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Water
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Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All
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Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2019) | Viewed by 28097

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. José Alberto Herrera-Melián

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Canary Islands, Spain
Interests: wastewater treatment; constructed wetland; biofilters; ponds; advanced oxidation technologies; wastewater disinfection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water is an essential component of life. However, it can also be the vehicle of transmission of many diseases. Therefore, access to quality water is an inalienable right that must be accessible to the entire population. In developing countries, diarrhea caused by ingesting contaminated water continues to be a cause of important mortality in children. Although there are many methods capable of disinfecting water, both physical and chemical, the most commonly used are UV radiation, ozone and chlorine. Although the first two may be preferable to chlorine because they do not add flavor to water, and the formation of chlorinated products is negligible, their lower efficiency and higher economic cost reduce their applicability. Chlorine, in its different chemical forms, has many advantages, namely low economic cost, efficiency, and above all the permanence of a residual chlorine that helps to prevent future reinfections. However, the production of carcinogenic compounds such as trihalomethanes has generated distrust and concern. Therefore, it is essential to develop disinfection methods that are efficient, economical and easily applicable, that allow access to safe drinking water and the treatment of wastewater with sufficient health guarantees. Such methods should beaccesible for the entire population, including that found in remote and/or poor areas and those that suffer from natural catastrophes.

Prof. Dr. José Alberto Herrera-Melián
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Water disinfection
  • Drinking water
  • Water diseases
  • Pathogens
  • Bacteriae, viruses, parasites
  • E. coli
  • Wastewater treatment and reuse

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 542 KiB  
Article
Barriers and Facilitators to Chlorine Tablet Distribution and Use in Emergencies: A Qualitative Assessment
by Brittany Mitro, Marlene K. Wolfe, Mateo Galeano, Mustafa Sikder, Karin Gallandat and Daniele Lantagne
Water 2019, 11(6), 1121; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11061121 - 29 May 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4740
Abstract
Chlorine tablets are commonly distributed for household water treatment in emergencies. However, confirmed use after distribution ranges widely (from 7–87%), which raises concerns about chlorine tablet effectiveness, as measured by acceptance and appropriate use. To investigate chlorine tablet effectiveness, we conducted nine key [...] Read more.
Chlorine tablets are commonly distributed for household water treatment in emergencies. However, confirmed use after distribution ranges widely (from 7–87%), which raises concerns about chlorine tablet effectiveness, as measured by acceptance and appropriate use. To investigate chlorine tablet effectiveness, we conducted nine key informant interviews (KIIs) on tablet distribution in emergencies in general, five KIIs on chlorine taste and odor acceptance and rejection specifically, and a literature review on chlorine taste and odor concerns. We found: (1) chlorine tablets are regarded as one of the most effective water treatment methods and are often considered appropriate in emergency response, (2) dosing confusion and taste and odor rejection are perceived as the main problems limiting effectiveness, and (3) the primary solutions suggested for these problems were social and behavioral. We recommend that social and behavioral scientists are routinely integrated into chlorine tablet programming to improve user feedback and behavioral interventions for chlorine tablet promotion in emergencies. We also suggest that more research is conducted on chlorine taste and odor rejection in vulnerable populations, and that improved guidance is developed to facilitate intra-agency coordination and select, promote, and monitor tablets appropriate for each context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All)
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11 pages, 3083 KiB  
Article
Storage Stability and Disinfection Performance on Escherichia coli of Electrolyzed Seawater
by Regina G. Damalerio, Aileen H. Orbecido, Marigold O. Uba, Patricio Elvin L. Cantiller and Arnel B. Beltran
Water 2019, 11(5), 980; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11050980 - 10 May 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3308
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of storage conditions on the stability of electrolyzed seawater (ESW)’s physicochemical properties (pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and free chlorine (FC) concentration), and bactericidal efficiency on the fecal coliform Escherichia coli for 30 days. Preliminary experiments were conducted to [...] Read more.
The study investigated the effect of storage conditions on the stability of electrolyzed seawater (ESW)’s physicochemical properties (pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and free chlorine (FC) concentration), and bactericidal efficiency on the fecal coliform Escherichia coli for 30 days. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the optimal current and electrolysis time. Two batches of 2750 mL filtered seawater were electrolyzed using 50 mm × 192 mm platinum–titanium mesh electrodes at a current of 1.5 A for 20 min. One hundred milliliters of electrolyzed solution was transferred into each amber glass and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles. The bottles were stored in a dark area at ambient temperature. The results showed an increase in pH and a decrease in ORP and FC concentration through time. Hypochlorous acid remained as the dominant component since the pH levels of the solutions remained below 7.5. FC decay was investigated using Chick’s Law. It was determined that the decay in HDPE bottles (k = −0.066 day−1) was faster compared to amber glass bottles (k = −0.046 day−1). Nonetheless, HDPE bottles could still be used as an alternative container for 30 days only due to observed instability beyond 30 days. ESW remained effective since no surviving population of E. coli was observed throughout the experimentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All)
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9 pages, 2779 KiB  
Article
Instantaneous Water Purification by Deep Ultraviolet Light in Water Waveguide: Escherichia Coli Bacteria Disinfection
by Takahiro Matsumoto, Ichiro Tatsuno and Tadao Hasegawa
Water 2019, 11(5), 968; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11050968 - 09 May 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8227
Abstract
The necessity of small water purification equipment has been increasing in recent years as a result of frequent natural disasters. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation treatment is an effective method for the disinfection of bacterial contaminants in water. As an emerging technology, disinfection by deep-ultraviolet [...] Read more.
The necessity of small water purification equipment has been increasing in recent years as a result of frequent natural disasters. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation treatment is an effective method for the disinfection of bacterial contaminants in water. As an emerging technology, disinfection by deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) is promising. Few studies have used the point-source characteristics of LEDs and have instead replaced mercury vapor lamps with LEDs. Here, we demonstrate the instantaneous purification of contaminated water by combining the point source characteristics of DUV-LEDs with a water waveguide (WW). The principle is based on the WW region acting as an effective DUV disinfector, whereby a high UV dose in a confined WW region can be applied to bacterial contaminants in a short period of time (around one second). We demonstrate the effect of this DUV-LED WW disinfection technique by showing the results of 3-log disinfection levels of water contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria after a short treatment time. We believe that the combination of the point-source nature of DUV-LED emission, the water-waveguide effect, and a small photovoltaic cell paves the way toward environmentally friendly and emergency preparedness portable water purification equipment that instantaneously supplies clean water just before drinking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All)
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15 pages, 3462 KiB  
Article
Response Surface Analysis of Fenobucarb Removal by Electrochemically Generated Chlorine
by Giang Truong Le, Nguyen Thuy Ta, Trung Quoc Pham and Yen Hai Dao
Water 2019, 11(5), 899; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11050899 - 29 Apr 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3312
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrochemical formation of active chlorine and its subsequent use for the degradation of the pesticide fenobucarb. Initially, the process of electrochemical active chlorine production was investigated using an electrochemical flow-cell with a Ti/RuO [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrochemical formation of active chlorine and its subsequent use for the degradation of the pesticide fenobucarb. Initially, the process of electrochemical active chlorine production was investigated using an electrochemical flow-cell with a Ti/RuO2 plate electrode. The contribution of four main factors (chloride concentration, current density, the retention time of chloride in the cell (flow rate), and initial pH of inlet solution) to form active chlorine was determined by a central composite design (CCD). The influence of the four variables was statistically significant, and the contributions of flow rate, chloride concentration, pH, and current density were found to be 37.2%, 33.59%, 18.28%, and 10.93%, respectively. A mathematical model was established to predict and optimize the operating conditions for fenobucarb removal in the NaCl electrolysis process. The main transformation products (seven compound structures) were detected by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). The results of the model and transformation products indicated that fenobucarb was degraded due to direct oxidation on the electrode surface, and indirectly by active chlorine and other radicals present during the NaCl electrolysis process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All)
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12 pages, 2845 KiB  
Article
Disinfection of Escherichia coli by a Reactive Electrochemical Membrane System Involving Activated Carbon Fiber Cloth (ACFC)
by Edward Huang, Townshend White, Beibei Wang, Huanhuan Shi and Jiayang Liu
Water 2019, 11(3), 430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11030430 - 28 Feb 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3717
Abstract
This study examined a novel reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) system with activated carbon fiber cloth (ACFC) serving simultaneously as the anode and the membrane to effectively disinfect water that was filtered through the device. An Escherichia coli strain was inoculated to water as [...] Read more.
This study examined a novel reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) system with activated carbon fiber cloth (ACFC) serving simultaneously as the anode and the membrane to effectively disinfect water that was filtered through the device. An Escherichia coli strain was inoculated to water as a model pathogen. The influence of REM operation parameters, including the number of ACFC layers, voltage, flow rate and operation time, was evaluated. Up to 7.5 log unit reduction of E. coli concentration in water was achieved at the optimal treatment condition, while the energy consumption was 1.5 kWh/m3 per log unit reduction of E. coli. This makes it possible to use this ACFC-based REM technology for point-of-use water disinfection to provide clean water for underdeveloped regions. Further tests by free radical probing, Linear Scan Voltammetry (LSV) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) suggest that the disinfection involved the filtration/retention of bacteria on ACFC and attack by reactive oxygen species generated electrochemically on the anode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All)
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12 pages, 2422 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Different Bacteria Inactivation by a Novel Continuous-Flow Ultrasound/Chlorination Water Treatment System in a Pilot Scale
by Huasheng Zou and Haoyuan Tang
Water 2019, 11(2), 258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w11020258 - 02 Feb 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3933
Abstract
The existing traditional drinking water disinfection technology relies mainly on chlorine disinfection alone, which has high disinfection efficiency and can effectively inactivate most of the microorganisms in the water. However, it produces a series of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). Therefore, it is very [...] Read more.
The existing traditional drinking water disinfection technology relies mainly on chlorine disinfection alone, which has high disinfection efficiency and can effectively inactivate most of the microorganisms in the water. However, it produces a series of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). Therefore, it is very necessary to study an efficient and environmentally friendly disinfection technology for drinking water. For this purpose, a novel continuous-flow ultrasound (US)/chlorination water treatment system was designed and developed. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were selected as indicators of water treatment effects to (1) investigate the disinfection effects of different bacteria by US treatment alone at different single or dual frequencies; (2) explore the disinfection effects of US pretreatment with 8 mg/L NaClO on different bacteria to assess the promoting effects of US pretreatment; and (3) identify the optimum system process to satisfy the national standard for drinking water quality. Results showed that the dual-frequency US had better inactivation effects compared with single-frequency US, although it could not achieve an ideal disinfection level (complete disinfection). Further, 17 + 33 kHz dual-frequency US pretreatment had obvious enhancement of the disinfection efficiency, where 3.85 (E. coli), 3.65 (S. aureus), and 3.52 (B. subtilis) log reduction were achieved when 8 mg/L NaClO disinfection lasted 10 min, and finally all three bacteria achieved 4 log reduction after 30 min. Moreover, the treated water satisfied the Chinese national standard for drinking water quality, in which the residual chlorine concentration was below 4 mg/L. The utilization efficiency of disinfectant was improved approximately 40% by 17 + 33 kHz US pretreatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Disinfection: Safe Water for All)
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