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Water
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Sediment Transport and River Morphology
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Sediment Transport and River Morphology

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Erosion and Sediment Transport".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 18440

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Sameh Kantoush

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Guest Editor
Water Resources Research Center - Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Goka-sho, Uji City, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Interests: integrated river basin management; river morphology; shallow flow and sediment transport; wadi flash flood; sedimentation in reservoirs; dam impacts; sediment management techniques; image-based monitoring techniques
Prof. Dr. Tetsuya Sumi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Water Resources Research Center - Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Goka-sho, Uji City, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Interests: integrated sediment management for reservoir sustainability; hydraulics and dam engineering; dam operation and management; reservoir hydraulics; river environment
Dr. Doan Van Binh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Water Resources Research Center - Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Goka-sho, Uji City, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Interests: Mekong river basin; dynamics of sediment transport; morphological and hydrological changes; assessment of dam impacts; numerical modelling; bank erosion and river incision; sediment budget; sediment management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sedimentation and morphological problems in regulated and unregulated rivers are considerably different. The water and sediment waves from upstream reaches have an important role in structuring the downstream channel morphology, hydrology, and ecosystem of a river basin. However, increasing anthropogenic interventions significantly affect rivers’ flow regimes and sediment dynamics, consequently threatening the diversity of habitat structures and aquatic ecosystems. Alterations in flow regimes and sediment transport loads can impact riverbed morphology, river ecosystems, river navigation, coastal erosion, salinity intrusion, and agricultural activities.

Dam-related environmental issues have become more pressing, including the concern over the increase of sedimentation in reservoirs. It is, therefore, imperative to implement necessary sediment management techniques, such as flushing, sediment bypass tunnels, sluicing, and dredging, to restore the dam function and recover the ecosystem at the downstream reaches. For efficient comprehensive sediment management in the river basin, it is necessary to find a balance between flow and sediment release. This is dictated by numerous constraints, including hydrology, water quality, river morphology, ecology, and flood protection.

This Special Issue of Water calls for innovative research papers on the following topics:

  1. Impacts of climate changes on rainfall/runoff and sediment production/transport intensity;
  2. Fluctuating flow and sediment yields;
  3. Reservoir longevity issues and the necessity of upgrading and retrofitting aging dams;
  4. Impacts of dams on the downstream river conditions;
  5. Impacts of flood and sediment supply on morphological changes;
  6. Impacts of large woody debris on river morphology;
  7. Spatiotemporal dynamics of suspended sediment and the associated morphological changes;
  8. Impacts of morphological changes on flood risk;
  9. Sediment erosion and deposition processes;
  10. Grain size distribution and riverbed morphological characteristics;
  11. Understanding and predicting the changes in river morphology due to both natural and anthropogenic components;
  12. River morphology and river restoration projects;
  13. Riverbed incision, bank erosion, and coastal erosion;
  14. Quantification of the eco-morphological responses.

Prof. Dr. Sameh Kantoush
Prof. Dr. Tetsuya Sumi
Dr. Binh Doan Van
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dynamics of flow and sediment transport
  • morphological processes
  • fluvial morphology
  • flow discharge
  • sediment supply
  • channel geometry
  • fluvial dynamics
  • channel degradation and aggradation
  • dam impacts

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1868 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study Demonstrating a Cost-Effective Approach for Generating 3D-Enhanced Models of Sediment Flushing Cones Using Model-Based SFM Photogrammetry
by Hadi Haghjouei, Sameh A. Kantoush, Sepideh Beiramipour, Majid Rahimpour and Kourosh Qaderi
Water 2022, 14(10), 1588; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w14101588 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1771
Abstract
Accurate measurements of sediment flushing cone geometry (SFCG) are essential for determining sediment removal efficiency in reservoirs. SFCG measurements are related to the point-to-point height that affects bathymetry accuracy, and they are used to develop a digital elevation model (DEM). Conventional bathymetry monitoring [...] Read more.
Accurate measurements of sediment flushing cone geometry (SFCG) are essential for determining sediment removal efficiency in reservoirs. SFCG measurements are related to the point-to-point height that affects bathymetry accuracy, and they are used to develop a digital elevation model (DEM). Conventional bathymetry monitoring techniques require a longer time for data processing and output data with insufficient accuracy despite being inexpensive and simple. In the current research, a close-range photogrammetric method called the structure from motion (SFM) method was investigated to determine the SFCG in an experimental study. The regular geometric shape of a cube was used to verify the SFM. Additionally, measurements between model control points (MCPs) on the flushed sediment bed were compared with those from the SFM method. The results indicated that the calculated SFM values were consistent with the measured values. To determine the SFCG, two sets of images were captured with 70% average overlapping before and after the completion of each test. After processing and post-processing via the SFM tool AgiSoft Metashape, a georeferenced 3D model was achieved. The accuracy of the surveyed data in terms of the dimensions, cross-sections, and temporal developments of the sediment flushing cone was investigated to verify the SFM method. Finally, the results revealed good agreement (R2=0.99 and average error of 0.03–0.74 mm) between the DEMs created by the SFM method and the actual model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport and River Morphology)
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22 pages, 6134 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Discharge Adjustment Effects on Reservoir Morphodynamics and Flushing Efficiency: An Outlook for the Unazuki Reservoir, Japan
by Taymaz Esmaeili, Tetsuya Sumi, Sameh A. Kantoush, Yoji Kubota, Stefan Haun and Nils Rüther
Water 2021, 13(12), 1624; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13121624 - 09 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
The Unazuki Reservoir is located on the Kurobe River, which is influenced by a catchment with one of the highest sediment yields in Japan. Due to a sufficiently available discharge during flood events, annual sediment flushing with full water-level drawdown (i.e., free-flow sediment [...] Read more.
The Unazuki Reservoir is located on the Kurobe River, which is influenced by a catchment with one of the highest sediment yields in Japan. Due to a sufficiently available discharge during flood events, annual sediment flushing with full water-level drawdown (i.e., free-flow sediment flushing) is conducted to preserve the effective storage capacity of the reservoir. Nevertheless, the upstream half of the reservoir (i.e., study segment) suffers from the excessive deposition of coarser sediments. Remobilization of these coarser materials and their transportation further downstream of the reservoir is a priority of reservoir owners for sustainable reservoir functions, such as flood-risk management and hydroelectric energy generation. In this paper, an already conducted sediment-flushing operation in the Unazuki Reservoir is simulated, and its effects on sediment scouring from the study segment of the reservoir together with changes in bed morphodynamics are presented. A fully 3D numerical model using the finite volume approach in combination with a wetting/drying algorithm was utilized to reproduce the hydrodynamics and bed changes using the available onsite data. Afterwards, the effects of discharge adjustment on the morphological bed changes and flushing efficiency were analysed in the study segment using an additional single-discharge pulse supplied from upstream reservoirs. Simulation results showed that an approximately 75% increase in the average discharge during the free-flow stage changed the dominant morphological process from deposition into an erosive mode in the study segment. If the increase in discharge reaches up to 100%, the flushed volume of sediments from the target segment can increase 2.9 times compared with the initiation of the erosive mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport and River Morphology)
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14 pages, 3560 KiB  
Article
Impact of Future Land-Use/Cover Change on Streamflow and Sediment Load in the Be River Basin, Vietnam
by Dao Nguyen Khoi, Pham Thi Loi and Truong Thao Sam
Water 2021, 13(9), 1244; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13091244 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3537
Abstract
Evaluation of the influence of land-use/cover (LUC) change on water and sediment fluxes from river basins is essential for proposing adaptation and mitigation strategies, but as of yet little information is available, especially in the tropics. For this motivation, the objective of this [...] Read more.
Evaluation of the influence of land-use/cover (LUC) change on water and sediment fluxes from river basins is essential for proposing adaptation and mitigation strategies, but as of yet little information is available, especially in the tropics. For this motivation, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of scenarios of LUC change on streamflow and sediment load in the Be River Basin using the Dynamic Conversion of Land-Use and its Effects (Dyna-CLUE) model and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The Dyna-CLUE and SWAT models were calibrated and validated against observed data in the period of 1980–2010. Three future LUC scenarios in 2030, 2050, and 2070 were generated utilizing the calibrated Dyna-CLUE model based on the historical conversion of forest land to agricultural land and urban area in the study region. Subsequently, the calibrated SWAT model was used to simulate the changes in streamflow and sediment load under these three future LUC scenarios. Results indicated that the annual streamflow and sediment load were estimated to be approximately 287.35 m3/s and 101.23 × 103 ton/month for the baseline period. Under the influence of future LUC scenarios, the annual streamflow and sediment load would experience increases of 0.19% to 0.45% and 0.22% to 0.68%, respectively. In addition, the 5th and 95th percentile values of streamflow and sediment load are predicted to rise in the context of future LUC change. The results achieved from the present study will support the managers and policy makers proposing appropriate solutions for sustainable water resources management and sediment control in the context of LUC change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport and River Morphology)
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23 pages, 8087 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Incipient Motion of Sand Particles by Different Indirect Methods in Erosion Function Apparatus
by Arif Jewel, Kazunori Fujisawa and Akira Murakami
Water 2021, 13(8), 1118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13081118 - 19 Apr 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
An experiment was carried out in an acrylic glass-sided re-circulating closed conduit with a rectangular cross section, which is similar in construction to an erosion function apparatus. An adjustable sand box, made of acrylic glass, was attached to the bottom of the conduit [...] Read more.
An experiment was carried out in an acrylic glass-sided re-circulating closed conduit with a rectangular cross section, which is similar in construction to an erosion function apparatus. An adjustable sand box, made of acrylic glass, was attached to the bottom of the conduit as the sand zone or the test section. The hydraulics of the flow in the erosion function apparatus is complicated due to the limited part of the non-smooth and erodible soil surface attached to the closed conduit. As the bed shear stress changes with the bed roughness, even though the flow velocity does not change, establishing a method to estimate the incipient motion is an important challenge for an erosion function apparatus. The present study was conducted to explore the incipient motion of sands from bed shear stress estimated by four different indirect methods on both the sand bed and the smooth bed installed in the erosion function apparatus. In the experiment, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to investigate flow dynamics and incipient motion in terms of dimensionless critical bed shear stress. The experimental results show that the bed shear stress estimated from the log-law profiles in the sand zone and the smooth zones are relatively higher than those of the other indirect methods. The dimensionless critical bed shear stress of threshold condition evaluated by all indirect methods was found in good agreement with those of previous results in both zones. The Manning roughness and Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficients were evaluated based on the critical shear velocity at the incipient motion. Although these coefficients were found slightly greater in the smooth zone than in the sand zone, in both zones, they showed good agreement with previous studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport and River Morphology)
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19 pages, 7982 KiB  
Article
On Ripples—A Boundary Layer-Theoretical Definition
by Ulrich Zanke and Aron Roland
Water 2021, 13(7), 892; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13070892 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2567
Abstract
Once the first initial ripples have developed, they form according to the actual flow forces and sediment properties. In this paper, a semianalytical approach to determine the length of the developed ripples is presented. The theory assumes initial disturbances at the bed surface [...] Read more.
Once the first initial ripples have developed, they form according to the actual flow forces and sediment properties. In this paper, a semianalytical approach to determine the length of the developed ripples is presented. The theory assumes initial disturbances at the bed surface and corresponding flow separations resulting from an individual respective boundary layer. What causes the initial rhythmic perturbations is not the subject of this paper. Based on boundary layer theory, this approach explains a possible physical background for the existence and length of developed ripples in cohesion-free sediments. At the same time, the approach provides a distinction from dunes: ripples are sand waves affected by a viscous sublayer, and dunes are sand waves where this is not the case. Applications to Earth, Mars, and Titan are shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport and River Morphology)
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15 pages, 3124 KiB  
Article
Reservoir Sediment Management Using Artificial Neural Networks: A Case Study of the Lower Section of the Alpine Saalach River
by Markus Reisenbüchler, Minh Duc Bui and Peter Rutschmann
Water 2021, 13(6), 818; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/w13060818 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2620
Abstract
Reservoir sedimentation is a critical issue worldwide, resulting in reduced storage volumes and, thus, reservoir efficiency. Moreover, sedimentation can also increase the flood risk at related facilities. In some cases, drawdown flushing of the reservoir is an appropriate management tool. However, there are [...] Read more.
Reservoir sedimentation is a critical issue worldwide, resulting in reduced storage volumes and, thus, reservoir efficiency. Moreover, sedimentation can also increase the flood risk at related facilities. In some cases, drawdown flushing of the reservoir is an appropriate management tool. However, there are various options as to how and when to perform such flushing, which should be optimized in order to maximize its efficiency and effectiveness. This paper proposes an innovative concept, based on an artificial neural network (ANN), to predict the volume of sediment flushed from the reservoir given distinct input parameters. The results obtained from a real-world study area indicate that there is a close correlation between the inputs—including peak discharge and duration of flushing—and the output (i.e., the volume of sediment). The developed ANN can readily be applied at the real-world study site, as a decision-support system for hydropower operators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Transport and River Morphology)
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