunities, tourism development, and social and economic resources. Furthermore, previous works have criticized the lack of evidence to support that the structure contains critical attributes and measurement items linked to the competitiveness of smart heritage destinations. As a result, this study aims to design and develop a composite index for evaluating these destinations and their buildings, which includes nine dimensions (attributes) and a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) of intelligent performance and competitiveness, reflecting the combination and noticing the distinct perspective between them. A mixed-methods approach was used between qualitative and quantitative methods to perform content validation on the proposed index. Furthermore, a pilot study was implemented for tourism heritage destinations to improve the quality and efficiency of the proposed index. Then, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to analyze the data to develop the proposed index and measure its validity and reliability. Finally, the proposed composite index was finalized with 139 KPIs and applied to a case study (Salah El-Din Citadel). After that, we validated its utility in providing a quantitative evaluation of this heritage destination, identifying critical intervention priorities, and determining dimensions that need to be restructured. Additionally, it highlighted recommendations for future improvements to strengthen these heritage destinations to become smart heritage destinations capable of competition in the tourism sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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26 pages, 7485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Democratising Heritage Values: A Methodological Review

by Ana Pastor Pérez, David Barreiro Martínez, Eva Parga-Dans and Pablo Alonso González

Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12492; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su132212492 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3323

Abstract

This paper explores the transformation of heritage values from a critical perspective. The de-authorising conceptual shift in cultural heritage has not always been accompanied by a revitalisation of the dynamics of valorisation. To achieve the integration of multivocal discourses in sustainable preservation strategies, experts and academics need to work with methods that enable this to happen. This article presents a methodological analysis articulated through three different case studies that bring new experiences regarding the decolonisation of knowledge in the field of heritage values, addressing different aspects of the social dimension of cultural heritage. The first deals with contestation processes associated with productive winemaking traditions in the Rias Baixas, Galicia, Spain. The second case addresses the rebellious Paris of the Commune and the narratives associated with the valorisation of the traces that it has left in the city’s landscape. Finally, the third case analyses the values that come into play when citizens’ participation governs the transformation of an archaeological site in Barcelona. To conclude, we reflect on the idea of sustainability as a way of listening to, sharing and co-creating knowledge connected to communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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30 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reprogramming Modernist Heritage: Enhancing Social Wellbeing by Value-Based Programming Approach in Architectural Design

by Jelena Ristić Trajković, Aleksandra Milovanović and Ana Nikezić

Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 11111; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su131911111 - 08 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3134

Abstract

This paper is built on the assumption that architecture is the establishment of the relationship between past and future, built and unbuilt, within the inherited and natural context and in direct connection with the overall culture. Unlike a traditional approach to heritage generally limited to considering only the visible values of the place, this research stands on the belief that, in the context of heritage, the implementation and application of behavioral knowledge in architectural discourse contributes to the intensification and enhancement of these relations. In accordance with the need to re-examine existing and explore new forms of the relationship between future life of heritage and social wellbeing, the main goal of the research is to examine the possibility of improving this relationship through a value-based architectural programming methodological framework. This paper was conducted through: (1) theoretical framework that intertwines environment–behavior theories and architectural programming as the value-matrix methodology for the reuse of heritage; (2) exploring the established framework through design results gathered within the design-based studio on “heritage reprogramming” at the University of Belgrade—Faculty of Architecture with a particular focus on the modernist architectural heritage; and (3) discussing the overall principles through the multiscale and value-based approach. The evaluation of the results indicates the possibility of improving the social dimension of heritage protection and reuse, as well as the need to shift the focus from exclusively material and formal values of heritage to social and cultural aspects in accordance with the needs of contemporary society and culture. Results indicate that the multidimensional nature of architectural programming methodological approach in the context of modern heritage and, accordingly, the synergy of different programming values (environmental, human, social, systemic, temporal, economic, aesthetic) provides sustainable access to heritage and has the capacity to improve the social wellbeing of individual users but also of the wider community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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16 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heritage Engagement and Subjective Well-Being in the European Union

by Victoria Ateca-Amestoy, Anna Villarroya and Andreas Joh. Wiesand

Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9623; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13179623 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3861

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the relationship between different ways of getting engaged with cultural heritage and life satisfaction. Using data from a representative sample of the population of the 28 members of the European Union in 2017 collected in the Eurobarometer 88.1 (2017), we explore the relationship between use and non-use values and individual subjective well-being measured as life satisfaction. We present the results derived from the estimation of an ordered probit model where life satisfaction is a function of living near to heritage resources to represent non-use values, different ways of heritage participation (tangible, intangible, digital, and volunteering), and the usual explanatory variables that have been found to be predictors of life satisfaction. Our results indicate that the chances of being more satisfied with ones’ life increase with volunteering activities, with visits to heritage institutions, and with digital engagement. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the multifaceted values of heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

21 pages, 22917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Tourism Potential Index for Cultural Heritage Management through the Ecosystem Services Approach

by Gema Ramírez-Guerrero, Javier García-Onetti, Manuel Arcila-Garrido and Juan Adolfo Chica-Ruiz

Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6415; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13116415 - 04 Jun 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3067

Abstract

Tourism as a tool for the enhancement and conservation of heritage represents an opportunity for many managers of cultural properties. However, despite the numerous works developed so far on tourism governance, the elaboration of preliminary studies for decision-making in heritage buildings is still a challenge. Considering the ecosystem services approach, an index is proposed which allows tourism and cultural heritage managers to analyze and quantify the level of tourist exploitation (use) of a monument for the services (benefits) that it offers to society. In this paper, a multi-criteria evaluation system was proposed, related to the main use of the building and its relationship with various tourism components, which have been classified as cultural, leisure, recreational, lodging, catering, intermediation, transportation, and event organization. The model has been applied to the Parroquia del Mar (Alicante, Spain) of great cultural relevance, but not exploited for tourism. The results obtained demonstrate the usefulness and validity of the model, considered as a tool capable of bridging the gap between heritage conservation and its touristic use, highlighting the importance of the services offered as necessary attributes for its (re)valuation, combining the social benefits of its exploitation, its touristic use and the awareness of its conservation and protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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18 pages, 1382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Framing the Values of Vernacular Architecture for a Value-Based Conservation: A Conceptual Framework

by Obafemi A. P. Olukoya

Sustainability 2021, 13(9), 4974; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13094974 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4406

Abstract

While a growing number of researchers have provided series of tough critiques of the typology-led heritage value assessment over the recent years, the impacts have been constrained by the continued obsession with expanding the list of the predetermined value typologies rather than escaping its limitations. While these sustained debates have provided important insights, this article argues that operationalizing these predetermined ‘one-size-fits-all’ value typologies is symptomatic of a number of shortcomings, especially in the context of capturing the pluralities of values in contextualized heritage such as vernacular architecture. It also often undermines inclusivity and participation in the valuing processes. However, rather than simply rejecting the values-based paradigm, this article proposes a conceptual value assessment framework that is informed by the theorization of vernacular architecture as a contextualized heritage. The proposed Vernacular Value Model (VVM) puts forward the ‘when(s)’ and ‘how(s)’ of amalgamating both technical and normative processes to capture the range of contextual values present in built vernacular heritage. To this end, this article posits that by drawing on such a proposed flexible framework, the conservation strategy for built vernacular heritage can be propagated as an inclusive and participatory process which captures the wide range of values for a more sustainable practices for conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Dimension of Heritage Values—Re-thinking Methodological Approaches for Heritage Management and Research)

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