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1 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Gianluca Cadelano, Giovanni Ferrarini and Davide Moroni

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 2; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051002 - 25 Oct 2023

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Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Correlation between Thermal Diffusivity and Ultimate Tensile Strength in Usibor^® 1500 through Laser Thermography

by Giuseppe Dell’Avvocato, Paolo Bison, Giovanni Ferrarini, Maria Emanuela Palmieri, Davide Palumbo, Luigi Tricarico and Umberto Galietti

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 1; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051001 - 25 Oct 2023

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Abstract

This paper presents a non-destructive laser thermography (LT) procedure for estimating Usibor^® 1500 ultimate tensile strength (UTS) based on thermal diffusivity measurements. The key innovation lies in the revealed inverse relationship between thermal diffusivity (α) and UTS, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a non-destructive laser thermography (LT) procedure for estimating Usibor^® 1500 ultimate tensile strength (UTS) based on thermal diffusivity measurements. The key innovation lies in the revealed inverse relationship between thermal diffusivity (α) and UTS, highlighting its potential for estimating mechanical properties in a non-destructive way. The experimental phase involved analyzing fifteen specimens using a 960 nm CW laser source and a thermal camera to measure thermal diffusivity. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between α and UTS, providing valuable material characterization insights and demonstrating promising applications in mechanical design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preliminary Findings on the Use of Infrared Thermal Imaging for the Detection of Reactive Hyperemia in the Upper Limb on Vasculopathic Patients

by David Perpetuini, Michele Tritto, Daniela Cardone, Giuseppe Gatta, Antonio Scarlatella, Maria Nardella, Francesco Napolitano and Arcangelo Merla

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 3; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051003 - 25 Oct 2023

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Abstract

This study examines the ability of infrared thermography (IRT) to distinguish vasculopathy patients (VP) from healthy controls (HC) during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). Three VP and three HC participated in the study. The experimental procedure included a 3-min baseline, a 5-min occlusion at [...] Read more.

This study examines the ability of infrared thermography (IRT) to distinguish vasculopathy patients (VP) from healthy controls (HC) during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). Three VP and three HC participated in the study. The experimental procedure included a 3-min baseline, a 5-min occlusion at 50 mmHg above the systolic pressure, and a 3-min reperfusion. During PORH, HC had a larger temperature fluctuation of the fingertips from the baseline (1.22 ± 0.97 °C) compared to VP (0.53 ± 0.57 °C). Accordingly, color Doppler ultrasound assessed differences in the arterial resistivity index between the two groups. These findings, albeit preliminary, could facilitate IRT employment during POHR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identification of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma and Adenoma through Thermal Imaging: Preliminary Results

by David Perpetuini, Daniela Cardone, Roberto Manunzio, Angelica Buffone, Arcangelo Merla and Aldo Bove

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 4; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051004 - 25 Oct 2023

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Abstract

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive technique used to discriminate thyroid carcinoma (TC) patients from healthy controls (HC) employing cold-stress protocols. This study investigated the capability of IRT to identify TC, thyroid adenoma (TA), and HC without cold-stress protocols. Eleven participants were enrolled, [...] Read more.

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive technique used to discriminate thyroid carcinoma (TC) patients from healthy controls (HC) employing cold-stress protocols. This study investigated the capability of IRT to identify TC, thyroid adenoma (TA), and HC without cold-stress protocols. Eleven participants were enrolled, and the maximum temperature showed the best performance in discriminating the three groups, with a difference between the pathological and healthy sides (left vs. right for HC) of 1.15 °C (±0.34 °C) for TC, 0.51 °C (±0.12 °C) for TA, and 0.11 °C (±0.09 °C) for HC. These results could foster the employment of IRT for a non-invasive thyroid tumor diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Thermographic Data Processing and Feature Extraction Approaches for Machine Learning-Based Defect Detection

by Alexey Moskovchenko and Michal Svantner

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 5; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051005 - 25 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 606

Abstract

Infrared thermography is a non-destructive testing method used to detect defects in materials and structures. Machine learning algorithms have been applied to thermographic data to automate the defect detection process. Data preparation and feature extraction are crucial factors affecting ML model results, especially [...] Read more.

Infrared thermography is a non-destructive testing method used to detect defects in materials and structures. Machine learning algorithms have been applied to thermographic data to automate the defect detection process. Data preparation and feature extraction are crucial factors affecting ML model results, especially in thermographic data analysis. This study focuses on automating the detection of impact damage in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer materials using flash-pulse thermography and ML algorithms. Various machine learning models and data pre-processing techniques were evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting and locating impact damage. The results demonstrated that the combination of the K-nearest neighbors model with the differential absolute contrast data processing method achieved the highest balanced accuracy. Other combinations, such as Gaussian support vector machine model with raw data and K-nearest neighbor with thermographic signal reconstruction derivative data, also exhibited promising performances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

5 pages, 1439 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

IR Thermography for Non-Destructive Monitoring of Moisture in Cultural Heritage

by Erika Guolo, Paolo Ruggeri, Paolo Bison and Fabio Peron

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 6; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051006 - 25 Oct 2023

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Abstract

One of the main sources of damage to historical buildings is the presence of humidity. It is fundamental to develop a diagnosis protocol to identify the presence of water, evaluate the damage in a building (the whole structure, part of it or individual [...] Read more.

One of the main sources of damage to historical buildings is the presence of humidity. It is fundamental to develop a diagnosis protocol to identify the presence of water, evaluate the damage in a building (the whole structure, part of it or individual materials), assess its vulnerability and, finally, carry out a restoration plan. IR thermography is a sustainable method to guarantee structure analysis and preservation. Here, an application is presented, permitting us to identify the wet and dry areas and transition zone related to evaporation on the surface of the investigated materials. Thanks to temperature maps, it is possible to observe saturated regions, qualitatively at first and then quantitatively, processing the images by plotting reference lines/points and correlating surface temperatures with moisture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1390 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Laser Thermography: An Investigation of Test Parameters on Detection and Quantitative Assessment in a Finite Crack

by Giuseppe Danilo Addante, Giuseppe Dell’Avvocato, Francesco Bisceglia, Ester D’Accardi, Davide Palumbo and Umberto Galietti

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 7; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051007 - 25 Oct 2023

Viewed by 617

Abstract

This preliminary study investigates the influence of test parameters on the detection and quantitative assessment of cracks using laser thermography. Cracks pose significant material design and analysis concerns, compromising the structural strength and durability of structures. Traditional crack detection methods have limitations, motivating [...] Read more.

This preliminary study investigates the influence of test parameters on the detection and quantitative assessment of cracks using laser thermography. Cracks pose significant material design and analysis concerns, compromising the structural strength and durability of structures. Traditional crack detection methods have limitations, motivating the exploration of laser thermography. A finite element model (FEM) was developed and validated using finite thickness and surface cracks. Experimental tests were conducted, and the relative position between the laser spot and crack was investigated. The results showed the potential influence of the laser spot size and position on the crack detectability. This research contributes to advancing crack detection using non-destructive laser thermography techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development and Application of a Rapid Scan Technique for Emissivity Measurements of Cooled-Down Molten Materials

by Ilse Maria Ermini, Lionel Cosson, Franck Fayon, Iñigo González De Arrieta, Olivier Rozenbaum, Pierrick Vespa and Domingos De Sousa Meneses

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 8; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051008 - 26 Oct 2023

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Abstract

The real-time observation of molten materials and their cooling to solid state is of importance for many industrial processes. In this work, we describe additional possibilities obtained by the implementation of a Rapid Scan technique on an FT-IR emissometer designed to allow the [...] Read more.

The real-time observation of molten materials and their cooling to solid state is of importance for many industrial processes. In this work, we describe additional possibilities obtained by the implementation of a Rapid Scan technique on an FT-IR emissometer designed to allow the observation of materials under extreme temperature conditions. The possibility of following liquid-to-solid state phase transition mechanisms through time-resolved emissivity will be illustrated. This new methodology presents interesting possibilities for the study of structural transformations through the real-time monitoring of the dielectric function and true sample temperature of the experimental emissivity spectra acquired every 50 ms under free cooling conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing the Thermal Inspection of Buildings Using Texture Analysis

by Setayesh Hesam, Reza Khoshkbary Rezayiye, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo and Xavier Maldague

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023051009 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 652

Abstract

The thermographic inspection of buildings is a powerful and non-invasive method for monitoring and diagnosing building performance and structural integrity. It can effectively detect moisture, evaluate heat loss, and assess building’s roofs. The early detection of problems in a building allows owners to [...] Read more.

The thermographic inspection of buildings is a powerful and non-invasive method for monitoring and diagnosing building performance and structural integrity. It can effectively detect moisture, evaluate heat loss, and assess building’s roofs. The early detection of problems in a building allows owners to fix issues before they become more severe and costly. One of the challenges in automating thermal analysis for building inspections comes in the form of distinguishing between different surfaces. This paper presents an automated process pipeline using coupled thermal and visible images for building inspections to assist inspectors in adapting strategies and methods to discriminate the thermal signatures between different kinds of surfaces. A deep learning method is employed to segment visible images texturally. Thermal images are then analyzed based on the resulting segmentation. Moreover, a multi-modal dataset is introduced, presenting coupled thermal and visible images acquired during multiple building inspections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 4859 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Grading of Melanoma Tissues by Raman MicroSpectroscopy

by Gianmarco Lazzini and Mario D’Acunto

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 10; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051010 - 26 Oct 2023

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Abstract

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer. Early-stage diagnosis is therefore a landmark for the success of the therapies and to improve the prognosis. Raman spectroscopy represents a powerful and label-free approach for the molecular characterization of biological samples. Due [...] Read more.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer. Early-stage diagnosis is therefore a landmark for the success of the therapies and to improve the prognosis. Raman spectroscopy represents a powerful and label-free approach for the molecular characterization of biological samples. Due to its level of detail, when applied to cancer tissues, Raman spectroscopy can help the classification of cancer-related malignant degrees. However, there is a high similarity between Raman spectra related to different cancerous tissues, which requires the use of sophisticated techniques for the treatment of Raman data. In this work, we coupled Confocal Raman Microscopy and Machine Learning techniques for the automatic classification of ex vivo melanoma tissues. In particular, we compared the performance of a PCA+LDA routine with a Random Forest Classifier. The work demonstrated excellent Machine Learning performances in classifying the tissues under investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2495 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improvement of Anticorrosion Coating Thickness Measurement Using Multi-Wavelength Lock-In Infrared Data Processing

by Tatsuhito Morimoto, Yuki Ogawa, Takumi Sakata, Daiki Shiozawa and Takahide Sakagami

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 11; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051011 - 26 Oct 2023

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Abstract

Steel structures are usually coated with anticorrosion coatings. Authors have developed a detection method of coating deterioration by infrared measurement. The mid-wavelength infrared camera captures both the reflection from the coating surface and the emission due to temperature rise of the coating. It [...] Read more.

Steel structures are usually coated with anticorrosion coatings. Authors have developed a detection method of coating deterioration by infrared measurement. The mid-wavelength infrared camera captures both the reflection from the coating surface and the emission due to temperature rise of the coating. It is possible that the two components cancel each other out. We proposed a multi-wavelength lock-in infrared data processing that performs lock-in processing using time-series data of only the infrared reflection and emission components at different sensitivity wavelengths as reference signals. This method can separately detect the infrared reflection and emission components and quantitatively evaluate the coating thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Review of Mathematical Methods for the Evaluation of Defects in a Layered Specimen by Means of Active Thermography: Perturbation Theory, Linearization, and Reciprocity Gap

by Gabriele Inglese, Roberto Olmi and Agnese Scalbi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 12; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051012 - 26 Oct 2023

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Abstract

The thermal properties of a two-layered composite conductor are modified in the case that the interface is damaged. The present paper deals with the nondestructive evaluation of the perturbations of interface thermal conductance due to the presence of defects. The specimen was heated [...] Read more.

The thermal properties of a two-layered composite conductor are modified in the case that the interface is damaged. The present paper deals with the nondestructive evaluation of the perturbations of interface thermal conductance due to the presence of defects. The specimen was heated by means of a lamp system or a laser while its temperature was measured with an infrared camera in the typical framework of active thermography. The evaluation of the defects affecting the interface was made in the past using thin plate approximation or standard numerical techniques for inverse problems. Here, we show an explicit inversion formula obtained from the reciprocity property of parabolic equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Deterioration Detection of Heavy-Duty Anticorrosion Coating Using Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging

by Shinsuke Haruna, Yuki Ogawa, Takumi Sakata, Daiki Shiozawa, Takahide Sakagami, Yoshiteru Yokoi and Takeshi Sugiyama

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 13; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051013 - 26 Oct 2023

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Abstract

Steel bridges are usually painted with anticorrosion coatings. Early detection of the deterioration of the top coat is important for preventive maintenance. To detect the exposed area of the middle coat due to the deterioration of the top coat, this study introduces near-infrared [...] Read more.

Steel bridges are usually painted with anticorrosion coatings. Early detection of the deterioration of the top coat is important for preventive maintenance. To detect the exposed area of the middle coat due to the deterioration of the top coat, this study introduces near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. The exposed area of the middle coat can be detected by finding the wavelengths with large differences in the spectral characteristics of both coats. Moreover, principal component analysis was applied to hyperspectral data. Principal component analysis can accurately detect the exposed area of middle coats based on differences in spectral characteristics in the near-infrared region of the coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Alzheimer Disease Detection from Raman Spectroscopy of the Cerebrospinal Fluid via Topological Machine Learning

by Francesco Conti, Martina Banchelli, Valentina Bessi, Cristina Cecchi, Fabrizio Chiti, Sara Colantonio, Cristiano D’Andrea, Marella de Angelis, Davide Moroni, Benedetta Nacmias, Maria Antonietta Pascali, Sandro Sorbi and Paolo Matteini

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 14; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051014 - 27 Oct 2023

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Abstract

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 19 subjects who received a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as of 5 pathological controls was collected and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy (RS). We investigated whether the raw and preprocessed Raman spectra could be used [...] Read more.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 19 subjects who received a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as of 5 pathological controls was collected and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy (RS). We investigated whether the raw and preprocessed Raman spectra could be used to distinguish AD from controls. First, we applied standard Machine Learning (ML) methods obtaining unsatisfactory results. Then, we applied ML to a set of topological descriptors extracted from raw spectra, achieving a very good classification accuracy (>87%). Although our results are preliminary, they indicate that RS and topological analysis may provide an effective combination to confirm or disprove a clinical diagnosis of AD. The next steps include enlarging the dataset of CSF samples to validate the proposed method better and, possibly, to investigate whether topological data analysis could support the characterization of AD subtypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 1104 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Terahertz Radiation in Non-Invasive Defect Inspection on Alumina Ceramics

by Martyna Strąg and Waldemar Świderski

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 15; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051015 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 564

Abstract

Alumina ceramics are widely used in the military as a component of ballistic covers due to their high number of mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, and wear resistance. However, alumina exhibits brittle fracture behavior which may lead to the catastrophic failure in [...] Read more.

Alumina ceramics are widely used in the military as a component of ballistic covers due to their high number of mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, and wear resistance. However, alumina exhibits brittle fracture behavior which may lead to the catastrophic failure in construction. Due to that, it needs to be monitored during its lifetime. Thus, the non-destructive testing methods may be very important to ensure the safe and reliable use of these elements through non-invasive, contactless monitoring. In the frame of this work, the potential of Terahertz (THz) transmission measurements is demonstrated, and a selected application using THz systems is presented. The studies were conducted on military-designated ceramic materials at the frequency of 300 GHz. The data were next compared, with the images obtained via X-rays acting as a reference. As the results showed, there is a full agreement between the data obtained with the use of THz radiation and X-rays. This work shows the ability of THz radiation for contactless, non-destructive control of defects in alumina ceramics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Tracking Long-Term Temperature Anomalies with Person Identification Using Thermal Cameras: An Initial Step towards Disease Recognition

by Lukáš Muzika, Tomáš Kohlschütter, Michal Švantner, Jiří Tesař and Milan Honner

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 16; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051016 - 30 Oct 2023

Viewed by 423

Abstract

An outbreak of infectious diseases has highlighted the importance of the early detection and prevention of high temperatures or fevers, which are some of the main symptoms of many diseases. Thermal cameras have become a promising tool for the detection of fever due [...] Read more.

An outbreak of infectious diseases has highlighted the importance of the early detection and prevention of high temperatures or fevers, which are some of the main symptoms of many diseases. Thermal cameras have become a promising tool for the detection of fever due to their non-invasive, non-contact and rapidly inspecting nature. By using person identification to analyze temperature data from the corner of the eye (inner canthus), the temperature of individuals can be tracked over time. This could provide information not only about their current temperature but also about long-term temperature anomalies, and therefore can urge people to visit a doctor. This paper is intended as an initial study for the long-term temperature measurement of individuals. The preliminary results show the feasibility of such approach. In the future, a similar procedure is to be used for the detection and recognition of individual diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Compact Thermographic Device with Built-in Active Reference Element for Increased Measurement Accuracy

by Michal Švantner, Vladislav Lang, Jiří Skála, Tomáš Kohlschütter, Jan Šroub, Lukáš Muzika, Jan Klepáček and Milan Honner

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 17; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051017 - 30 Oct 2023

Viewed by 397

Abstract

Many common thermographic cameras have quite good sensitivity (0.05 °C or better) but limited accuracy, often about ±2 °C. This is not sufficient for quantitative measurements such as human body temperature diagnostics, where an accuracy of 0.3 °C is assumed. A thermographic device [...] Read more.

Many common thermographic cameras have quite good sensitivity (0.05 °C or better) but limited accuracy, often about ±2 °C. This is not sufficient for quantitative measurements such as human body temperature diagnostics, where an accuracy of 0.3 °C is assumed. A thermographic device with a built-in active reference element for enhanced precision measurement was developed for these purposes. It was adapted for human body temperature diagnostics using face temperature measurements. It is based on a micro-bolometers detector and the reference element is heated to a temperature of 37 °C, which is mostly assumed as decisive for an increased temperature indication. As the reference element is embedded into the device housing, the use of the device can be very flexible. The performed human temperature measurement experiments showed that the accuracy of the introduced device is comparable with the thermographic measurements obtained using an external black body, which is often used for these applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigating the Role of Subaerial Biofilms in Cultural Heritage Conservation with Infrared Thermography

by Jacopo Melada, Federica Villa, Mauro Giudici, Ilenia Battaglia, Enrico Carangelo, Alessia Marzanni, Davide Ripamonti and Nicola Ludwig

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 18; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051018 - 30 Oct 2023

Viewed by 474

Abstract

Understanding the impact of subaerial biofilms (SABs) on geomaterial weathering is crucial for the sustainable conservation of cultural heritage belements. As SABs can either exacerbate or mitigate sudden thermal or hygroscopic stress, it is essential to identify their protective or deteriorative role on [...] Read more.

Understanding the impact of subaerial biofilms (SABs) on geomaterial weathering is crucial for the sustainable conservation of cultural heritage belements. As SABs can either exacerbate or mitigate sudden thermal or hygroscopic stress, it is essential to identify their protective or deteriorative role on a case-by-case basis. This study aims to validate the utility of infrared thermography in examining the impact of biofilms on stone and exploring the water-related behaviors of porous materials colonized by SABs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1389 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Method for Quantitative Assessment of Moisture Content of Porous Building Materials Based on Measurement of Thermal Inertia with Active Infrared Thermography

by Gianluca Cadelano, Nicola Stecchetti, Paolo Bison, Alessandro Bortolin, Marina Facci, Giovanni Ferrarini, Antonio Galgaro, Stefano Rossi and Eloisa Di Sipio

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 19; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051019 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 408

Abstract

The presence of moisture in masonry is crucial because it causes and exacerbates various deterioration mechanisms, such as crystallization of salts, mechanical stresses due to freeze–thaw cycles, biological degradation, etc. The assessment of the water content is critical for cultural heritage buildings; thus, [...] Read more.

The presence of moisture in masonry is crucial because it causes and exacerbates various deterioration mechanisms, such as crystallization of salts, mechanical stresses due to freeze–thaw cycles, biological degradation, etc. The assessment of the water content is critical for cultural heritage buildings; thus, on-site non-invasive techniques have been proposed over time. An innovative active thermographic procedure is proposed and tested in a laboratory to assess the amount of moisture via a non-destructive approach. The methodology is based on heating a brick specimen together with a reference sample which has known thermophysical properties. Evaporation is inhibited by an impermeable film applied to the samples. The trends in the surface temperatures of both materials are recorded using infrared thermography and compared with each other: the calculation of the thermal inertia of the wetted material is retrieved from the comparison of the temperature trends in both samples. The water content value is thus determined from the thermal inertia of the sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 639 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Thermal Data Augmentation Approach for the Detection of Corrosion in Pipes Using Deep Learning and Finite Element Modelling

by Reza Khoshkbary Rezayiye, Kevin Laurent, Parham Nooralishahi, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo and Xavier Maldague

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 20; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051020 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 636

Abstract

Defects in in-service pipelines, including corrosion under insulation (CUI) and thickness loss, pose significant challenges to asset integrity in the oil and gas industry. These defects are particularly hazardous as they often remain unnoticed. The automation of defect detection processes can assist inspectors [...] Read more.

Defects in in-service pipelines, including corrosion under insulation (CUI) and thickness loss, pose significant challenges to asset integrity in the oil and gas industry. These defects are particularly hazardous as they often remain unnoticed. The automation of defect detection processes can assist inspectors in reducing analysis time, costs, and human error. However, recent attempts to adopt machine learning for automated defect detection from thermal images have been hindered by limited data availability. This paper presents a novel approach to address this issue by utilizing thermal data augmentation, generating synthetic sub-surface defects via finite element modeling. The resulting synthetic thermal images, combined with real images, are then used to train a deep learning model for the automatic detection of potential defects. Additionally, this study explores the efficacy of synthetic thermal images in enhancing the generalization of the detection model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1417 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of a New Lubricant Degradation Monitoring Technique Using Terahertz Electromagnetic Waves

by Hiroki Kawano, Daiki Shiozawa, Tomohiro Ooyagi, Yuki Ogawa and Takahide Sakagami

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 21; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051021 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 370

Abstract

Condition monitoring of lubricating oil is an effective method for early detection of abnormalities in rotating machinery in plants. In this research, a new monitoring technique for lubricant degradation using terahertz waves, which are electromagnetic waves located in the boundary region between light [...] Read more.

Condition monitoring of lubricating oil is an effective method for early detection of abnormalities in rotating machinery in plants. In this research, a new monitoring technique for lubricant degradation using terahertz waves, which are electromagnetic waves located in the boundary region between light and radio waves, is developed based on the correlation between lubricant degradation and the transmission characteristics of terahertz waves. It is found that there is a correlation between the transmission characteristics of terahertz waves, such as transmittance and refractive index, and typical lubricant degradation, such as base oil degradation, water contamination, and metallic wear debris contamination. The results suggest that a new lubricant degradation monitoring technique using terahertz waves is possible by using these transmission characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2409 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Examination of a Method to Reduce the Effect of Standing-Wave Heat Generation in Ultrasound-Excited Thermography Inspection

by So Takahashi, Masashi Ishikawa, Hideo Nishino, Masashi Koyama and Ryo Fukui

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 22; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051022 - 01 Nov 2023

Viewed by 320

Abstract

A non-destructive inspection technique using infrared thermography and ultrasound excitation (ultrasound-excited thermography method) was focused on in this study. Although this method is effective in the detection of closed defects, the standing waves are generated in the inspection object, and this causes periodic [...] Read more.

A non-destructive inspection technique using infrared thermography and ultrasound excitation (ultrasound-excited thermography method) was focused on in this study. Although this method is effective in the detection of closed defects, the standing waves are generated in the inspection object, and this causes periodic heat distribution in the non-defective area. Such standing wave heat distribution can lead to the misdetection of defects and result in a reduction in inspection capability. In this study, in order to suppress the influence of standing wave heat distribution, we examined a method to average thermal images obtained under different ultrasonic excitation conditions. The experimental results showed that averaging the thermal images obtained when exciting ultrasound at several different points was effective in suppressing the unwanted standing wave heat distributions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1574 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Detection and Characterization of Short Fatigue Cracks by Conduction Thermography

by Ester D’Accardi, Davide Palumbo, Rosa De Finis and Umberto Galietti

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 23; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051023 - 01 Nov 2023

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Stimulated thermography is a very common non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used for a wide range of applications and materials. An external excitation source is required to stimulate the component and detect defects. Electric currents can be used in this sense adopting two different [...] Read more.

Stimulated thermography is a very common non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used for a wide range of applications and materials. An external excitation source is required to stimulate the component and detect defects. Electric currents can be used in this sense adopting two different approaches: induction thermography and conduction thermography. In this work, a preliminary investigation to evaluate the influence of some test parameters during experiments of conduction thermography, for the detection of short fatigue cracks, induced in thin specimens of different materials, is presented. The capability of the technique and crack detectability have been analysed and compared with the Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) considered as a well-established technique capable of quantifying short fatigue cracks in metal materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1287 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Detector-Pixel Size on the Optical Centroid Efficiency of Infrared Sensors with Spherical Aberration

by Marija Strojnik and Yaujen Wang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 24; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051024 - 01 Nov 2023

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Optical centroid efficiency (OCE) is the traditional enclosed energy by the square detector pixel (the energy on detector (EOD)) averaged over all misalignments between the optical system and the pixel center. We examine the relationship between the OCE and [...] Read more.

Optical centroid efficiency (OCE) is the traditional enclosed energy by the square detector pixel (the energy on detector (EOD)) averaged over all misalignments between the optical system and the pixel center. We examine the relationship between the OCE and the EOD for two different pixel sizes, with one larger than the diameter of the Airy disc and the other smaller than three diameters of the Airy disc. We observed that the relationships could, in general, be described as having a U shape, with the OCE being proportional to the EOD for small amounts of aberrations and inversely proportional for large amounts. For the letter cases, the energy is distributed over several pixels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 4883 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Study of Structural Damage of Leaves over the Infrared Narrow Bands

by Roberto C. Barragán, Marija Strojnik and Ricardo Gonzalez-Romero

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 25; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051025 - 03 Nov 2023

Viewed by 338

Abstract

We describe the degradation states of vegetation using a CMOS camera with NIR narrow band filters. Infrared bands provide vegetation parameters through reflectance, such as the water content and the cell order inside the leaf. Therefore, we can observe cellulose decomposition. We observe [...] Read more.

We describe the degradation states of vegetation using a CMOS camera with NIR narrow band filters. Infrared bands provide vegetation parameters through reflectance, such as the water content and the cell order inside the leaf. Therefore, we can observe cellulose decomposition. We observe these parameters by measuring the differential reflectance between 766 nm and 1064 nm. We conclude that the NIR narrow bands add essential information to distinguish the water content and the decomposition of vegetation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Thermal Diffusivity of Biochar Coating Deposited on a Heat Exchanger

by Paolo Bison, Giovanni Ferrarini, Nicoló Morselli, Alberto Muscio and Stefano Rossi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 26; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051026 - 03 Nov 2023

Viewed by 357

Abstract

Biochar is a charcoal-like material obtained by burning organic wastes, coming from agricultural and forestry, in a controlled pyrolysis process. In this application, it is deposited on an aluminum foil of thickness 100 μm, which is used as a part of an heat [...] Read more.

Biochar is a charcoal-like material obtained by burning organic wastes, coming from agricultural and forestry, in a controlled pyrolysis process. In this application, it is deposited on an aluminum foil of thickness 100 μm, which is used as a part of an heat exchanger. The thickness of the deposition of biochar on the aluminum foil ranges from 75 to 250 μm. The result coating is rough and, therefore, it is supposed to improve the heat exchange with the ambient environment, depending on the granulometry of the deposit. One key feature of the deposit is its thermal conductivity. In this work, it is determined by means of IR thermography used as a detector in a Laser Flash configuration. This allows us to evaluate the out-of-plane thermal diffusivity. Such measurements are complemented by density obtained by hydrostatic balance and specific heat by a differential scanning calorimeter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Cooling Simulation on Woven Polyester by Finite Elements for Improving Quality Inspection

by Gunther Steenackers, Ritchie Heirmans, Simon Verspeek, Sander De Vrieze, Myriam Vanneste and Bart Ribbens

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 27; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051027 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 341

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the application possibilities of thermal simulations in the textile industry, focusing on simulating the cooling of a woven textile. This simulation aimed to compare the inspection results with the simulated ones to find defects in [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to investigate the application possibilities of thermal simulations in the textile industry, focusing on simulating the cooling of a woven textile. This simulation aimed to compare the inspection results with the simulated ones to find defects in textiles and examine where they critically differed. This approach would cut down the time between iterations and could be an option to detect faults in textiles in substitution of the currently used method of applying machine learning on images. The simulation was based on the finite element method. The thermograms were measured by an infrared camera setup. From these data, we extrapolated the height and texture of the weaving. In a later phase of research, the results of this simulation were benchmarked against real measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1219 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Mathematical Model for the Description of Pulsed Thermography Applied to the Detection of Hidden Text

by Giovanni Caruso, Noemi Orazi, Stefano Paoloni, Ugo Zammit and Fulvio Mercuri

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 28; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051028 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 335

Abstract

Non-destructive techniques for the analysis of cultural heritage items are of the outmost importance in order to understand better the artworks, to assess their conservation conditions and to evaluate a possible restoration intervention. Among these techniques, pulsed infrared thermography plays an important role, [...] Read more.

Non-destructive techniques for the analysis of cultural heritage items are of the outmost importance in order to understand better the artworks, to assess their conservation conditions and to evaluate a possible restoration intervention. Among these techniques, pulsed infrared thermography plays an important role, since it is simple and quite powerful. A standard experimental setup employs flash lamps for the delivery of a pulse of visible light to heat the sample and an infrared camera to record the consequent radiation emission. In this study, this technique was applied for studying ancient manuscripts and, in particular, for revealing hidden text buried under the end leaves of the book. A mathematical model developed by the authors is briefly detailed. The finite element method was employed to numerically solve the model equations and perform numerical simulations. The numerical results highlight the influence of some parameters involved in this phenomenon and can be used for a quantitative analysis of the experimental findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 3251 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Near-Infrared and Short-Wavelength Infrared-Based Indices to Monitor Soil Moisture from a Satellite: A Comparative Analysis

by Andrea Gonnelli, Roberto Carlà, Stefano Baronti and Valentina Raimondi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 29; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051029 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 531

Abstract

Soil Moisture (SM) is a key parameter in several research and application fields, from climate studies to farming, from natural disaster prediction to land management. In this respect, Earth Observation (EO) images have been widely recognized as a useful tool able to provide [...] Read more.

Soil Moisture (SM) is a key parameter in several research and application fields, from climate studies to farming, from natural disaster prediction to land management. In this respect, Earth Observation (EO) images have been widely recognized as a useful tool able to provide information on a large scale. In the last few decades, several near-infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength-infrared (SWIR) indices have been proposed for SM monitoring. Nonetheless, the number of EO studies addressing real, heterogeneous scenarios is very limited. In this paper, we present the results of a comparative analysis conducted on a multi-temporal sequence of optical EO images by computing a set of NIR-SWIR-based indices in order to assess their performances for SM monitoring. The studied area was a highly heterogeneous farming area featuring bare soil, cultivated areas and forests. The outcomes highlighted an overall good performance for some indices despite the effects of some environmental parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2204 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Impact of Spatial Resolution on Active Fire Monitoring Using Multispectral Satellite Imagery

by Andrea Gonnelli, Stefano Baronti, Roberto Carlà and Valentina Raimondi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 30; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051030 - 06 Nov 2023

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Several studies have already evaluated the ability to identify wildfires and their characteristics by using NOAA-AVHRR and EO-MODIS images, which have adequate spectral bands for these targets, although with a spatial resolution limited to 1 km and a daily revisit time. In many [...] Read more.

Several studies have already evaluated the ability to identify wildfires and their characteristics by using NOAA-AVHRR and EO-MODIS images, which have adequate spectral bands for these targets, although with a spatial resolution limited to 1 km and a daily revisit time. In many cases, the latter features can limit the timely identification of a fire and the monitoring of its evolution. Conversely, sensors operating on geostationary platforms could acquire images within less than half an hour, yet still with a nominal spatial resolution of 1 km. In this study, we perform an analysis at different spatial resolutions of a sequence of OLI-Landsat-8 images referring to a natural fire that occurred near Massarosa, Tuscany, in July 2022. In particular, we investigate the potential of the SWIR bands, which are useful for monitoring high temperature wildfires. The results suggest that the use of sensors onboard a geostationary platform with relatively high nominal spatial resolution (of the order of 1 km) and frequent revisit time could enable the timely detection of fires and their monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1248 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Data Simulations of a Compressive Sensing Multispectral Imager in the Mid-Infrared Region and Its Performances for the Monitoring of High-Temperature Events

by Donatella Guzzi, Massimo Baldi, Tiziano Bianchi, Fabrizia Buongiorno, Cinzia Lastri, Enrico Magli, Vanni Nardino, Lorenzo Palombi, Vito Romaniello, Tiziana Scopa, Mario Siciliani de Cumis, Malvina Silvestri, Diego Valsesia and Valentina Raimondi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 31; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051031 - 07 Nov 2023

Viewed by 431

Abstract

The mid-infrared spectral (MIR) region is poorly exploited in Earth Observation (EO) applications despite its potential for impacting several application fields, from climatological studies to land management. Among these, high-temperature events (HTE) monitoring plays a key role. Here we discuss the expected impact [...] Read more.

The mid-infrared spectral (MIR) region is poorly exploited in Earth Observation (EO) applications despite its potential for impacting several application fields, from climatological studies to land management. Among these, high-temperature events (HTE) monitoring plays a key role. Here we discuss the expected impact on EO data and relevant scientific applications by presenting data simulations and relevant Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) evaluation for an innovative, high spatial-resolution multispectral imager—based on Compressive Sensing approach and working in the MIR—studied in the frame of the ASI-funded “SISSI” project. The working principle, expected data output, and performances with impact on HTE detection and monitoring are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 669 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Potential of Compressive Sensing Payloads for Earth Observation from Geostationary Platforms: An Instrumental Concept for Fire Monitoring

by Donato Borrelli, Massimo Baldi, Dirk Berndt, Lucas Bertoncini, Tiziano Bianchi, Lionel Bischof, Guzman Borque Gallego, Roberto Carlà, Peter Coppo, Chiara Corti, Francesco Corti, Marco Corti, Nick Cox, Ulrike A. Dauderstädt, Peter Dürr, Enrico Franci, Sara Francés González, Andrea Gonnelli, Irene Guerri, Donatella Guzzi, Stéphane Humbert, Demetrio Labate, Nicolas Lamquin, Cinzia Lastri, Enrico Magli, Emiliano Marzi, Andrea Migliorati, Vanni Nardino, Christophe Pache, Lorenzo Palombi, Alice Maria Piccirillo, Giuseppe Pilato, Enrico Suetta, Dario Taddei, Diego Valsesia, Michael Wagner and Valentina Raimondi Show full author list Hide full author list

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 32; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051032 - 07 Nov 2023

Viewed by 413

Abstract

Earth observation (EO) payload performances in the infrared spectral region from geostationary platforms are often limited by spatial resolution. In this paper, we investigate an instrumental concept leveraging a compressive sensing paradigm and super-resolution architecture to implement an EO payload from a geostationary [...] Read more.

Earth observation (EO) payload performances in the infrared spectral region from geostationary platforms are often limited by spatial resolution. In this paper, we investigate an instrumental concept leveraging a compressive sensing paradigm and super-resolution architecture to implement an EO payload from a geostationary platform aimed at the monitoring of wildfires with a nominal spatial sampling distance of 500 m. The core device of the instrument is a European-technology-based micromirror array under study for space applications. Besides payload specifications and working principles, the main critical aspects and the expected impact on EO applications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Residual Stress in Modified and Pure HDPE Materials Based on Thermal Diffusivity and Terahertz Phase Spectroscopy

by Pengfei Zhu, Hai Zhang, Carlo Santulli, Stefano Sfarra and Xavier Maldague

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 33; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051033 - 08 Nov 2023

Viewed by 427

Abstract

Residual stress significantly affects the mechanical properties, physical properties, and durability of materials. It is meaningful to evaluate the residual stress using non-destructive methods. However, existing techniques are expensive and have low accuracy and narrow applicability. In this paper, both infrared and terahertz [...] Read more.

Residual stress significantly affects the mechanical properties, physical properties, and durability of materials. It is meaningful to evaluate the residual stress using non-destructive methods. However, existing techniques are expensive and have low accuracy and narrow applicability. In this paper, both infrared and terahertz techniques were used to quantitatively evaluate the residual stress of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) under tensile loading. For the terahertz technique, a new theory based on stress-optics law and Poisson’s effect is proposed. For the infrared technique, line-scan thermographic (LST) was used to extract the thermal diffusivity of HDPE. The residual stress caused by plastic deformation is quantitatively related to thermal diffusivity. Conclusively, THz-TDS shows an obvious improvement in residual stress detectability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2534 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Non-Destructive Fatigue Evaluation through Thermophysical Properties Using Lock-In Thermography

by Ryohei Fujita, Natsuko Kudo, Shun Abe, M. J. Mohammad Fikry, Jun Koyanagi, Shinji Ogihara and Hosei Nagano

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 34; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051034 - 08 Nov 2023

Viewed by 471

Abstract

In this study, we proposed a non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) method for assessing the micro-scale fatigue damage of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) structures. The process involves evaluating the thermophysical properties of the material, specifically the thermal diffusivity

D

and specific heat capacity [...] Read more.

In this study, we proposed a non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) method for assessing the micro-scale fatigue damage of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) structures. The process involves evaluating the thermophysical properties of the material, specifically the thermal diffusivity

D

and specific heat capacity

C_{p}

. To measure these properties, we employed the laser-induced periodic heating method using lock-in thermography, which is suitable for anisotropic composite materials. Our fatigue experiments revealed that the thermal diffusivity

D

decreased and the specific heat capacity

C_{p}

increased with the increase in fatigue cycles. We attribute these trends to the thermal resistance caused by the change in composite microstructure and the degradation of the matrix resin. These findings are discussed in detail, with implications for assessing CFRP structures and potential future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2528 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparison of Local Weather Sensors Use versus Online Data for Outdoor Monitoring Correction

by Thibaud Toullier and Jean Dumoulin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 35; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051035 - 09 Nov 2023

Viewed by 491

Abstract

The latest improvements in infrared detectors enable the use of infrared thermography in many applications for outdoor temperature measurements through a low cost and easy to maintain solution. However, converting the radiative fluxes received by the infrared camera to the object of interests’ [...] Read more.

The latest improvements in infrared detectors enable the use of infrared thermography in many applications for outdoor temperature measurements through a low cost and easy to maintain solution. However, converting the radiative fluxes received by the infrared camera to the object of interests’ apparent surface temperature is a challenging task. It requires us to consider the global radiative heat balance at the sensor level. Such a correction implies taking into account the background contributions (sky, sun, other elements on the scene), the involved transmissions (camera optics, atmosphere, participating media of the scene), etc. As a consequence, supplementary data are needed to achieve quantitative outdoor thermal monitoring. In this study, we propose a comparison of gathering those data from different observation scales: a local weather station, existing sensor networks such as Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR) and open source online satellite data from the European Copernicus program. Finally, the feasibility, advantages and limitations of the proposed methods are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1805 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparison of Inductive Thermography and Computer Tomography Results for Short Surface Cracks

by Beate Oswald-Tranta

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 36; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051036 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 365

Abstract

Inductive thermography is a non-destructive testing method, whereby the workpiece to be inspected is slightly heated by a short inductive heating pulse. An infrared camera records the surface temperature during and after the heating pulse. As defects influence the induced eddy current distribution [...] Read more.

Inductive thermography is a non-destructive testing method, whereby the workpiece to be inspected is slightly heated by a short inductive heating pulse. An infrared camera records the surface temperature during and after the heating pulse. As defects influence the induced eddy current distribution and the heat flow, they become highly visible in the evaluated infrared images. The deeper a crack is, the greater the obstacle it represents. In Inconel welded samples, short surface cracks (length 0.3–2 mm) were created using a so-called Varestraint test machine. The samples were inspected via inductive thermography and computer tomography (CT). Additional finite element simulations were calculated in order to model the thermography experiments. The comparison of the thermographic, CT and simulation results shows how the thermographic signal of a defect depends on its geometry. This information can be used for calibration to estimate the crack properties based on the thermographic inspection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2644 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Detection of Moisture Content and the Delamination of Thermally Modified Woods Based on Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy

by Pengfei Zhu, Hai Zhang, Elena Pivarčiová, Stefano Sfarra and Xavier Maldague

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 37; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051037 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 302

Abstract

As commonly used materials in building and interior furniture decoration, wood materials should be processed via the pyrolysis technique in order to improve their corrosion resistance, flame retardancy, and dimensional stability. However, during the process of pyrolysis, temperature and time are significant factors [...] Read more.

As commonly used materials in building and interior furniture decoration, wood materials should be processed via the pyrolysis technique in order to improve their corrosion resistance, flame retardancy, and dimensional stability. However, during the process of pyrolysis, temperature and time are significant factors for avoiding internal damage. The main reason comes from the decrease in internal structural water. Existing non-destructive evaluation methods have difficulty detecting moisture content and delamination within wood due to its complex internal structure. In this work, a novel image processing method is proposed to detect the delamination of wood materials. The results show that, compared to spruce and oak, meranti is more resistant to pyrolysis and has a higher structural stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Diagnostic Biomarker for Breast Cancer Applying Rayleigh Low-Rank Embedding Thermography

by Bardia Yousefi, Xavier P. V. Maldague and Fatemeh Hassanipour

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 38; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051038 - 29 Nov 2023

Viewed by 373

Abstract

Thermography has found extensive application as a supplementary diagnostic tool in breast cancer diagnosis, notably complementing the clinical breast exam (CBE). Within dynamic thermography, matrix factorization methods have demonstrated their utility in accentuating thermal heterogeneities by generating thermal basis vectors. A significant challenge [...] Read more.

Thermography has found extensive application as a supplementary diagnostic tool in breast cancer diagnosis, notably complementing the clinical breast exam (CBE). Within dynamic thermography, matrix factorization methods have demonstrated their utility in accentuating thermal heterogeneities by generating thermal basis vectors. A significant challenge in such approaches is to identify the leading thermal basis vector that effectively captures predominant thermal patterns. Embedding methods are used to fuse multiple projected basis vectors onto a single basis for the extraction of the thermal features, known as thermomics. In this study, we introduce Rayleigh embedding to project thermal basis vectors obtained from factorization techniques into a lower-dimensional space, highlighting thermal patterns. This enhances the reliability of the thermal system, thereby assisting in CBE. The best results of the embedding method combining clinical information and demographics yield 82.9% (66.7%, 86.7%) using a random forest. The results demonstrated promising preliminary outcomes, leading to the early detection of breast abnormalities, and can serve as a non-invasive tool to aid CBE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 30149 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Train Pulses with a Random Spatial Distribution to Measure In-Plane Thermal Diffusivity

by Paolo Bison, Giovanni Ferrarini, Christ Glorieux, Shuji Kamegaki, Junko Morikawa, Stefano Rossi and Meguya Ryu

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 39; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051039 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 295

Abstract

A thermal diffusivity measurement approach is proposed in which the sample is thermally excited by a periodic train of pulsed, spatially random laser light. The temperature field on the surface is observed by IR camera and the diffusion is recorded by a sequence [...] Read more.

A thermal diffusivity measurement approach is proposed in which the sample is thermally excited by a periodic train of pulsed, spatially random laser light. The temperature field on the surface is observed by IR camera and the diffusion is recorded by a sequence of IR images. The analysis of the diffusion in time and space is followed by suitable models. Fitting of the spatiotemporal evolution of the surface temperature allows to determine the thermal diffusivity of clay brick with an accuracy of 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optical Centroid Efficiency in Infrared Sensors

by Marija Strojnik and Yaujen Wang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 40; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051040 - 07 Dec 2023

Viewed by 292

Abstract

The noise-equivalent power is used to predict performance of infrared (IR) sensors. In a general IR or remote sensing system, the axes of the incoming chief ray of each pixel in the optical system and the center of that detector pixel are slightly [...] Read more.

The noise-equivalent power is used to predict performance of infrared (IR) sensors. In a general IR or remote sensing system, the axes of the incoming chief ray of each pixel in the optical system and the center of that detector pixel are slightly misaligned, due to optical tolerances, jitter, and other environmental conditions, leading to error in the sensor performance prediction and estimates. A new figure-of-merit, the optical centroid efficiency (OCE), considers the energy on the rectangular detector pixel, averaged over all positions on the pixel. We calculate the OCE as a function of energy on detector (EOD) for a popular IR imaging system, a three-mirror reflector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2023 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Monitoring Moisture Diffusion after Contact Sponge Application

by Paolo Bison, Gianluca Cadelano, Giovanni Ferrarini, Mario Girotto, Erika Guolo, Fabio Peron and Monica Volinia

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 41; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051041 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 382

Abstract

The contact sponge method is applied on a piece of clay brick. According to the standard, the sponge is moistened with water, applied on the surface of the material by means of a cup, and weighted before and after the application. It allows [...] Read more.

The contact sponge method is applied on a piece of clay brick. According to the standard, the sponge is moistened with water, applied on the surface of the material by means of a cup, and weighted before and after the application. It allows us to determine the amount of water absorbed by the porous material by unit area and unit time. After the application, the moistened area begins to evaporate and cool down. The IR camera is used to monitor the temperature variation of the imprint of the sponge. Meanwhile, moisture diffuses on the material as well. The IR camera is used to monitor the in-plane diffusion of moisture by following the imprint of the sponge that enlarges with time. A suitable model is used to evaluate the shape of the imprint that varies with time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1655 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Defect Identification in Thermographic Nondestructive Testing under Cyclic Heating Using SVD Thermo-Component Analysis

by Shoma Oiso, Daiki Shiozawa, Yuki Ogawa and Takahide Sakagami

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 42; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051042 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 301

Abstract

This study applied SVD (singular value decomposition) thermo-component analysis to defect detection using active infrared thermography. SVD decomposes time-series thermal image data into a temperature time-series waveform (PC) and a relative-value distribution image with a PC waveform (EOF image). It is possible to [...] Read more.

This study applied SVD (singular value decomposition) thermo-component analysis to defect detection using active infrared thermography. SVD decomposes time-series thermal image data into a temperature time-series waveform (PC) and a relative-value distribution image with a PC waveform (EOF image). It is possible to clarify the physical meaning of the EOF image based on the analysis of the PC waveform. The optimal EOF image that coincides with the characteristic thermal variation image due to the effect of defects can be selected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1149 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatial Structure Analysis for Subsurface Defect Detection in Materials Using Active Infrared Thermography and Adaptive Fixed-Rank Kriging

by Chun-Han Chang, Stefano Sfarra, Nan-Jung Hsu and Yuan Yao

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 43; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051043 - 14 Dec 2023

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Abstract

The study focuses on reducing noise and nonstationary backgrounds in data collected through active infrared thermography (AIRT) for defect detection in materials. The authors employ adaptive fixed-rank kriging to analyze a sequence of thermograms obtained in the AIRT experiment. Using basis functions derived [...] Read more.

The study focuses on reducing noise and nonstationary backgrounds in data collected through active infrared thermography (AIRT) for defect detection in materials. The authors employ adaptive fixed-rank kriging to analyze a sequence of thermograms obtained in the AIRT experiment. Using basis functions derived from thin-plate splines, the data features are represented at various resolution levels, resulting in a concise spatial covariance function representation. Eigenfunctions are then derived from the estimated covariance function to capture spatial structures at different scales. Visualizing these eigenfunctions highlights defect information. The authors validate their approach through a pulsed thermography experiment on a carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) sample, demonstrating its effectiveness in detecting defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 1427 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatial and Time-Series 4D Infrared Gas Cloud Imaging Reconstructed from Infrared Images Measured in Multiple Optical Paths

by Takuma Aoki, Shogo Ohka, Daiki Shiozawa, Yuki Ogawa, Takahide Sakagami and Shiro Kubo

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 44; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051044 - 25 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Current gas leak detection systems rely on the human senses and experience. It is necessary to develop remote and wide-range gas leak monitoring systems that enable us to quantitatively estimate the gas concentration distribution and amount of leaked gas. In this research, an [...] Read more.

Current gas leak detection systems rely on the human senses and experience. It is necessary to develop remote and wide-range gas leak monitoring systems that enable us to quantitatively estimate the gas concentration distribution and amount of leaked gas. In this research, an infrared camera was used to detect gas leakage. We developed a 4D, i.e., 3D spatial plus time-series, gas cloud imaging system, in which time-series 2D gas image data obtained in multiple optical paths were computed to reconstruct 4D gas cloud data. The 4D imaging of gas clouds was successfully accomplished in a very short computation time by applying the Elastic Net based on L1 and L2 regularization to the Fourier components of the time-series infrared gas images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Very-Long-Wavelength Infrared Range Type-II Superlattice InAs/InAsSb GaAs/Immersed Photodetectors for High-Operating-Temperature Conditions

by Kacper Matuszelański, Krystian Michalczewski, Łukasz Kubiszyn, Waldemar Gawron and Piotr Martyniuk

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 45; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051045 - 27 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Recently, there has been significant interest in type-II superlattice (T2SL) infrared detectors based on both InAs/GaSb and InAs/InAsSb material systems, and fully operating devices have been presented in the mid- (MWIR) and long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared ranges. In addition, theoretical simulations and experimental reports [...] Read more.

Recently, there has been significant interest in type-II superlattice (T2SL) infrared detectors based on both InAs/GaSb and InAs/InAsSb material systems, and fully operating devices have been presented in the mid- (MWIR) and long-wavelength (LWIR) infrared ranges. In addition, theoretical simulations and experimental reports show high-performance T2SL devices in the very-long-wavelength infrared range (VLWIR) (cutoff wavelength, λ_c ≥ 12 μm). Devices in this wavelength range are essential for space-based applications. In VLWIR, the existing detectors with satisfactory performance are extrinsic silicon detectors operating under heavy, bulky and short-lifetime multistage cryocoolers. These disadvantages are mainly critical for space applications, and thus, developing a device exhibiting a higher operating temperature (HOT) is of high priority. We report on a photoconductive T2SL InAs/InAsSb detector with λ_c > 18 μm (limited by a GaAs substrate) and high-operating-temperature (HOT) conditions (T = 210–240 K) grown on thick semi-insulating GaA substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analysis of Volatile Metabolites Using Vibrational Spectroscopy

by Kiran Sankar Maiti

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 46; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051046 - 05 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Metabolites are the signature of biochemical reactions that occur in living cells and carry the chemical information of the cell. Analysis of metabolites in biofluids not only provides the information about the internal chemistry of the body but also the body’s state. This [...] Read more.

Metabolites are the signature of biochemical reactions that occur in living cells and carry the chemical information of the cell. Analysis of metabolites in biofluids not only provides the information about the internal chemistry of the body but also the body’s state. This can be an efficient route for the development of minimal-invasive or non-invasive diagnosis even in an early disease state if a reliable metabolite detection technique is developed. In particular, volatile metabolites-based breath diagnosis is most attractive since exhaled breath samples can be collected in a fully non-invasive way. Infrared spectroscopy provides a non-destructive, label-free, molecular identification technique, which makes it unbeatable over other existing techniques. It is already applied to the diagnosis of different life-threatening diseases like cancer, diabetes, bacterial infection, and many more. Technical detail of the infrared diagnosis of gaseous biofluids will be presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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5 pages, 2343 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fatigue Limit Estimation Based on Dissipated Energy of Butt Laser-Welded Joints

by Takumi Yamamoto, Yuki Ogawa, Miu Hayashi, Kota Kadoi, Daiki Shiozawa and Takahide Sakagami

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 47; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051047 - 06 Feb 2024

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Abstract

This study established a rapid estimation method for the fatigue limit of laser welds of aluminum alloys in order to optimize welding conditions, an important factor in ensuring the safety and reliability of laser welding. This study focused on an estimation method of [...] Read more.

This study established a rapid estimation method for the fatigue limit of laser welds of aluminum alloys in order to optimize welding conditions, an important factor in ensuring the safety and reliability of laser welding. This study focused on an estimation method of fatigue limit based on the dissipated energy. Dissipated energy is the temperature change caused by local plastic deformation. The stress amplitude at which the temperature change due to dissipated energy rapidly increased in the laser welds was defined as the estimated fatigue limit, and it was almost consistent with the fatigue limit of the joint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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4 pages, 1395 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

FLORIS: An Innovative Spectrometer for Fluorescence Measurement and Its Synergy with OLCI and SLSTR

by Peter Coppo, Emanuela De Luca, Davide Nuzzi, Riccardo Gabrieli, Pierdomenico Paolino, Giampiero Bellomo and Grzegorz D. Pekala

Eng. Proc. 2023, 51(1), 48; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/engproc2023051048 - 29 Feb 2024

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Abstract

FLEX is an ESA Explorer Mission devoted to monitoring the health status of Earth vegetation by means of measurements of the solar-induced fluorescence, allowing an early and more direct diagnosis of the status of the photosynthetic activity. FLEX will fly in 2025 in [...] Read more.

FLEX is an ESA Explorer Mission devoted to monitoring the health status of Earth vegetation by means of measurements of the solar-induced fluorescence, allowing an early and more direct diagnosis of the status of the photosynthetic activity. FLEX will fly in 2025 in tandem with the Sentinel 3 C and D satellites of the ESA EE8 program in the framework of the EC Copernicus mission, and it will make use of synergy with OLCI and the SLSTR optical payloads, which are flying on board of the Sentinel 3A and B satellites. Leonardo (I) is the prime instrument responsible for both the FLORIS and the SLSTR payloads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 17th International Workshop on Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications)

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