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Universe
Special Issues
Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy
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Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy

A special issue of Universe (ISSN 2218-1997). This special issue belongs to the section "Space Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 11968

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrea Melandri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), Italy
Interests: Multi-Messenger astronomy and Compact Objects; Gravitational Wave (GW): Sources and Electromagnetic Counterparts studies, Search and Characterization of GW electromagnetic counterparts, multi-messenger astronomy and multi-wavelength observations; Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) and Kilonovae: Evolution and Multifrequency Studies; Optical and Infrared follow up of GRB; X-ray/Infrared/Optical Spectra of GRB and kilonovae; High Redshift Galaxies Studies Through Observation of GRBs Afterglows and kilonovae; Statistics studies of GRB
Dr. Silvia Piranomonte

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
Interests: Multi-Messenger astronomy and Compact Objects; Gravitational Wave (GW): Sources and Electromagnetic Counterparts studies, Search and Characterization of GW electromagnetic counterparts, multi-messenger astronomy and multi-wavelength observations; Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) and Kilonovae: Evolution and Multifrequency Studies; Optical and Infrared follow up of GRB; X-ray/Infrared/Optical Spectra of GRB and kilonovae; High Redshift Galaxies Studies Through Observation of GRBs Afterglows

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the famous play by Samuel Beckett, written in the post-World War II period, the actors are looking forward to Godot’s arrival, which never arrives. In our times, many astronomers are still waiting for their GODOT’s arrival. As a matter of fact, during this pandemic period of inactivity for upgrades of the interferometers designed to detect gravitational wave signals, many astronomers around the world are waiting and getting ready for Gravitational waves Offhand Detections Of Transient phenomena, that is, their GODOT.

The LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration is currently working on detector improvements and modifications (A+/AdV+) in preparation for the next observational run, which will hopefully begin in June 2022. This waiting period is the perfect time for this Special Issue of Universe, a comprehensive publication where astronomers can summarise the state of the art of multi-messenger astronomy and develop with new ideas, while waiting for new gravitational wave triggers from third-generation interferometers.

Dr. Andrea Melandri
Dr. Silvia Piranomonte
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Universe is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Multi-messenger astronomy
  • Gravitational waves
  • Gamma-ray bursts
  • Kilonovae
  • Multi-wavelength astronomy

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 577 KiB  
Article
Status of Cosmic Microwave Background Observations for the Search of Primordial Gravitational Waves
by Elia Stefano Battistelli, Valentina Capalbo, Giovanni Isopi and Federico Radiconi
Universe 2022, 8(9), 489; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe8090489 - 15 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1644
Abstract
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is one of the most powerful tools for cosmology. Its polarization could have imprinted the sign of an inflationary background of gravitational waves, which is supposed to have originated at 10−38/10−35 seconds [...] Read more.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is one of the most powerful tools for cosmology. Its polarization could have imprinted the sign of an inflationary background of gravitational waves, which is supposed to have originated at 10−38/10−35 seconds after the Big Bang. Detecting this background is extremely difficult because of the weakness of the signal (if any) left on the CMB polarization and because of the need to control the systematic effects. Additionally, the presence of astrophysical foregrounds, the possibility of leakage from curl-free to curl-like components, including gravitational lensing, and the instrumental noise and systematics, require sensitive detectors and smart systematic effect control. We discuss the experimental efforts spent in this field, highlighting the key observational difference and the choice that could lead, in the near future, to the detection of the curl component of the CMB polarization, a clear sign of the inflationary expansion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy)
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10 pages, 1937 KiB  
Communication
A Comprehensive Study of Bright Fermi-GBM Short Gamma-ray Bursts: I. Multi-Pulse Lightcurves and Multi-Component Spectra
by Peng-Wei Zhao and Qing-Wen Tang
Universe 2022, 8(3), 159; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe8030159 - 02 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1684
Abstract
Sorted by the photon fluences of short Gamma-ray Bursts (SGRBs) detected by the Fermi-Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM), nine brightest bursts are selected to perform a comprehensive analysis. All GRB lightcurves are fitted well by 1 to 3 pulses that are modelled by [...] Read more.
Sorted by the photon fluences of short Gamma-ray Bursts (SGRBs) detected by the Fermi-Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM), nine brightest bursts are selected to perform a comprehensive analysis. All GRB lightcurves are fitted well by 1 to 3 pulses that are modelled by fast-rising exponential decay profile (FRED), within which the resultant rising time is strongly positive-correlated with the full time width at half maxima (FWHM). A photon spectral model involving a cutoff power-law function and a standard blackbody function (CPL + BB) could reproduce the spectral energy distributions of these SGRBs well in the bursting phase. The CPL’s peak energy is found strongly positive-correlated with the BB’s temperature, which indicates they might be from the same physical origin. Possible physical origins are discussed to account for these correlations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy)
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11 pages, 778 KiB  
Article
Multimodal Analysis of Gravitational Wave Signals and Gamma-Ray Bursts from Binary Neutron Star Mergers
by Elena Cuoco, Barbara Patricelli, Alberto Iess and Filip Morawski
Universe 2021, 7(11), 394; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7110394 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2134
Abstract
A major boost in the understanding of the universe was given by the revelation of the first coalescence event of two neutron stars (GW170817) and the observation of the same event across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. With third-generation gravitational wave detectors and the [...] Read more.
A major boost in the understanding of the universe was given by the revelation of the first coalescence event of two neutron stars (GW170817) and the observation of the same event across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. With third-generation gravitational wave detectors and the new astronomical facilities, we expect many multi-messenger events of the same type. We anticipate the need to analyse the data provided to us by such events not only to fulfil the requirements of real-time analysis, but also in order to decipher the event in its entirety through the information emitted in the different messengers using machine learning. We propose a change in the paradigm in the way we do multi-messenger astronomy, simultaneously using the complete information generated by violent phenomena in the Universe. What we propose is the application of a multimodal machine learning approach to characterize these events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy)
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8 pages, 1395 KiB  
Article
A Bayesian Inference Framework for Gamma-ray Burst Afterglow Properties
by En-Tzu Lin, Fergus Hayes, Gavin P. Lamb, Ik Siong Heng, Albert K. H. Kong, Michael J. Williams, Surojit Saha and John Veitch
Universe 2021, 7(9), 349; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7090349 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1808
Abstract
In the field of multi-messenger astronomy, Bayesian inference is commonly adopted to compare the compatibility of models given the observed data. However, to describe a physical system like neutron star mergers and their associated gamma-ray burst (GRB) events, usually more than ten physical [...] Read more.
In the field of multi-messenger astronomy, Bayesian inference is commonly adopted to compare the compatibility of models given the observed data. However, to describe a physical system like neutron star mergers and their associated gamma-ray burst (GRB) events, usually more than ten physical parameters are incorporated in the model. With such a complex model, likelihood evaluation for each Monte Carlo sampling point becomes a massive task and requires a significant amount of computational power. In this work, we perform quick parameter estimation on simulated GRB X-ray light curves using an interpolated physical GRB model. This is achieved by generating a grid of GRB afterglow light curves across the parameter space and replacing the likelihood with a simple interpolation function in the high-dimensional grid that stores all light curves. This framework, compared to the original method, leads to a ∼90× speedup per likelihood estimation. It will allow us to explore different jet models and enable fast model comparison in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy)
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11 pages, 1741 KiB  
Article
Inclination Estimates from Off-Axis GRB Afterglow Modelling
by Gavin P. Lamb, Joseph J. Fernández, Fergus Hayes, Albert K. H. Kong, En-Tzu Lin, Nial R. Tanvir, Martin Hendry, Ik Siong Heng, Surojit Saha and John Veitch
Universe 2021, 7(9), 329; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7090329 - 05 Sep 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1821
Abstract
For gravitational wave (GW) detected neutron star mergers, one of the leading candidates for electromagnetic (EM) counterparts is the afterglow from an ultra-relativistic jet. Where this afterglow is observed, it will likely be viewed off-axis, such as the afterglow following GW170817/GRB 170817A. The [...] Read more.
For gravitational wave (GW) detected neutron star mergers, one of the leading candidates for electromagnetic (EM) counterparts is the afterglow from an ultra-relativistic jet. Where this afterglow is observed, it will likely be viewed off-axis, such as the afterglow following GW170817/GRB 170817A. The temporal behaviour of an off-axis observed GRB afterglow can be used to reveal the lateral jet structure, and statistical model fits can put constraints on the various model free-parameters. Amongst these parameters is the inclination of the system to the line of sight. Along with the GW detection, the afterglow modelling provides the best constraint on the inclination to the line-of-sight and can improve the estimates of cosmological parameters, for example, the Hubble constant, from GW-EM events. However, modelling of the afterglow depends on the assumed jet structure and—often overlooked—the effects of lateral spreading. Here we show how the inclusion of lateral spreading in the afterglow models can affect the estimated inclination of GW-EM events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy)
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13 pages, 438 KiB  
Communication
Gravitational Capture Cross-Section of Particles by Schwarzschild-Tangherlini Black Holes
by Bobomurat Ahmedov, Ozodbek Rahimov and Bobir Toshmatov
Universe 2021, 7(8), 307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/universe7080307 - 20 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1732
Abstract
We study the capture cross-section of massless (photon) and massive test particles by the Schwarzschild–Tangherlini black hole, which is a solution of pure general relativity in higher dimensional spacetime with R×SD−2 topology. It is shown that an extra [...] Read more.
We study the capture cross-section of massless (photon) and massive test particles by the Schwarzschild–Tangherlini black hole, which is a solution of pure general relativity in higher dimensional spacetime with R×SD−2 topology. It is shown that an extra dimension weakens the gravitational attraction of a black hole, and consequently, radii of all the characteristic circular orbits, such as the radius of a photonsphere decrease in the higher dimensions. Furthermore, it is shown that in higher dimensions, there are no stable and bounded circular orbits. The critical impact parameters and capture cross-sections of photons and massive particles are calculated for several higher dimensions and it is shown that they also decrease with increasing dimension. Moreover, we calculate the capture cross-section of relativistic and non-relativistic test particles in the higher dimensions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waiting for GODOT—Present and Future of Multi-Messenger Astronomy)
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