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Viruses
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Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections
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Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 15316

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara

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Guest Editor
Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
Interests: viruses; vaccine; molecular biology; viral pathogenesis
Prof. Dr. Michinori Kohara

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Guest Editor
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
Interests: viruses; vaccine; molecular biology; viral pathogenesis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The first vaccine against a viral infection was developed in 1798 for smallpox by Dr Edward Jenner, who utilized cow pox. This vaccine enabled the eradication of smallpox from the world in 1980. Thus, vaccination is a powerful tool for protection from pathogens, also applicable for the prevention of other diseases, including cancer.

Vaccines for many viral infections still need to be developed. Examples of diseases that could be controlled by vaccination are human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis C, respiratory syncytial virus infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 disease. This Special Issue focuses on recent progress in the development of vaccines. Also, we welcome application studies of vaccines. This Special Issue aims to contribute to our knowledge of vaccine development and provide an opportunity to spread new information on vaccine research.

Prof. Dr. Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Prof. Dr. Michinori Kohara
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • virus
  • vaccine
  • immune response
  • protection

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

1 pages, 144 KiB  
Editorial
Basic Study for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections
by Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara and Michinori Kohara
Viruses 2022, 14(1), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v14010057 - 30 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1183
Abstract
We acknowledge the publications for this Special Issue, “Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections” [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections)

Research

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16 pages, 1117 KiB  
Article
Efficient Control of Zika Virus Infection Induced by a Non-Replicating Adenovector Encoding Zika Virus NS1/NS2 Antigens Fused to the MHC Class II-Associated Invariant Chain
by Loulieta Nazerai, Søren Buus, Anette Stryhn, Allan Randrup Thomsen and Jan Pravsgaard Christensen
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2215; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112215 - 03 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1547
Abstract
It is generally believed that a successful Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine should induce neutralizing antibodies against the ZIKV envelope (E) protein to efficiently halt viral infection. However, E-specific neutralizing antibodies have been implicated in a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement, which represents an ongoing [...] Read more.
It is generally believed that a successful Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine should induce neutralizing antibodies against the ZIKV envelope (E) protein to efficiently halt viral infection. However, E-specific neutralizing antibodies have been implicated in a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement, which represents an ongoing concern in the flavivirus-vaccinology field. In this report, we investigated the vaccination potential of replication-deficient adenoviral vectors encoding the ZIKV non-structural proteins 1 and 2 (NS1/NS2) and employed the strategy of linking the antigens to the MHC-II associated invariant chain (li) to improve immunogenicity and by inference, the level of protection. We demonstrated that li-linkage enhanced the production of anti-NS1 antibodies and induced an accelerated and prolonged polyfunctional CD8 T cell response in mice, which ultimately resulted in a high degree of protection against ZIKV infection of the CNS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections)
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15 pages, 4156 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomic Characterization Reveals Attributes of High Influenza Virus Productivity in MDCK Cells
by Qian Ye, Thu Phan, Wei-Shou Hu, Xuping Liu, Li Fan, Wen-Song Tan and Liang Zhao
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2200; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112200 - 01 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2415
Abstract
The Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line is among the most commonly used cell lines for the production of influenza virus vaccines. As cell culture-based manufacturing is poised to replace egg-based processes, increasing virus production is of paramount importance. To shed light on [...] Read more.
The Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line is among the most commonly used cell lines for the production of influenza virus vaccines. As cell culture-based manufacturing is poised to replace egg-based processes, increasing virus production is of paramount importance. To shed light on factors affecting virus productivity, we isolated a subline, H1, which had twice the influenza virus A (IAV) productivity of the parent (P) through cell cloning, and characterized H1 and P in detail on both physical and molecular levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed that within a few hours after IAV infection, viral mRNAs constituted over one fifth of total mRNA, with several viral genes more highly expressed in H1 than P. Functional analysis of the transcriptome dynamics showed that H1 and P responded similarly to IAV infection, and were both subjected to host shutoff and inflammatory responses. Importantly, H1 was more active in translation and RNA processing intrinsically and after infection. Furthermore, H1 had more subdued inflammatory and antiviral responses. Taken together, we postulate that the high productivity of IAV hinges on the balance between suppression of host functions to divert cellular resources and the sustaining of sufficient activities for virus replication. Mechanistic insights into virus productivity can facilitate the process optimization and cell line engineering for advancing influenza vaccine manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections)
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9 pages, 17180 KiB  
Article
The Mink Circovirus Capsid Subunit Expressed by Recombinant Baculovirus Protects Minks against Refractory Diarrhea in Field
by Lidong Wang, Yanyan Zhang, Teng Chen, Lijuan Mi, Xuefei Sun, Xintao Zhou, Faming Miao, Shoufeng Zhang, Ye Liu and Rongliang Hu
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 606; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13040606 - 01 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
Mink refractory diarrhea is a seasonal disease that occurs in many mink farms in China. Mink circovirus (MiCV) has been recognized as the causative agent of the disease. The aim of the study was to develop a subunit vaccine against mink refractory diarrhea. [...] Read more.
Mink refractory diarrhea is a seasonal disease that occurs in many mink farms in China. Mink circovirus (MiCV) has been recognized as the causative agent of the disease. The aim of the study was to develop a subunit vaccine against mink refractory diarrhea. A recombinant baculovirus strain expressing the capsid protein was constructed using the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). A subunit vaccine was developed based on the capsid protein with appropriate adjuvant. Then, a field trial was carried out in two districts in order to evaluate the efficiency of the subunit vaccine. The field trial indicated that in total, only 1.8% of the minks developed typical diarrhea in the vaccinated group compared with 74.5% in the control group. The vaccination could significantly reduce the infection rate of MiCV among the mink herds and could restrain the virus’ shedding from feces. Furthermore, the vaccinated group had a higher average litter size in the following year compared to the control group. Collectively, the results indicated that the subunit vaccine based on the capsid protein can provide reliable protection against MiCV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections)
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Review

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12 pages, 648 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Recent Insights into the Response of TLR to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Potential of TLR Agonists as SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Adjuvants
by Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2302; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13112302 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3967
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a global health pandemic causing millions of deaths worldwide. However, the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host innate immunity, remains unclear. The innate [...] Read more.
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a global health pandemic causing millions of deaths worldwide. However, the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host innate immunity, remains unclear. The innate immune system acts as the first line of host defense, which is critical for the initial detection of invading pathogens and the activation and shaping of adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors of innate immunity that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate downstream signaling for pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. However, TLRs may also act as a double-edged sword, and dysregulated TLR responses may enhance immune-mediated pathology, instead of providing protection. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between TLRs and SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance for devising therapeutic and preventive strategies. The use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants for human disease is a promising approach that could be applied in the investigation of COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of host innate immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with particular focus on TLR response. In addition, we discuss the use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in enhancing the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections)
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15 pages, 1325 KiB  
Review
Tree Shrew as an Emerging Small Animal Model for Human Viral Infection: A Recent Overview
by Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Takahiro Sanada, Michinori Kohara and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1641; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v13081641 - 18 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3785
Abstract
Viral infection is a global public health threat causing millions of deaths. A suitable small animal model is essential for viral pathogenesis and host response studies that could be used in antiviral and vaccine development. The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri or Tupaia [...] Read more.
Viral infection is a global public health threat causing millions of deaths. A suitable small animal model is essential for viral pathogenesis and host response studies that could be used in antiviral and vaccine development. The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri or Tupaia belangeri chinenesis), a squirrel-like non-primate small mammal in the Tupaiidae family, has been reported to be susceptible to important human viral pathogens, including hepatitis viruses (e.g., HBV, HCV), respiratory viruses (influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, human adenovirus B), arboviruses (Zika virus and dengue virus), and other viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, etc.). The pathogenesis of these viruses is not fully understood due to the lack of an economically feasible suitable small animal model mimicking natural infection of human diseases. The tree shrew model significantly contributes towards a better understanding of the infection and pathogenesis of these important human pathogens, highlighting its potential to be used as a viable viral infection model of human viruses. Therefore, in this review, we summarize updates regarding human viral infection in the tree shrew model, which highlights the potential of the tree shrew to be utilized for human viral infection and pathogenesis studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Studies for Vaccine Development Targeting Virus Infections)
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