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Water
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Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment
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Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2024) | Viewed by 7697

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tian Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Municipal Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Interests: drinking water treatment; wastewater treatment; membrane separation; membrane fabrication; membrane vibration; energy recovery device; hydrodynamics; natural organic matter
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Shuili Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Municipal Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Interests: drinking water treatment; advanced reduction; membrane separation; membrane fabrication; taste and ordor removal; advanced oxidation
Dr. Junxia Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Interests: water reuse; ultrafiltration; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis; membrane fouling; coagulation; adsorption

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the increment of world population and economics, water pollution has become a great issue. The contaminants in water and wastewater, if directly discharged to rivers or lakes without proper treatment, may pose potential threats to aquatic microorganisms and human beings. This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments of advanced technologies such as membrane filtration, advanced oxidation, activated carbon adsorption, etc., as well as conventional physical, chemical and biological processes (e.g., coagulation, sand filtration, disinfection, activated sludge processes, etc.) for the removal of dissolved organic matter, trace organic compounds, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and genes for water and wastewater treatment. In addition, contaminant removal mechanisms and energy utilisation evaluations are also included. Researchers in the field of water and wastewater treatment are invited to submit their original research findings or literature review articles to this Special Issue.

Dr. Tian Li
Prof. Dr. Shuili Yu
Dr. Junxia Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • drinking-water treatment
  • wastewater treatment
  • advanced water treatment
  • membrane separation
  • organic removal

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 17673 KiB  
Article
Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis of Polypropylene Filter Cartridges Used in Drinking Water Purification Systems
by Andrei Zaharia, Valentin Nedeff, Juan A. López-Ramírez, Emilian Moșneguțu, Narcis Bârsan, Mirela Lehadus-Panaite, Jamroziak Krzysztof and Claudia Tomozei
Water 2024, 16(1), 165; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w16010165 - 31 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1080
Abstract
In recent years, more and more emphasis has been placed on the use of home filtration systems as a coarse pre-filtration step. The PP (polypropylene) filter cartridge is one of the most common of these systems, with the role of retaining solid suspensions [...] Read more.
In recent years, more and more emphasis has been placed on the use of home filtration systems as a coarse pre-filtration step. The PP (polypropylene) filter cartridge is one of the most common of these systems, with the role of retaining solid suspensions from drinking water. However, few studies have focused on the fouling analysis of PP cartridges using EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analysis methods. Through this study, a clear and in-depth view of the structures and morphology of PP filter cartridges as well as their impurity retention capacities and their impact is provided with the help of an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analyzer. To achieve these goals, it was necessary to establish a specialized preparation methodology for this type of material in order to analyze it using the SEM and, at the same time, determine the optimal setting of the SEM parameters (improved resolution, reduced acceleration voltage, reduced data acquisition time, etc.) depending on the analysis performed for the visualization and detailed characterization of surfaces. Based on the SEM-EDS analysis and characterization, an uneven distribution of impurities on the surface of the PP fibers was identified. The number of impurities varied according to the depth of the cartridge due to the sieving effect that occurred owing to the varied sizes and shapes of the impurities, but also the structural differences and pore sizes of the filter material. So, the most common chemical elements identified were Al, Si, Na, Cl, Ca, Fe, and S, having a predominantly higher intensity from the inside to the outside of the PP filter cartridge due to pressure forces and the uneven flow of filtered water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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13 pages, 2591 KiB  
Article
Membrane Contamination Control in the Intermittent Aeration Mode of Operation of the C-MBR Process for Campus Wastewater Reuse
by Ruoting Gao, Ronglin Sun, Chunfang Zhang and Wenjie Zhang
Water 2023, 15(23), 4144; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w15234144 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 848
Abstract
Filtration backwashing is necessary for the effective operation of membrane modules, and intermittent aeration helps to remove nutrients, which can save energy and effectively control the occurrence of membrane contamination. In this study, membrane contamination was controlled using an MBR in intermittent aeration [...] Read more.
Filtration backwashing is necessary for the effective operation of membrane modules, and intermittent aeration helps to remove nutrients, which can save energy and effectively control the occurrence of membrane contamination. In this study, membrane contamination was controlled using an MBR in intermittent aeration operation mode and a filtration backwash cycle; difficult organic matter and nitrogen (COD and NH4+-N) were used as the main contamination indicators for this study; and the main membrane contamination components, extracellular polymers (EPs), and soluble microbial products (SMPs) were detected. The results show that the average removal of COD and NH4+-N could reach 86.45% and 92.47%, respectively, with a 2.0 day intermittent aeration time and 9/1 min filtration backwash cycle mode, and it also helped to reduce the membrane contamination, as shown by a decrease of 11.87% in bound EPs (EPSBound) and an increase of only 5.32% in SMPs. Microbiological analyses revealed that Proteobacteria and Acinetobacter, as dominant bacteria (50.90%), were the main causes of membrane contamination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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18 pages, 2422 KiB  
Article
NaOH-Activated Natural Glauconite for Low-Cost Adsorption of Congo Red Dye
by Ahmed Hamd, Doaa Salah, Huda Fadol Alyafei, Nofal K. Soliman, Ahmed A. M. El-Reedy, Ali M. Elzanaty, Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi, Azza Al-Ghamdi, Mohamed Shaban, Refat El-Sayed and Sayed A. Ahmed
Water 2023, 15(21), 3753; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w15213753 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1687
Abstract
To explore the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from textile effluent, natural clay glauconite was employed as a sustainable and inexpensive adsorbent. The effects of varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on glauconite alteration were examined. Furthermore, this research focuses on the [...] Read more.
To explore the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from textile effluent, natural clay glauconite was employed as a sustainable and inexpensive adsorbent. The effects of varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on glauconite alteration were examined. Furthermore, this research focuses on the optimal NaOH concentration that improves removal efficiency and adsorption capacity. Thus, four NaOH solutions of concentrations ranging from 1 M to 4 M were used to activate glauconite raw (GL), indicated as GLACT1M, GLACT2M, GLACT3M, and GLACT4M. These samples were characterized using different analysis tools. The effects of starting concentration, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, and reusability on removal efficacy were all investigated. The data show that the CR removal efficiency increases with modification up to a 2 M NaOH activation, beyond which it begins to decrease. At 25 °C and pH 7, the CR removal efficiencies were ~77%, 72%, 80%, 34.5%, and 30.5% by GL, GLACT1M, GLACT2M, GLACT3M, and GLACT4M, respectively. Batch experiments were performed to explore both the kinetics and isotherms of CR adsorption to determine the impact of different experimental conditions accurately. Moreover, isotherm interpretations demonstrated that the Freundlich isotherm closely matches the experimental results. The pseudo-second-order model clearly explains the obtained results (R2 = 0.998) from 5 to 25 ppm for GL, GLACT1M, GLACT2M, and GLACT3M, but GLACT4 is expressed by the Elovich model from 20 to 25 ppm. The reusability investigation revealed that the reusability of adsorbents could be achieved efficiently. The findings suggest that glauconite and its NaOH-activated forms can be employed as natural and affordable adsorbents for removing CR from textile effluent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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26 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation System for Assessing the Operational Efficiency of Urban Combined Sewer Systems Using AHP—Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation: A Case Study in Shanghai, China
by Hongwu Wang, Ming Yan, Yuan Gao, Yanqiong Wang and Xiaohu Dai
Water 2023, 15(19), 3434; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w15193434 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 793
Abstract
In recent years, China’s urban smart water management has focused on enhancing the quality, efficiency, energy conservation, flood prevention, and control of combined sewer overflow (CSO) and urban waterlogging. To evaluate the combined sewer system’s operation efficiency effectively, a comprehensive evaluation system was [...] Read more.
In recent years, China’s urban smart water management has focused on enhancing the quality, efficiency, energy conservation, flood prevention, and control of combined sewer overflow (CSO) and urban waterlogging. To evaluate the combined sewer system’s operation efficiency effectively, a comprehensive evaluation system was established. This system incorporated expert scoring and the coefficient of variation method, considering 31 specific indexes to assess six key aspects: CSO control, waterlogging control, stable wastewater transportation, pipeline management and maintenance, energy conservation, and smart water affairs. The AHP—Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was employed for evaluation, combining AHP for index weighting and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for quantitative scoring. The system was applied to assess the operation efficiency of a specific area in Shanghai from 2020 to 2022. Results showed progress in CSO control and energy conservation, with operation efficiency improving from low in 2020 to moderate in 2021 and good in 2022. However, waterlogging control and pipeline management still require improvement in the combined sewer area. Overall, the evaluation system provides valuable insights into the system’s performance, identifying areas for targeted enhancement and emphasizing the need for further improvements to achieve optimal operation efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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Review

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20 pages, 1318 KiB  
Review
A Concise Review of Theoretical Models and Numerical Simulations of Membrane Fouling
by Haiyan Yang, Xuri Yu, Junxia Liu, Zhiwei Tang, Tianyi Huang, Zhihong Wang, Qiyun Zhong, Zhihong Long and Lin Wang
Water 2022, 14(21), 3537; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14213537 - 03 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2526
Abstract
Membrane fouling can cause severe flux drops and affect the quality of produced water, which is a major obstacle for membrane applications. Great efforts have been made to examine theoretical models and numerical simulations for fouling behavior and mechanisms in the past decades, [...] Read more.
Membrane fouling can cause severe flux drops and affect the quality of produced water, which is a major obstacle for membrane applications. Great efforts have been made to examine theoretical models and numerical simulations for fouling behavior and mechanisms in the past decades, but there is a lack of literature providing a systematic summary. This work aims to present a state-of-the-art review of the principles, applicability and advantages of fouling theoretical models (i.e., the concentration polarization, cake layer formation and blocking models), and numerical simulations (i.e., computational fluid dynamics, Monte Carlo simulation, and artificial neural networks) for fouling behavior and mechanisms. Through these models and simulations, the behaviors of foulant particles at the microscopic level are analyzed in detail from the perspective of force, energy, and particle trajectory during the fouling process. The concise summary of fouling modeling in this review gives guidelines for the selection and application of models to simulate the membrane fouling process accurately, and the optimization of the operation in membrane-based processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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