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Applied Sciences
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State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology
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State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 15205

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Giuseppe Minervini

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Guest Editor
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
Interests: TMJ; Telemedicine; TMD; DTM; temporomandibular disorders; orofacial pain; temporomandibular joint; bruxism; tooth wear; jaw muscle; electromyographic; masseter muscle activity; invisible orthodontic; temporomandibular joint degenerative disorder
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Fabrizia d'Apuzzo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
Interests: biology of orthodontic tooth movement; vibrational spectroscopies; orofacial pain; temporomandibular joint disorders
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Vincenzo Grassia

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
Interests: tooth movement; Tads; interdisciplinary approach; clear aligner
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few years, new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been developed in orthodontics and gnathology, so researchers and clinicians are called to keep up with all the developments that are occurring in this field.

New technologies, as well as digital devices, are available to enhance the effectiveness of the diagnostic process and increase the spectrum of detectable pathologies, dimorphisms, and dysfunctions in the orofacial region. Moreover, new tools such as intraoral scanners, digital models, cone beam computerized tomography, digital smile design (DSD), facial scanning, photogrammetry, and artificial intelligence (AI) have gradually spread, improving diagnoses—especially of impacted teeth, dental transpositions, and dental/orofacial disharmonies.

Furthermore, patients are more careful in terms of treatment time and aesthetics, so techniques such as corticotomy, pulsed light, mechanical vibrations to accelerate orthodontic movement, and clear aligners to obtain an aesthetic treatment approach are being used more frequently.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide evidence-based data on innovative advances and knowledge in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies in the orofacial field from children to adults.

Studies with innovative approaches or which provide original information are of higher priority.
Papers discussing orthodontic and orthopedic treatments, maxillo-facial surgery, and otolaryngology procedures to manage craniofacial malformations are encouraged, as well as those addressing sleep apnea syndrome treatment.

In this regard, we are delighted to invite investigators to submit original research articles (trials, cohort studies, case–control and cross-sectional studies), high-quality case reports, communication, and reviews (narrative or systematic reviews and meta-analyses) in accordance with the fields previously indicated.

Dr. Giuseppe Minervini
Dr. Fabrizia d'Apuzzo
Dr. Vincenzo Grassia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dentofacial orthopedics
  • orthodontic biomechanics
  • clear aligners
  • temporomandibular disorders
  • orofacial pain
  • bruxism
  • miniscrews
  • multidisciplinary treatments
  • jaw muscle
  • imaging

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 187 KiB  
Editorial
State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology
by Giuseppe Minervini
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12419; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app122312419 - 05 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1142
Abstract
In recent years, several novel diagnostic and treatment modalities have been introduced in orthodontics and temporomandibular disorders [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology)

Research

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13 pages, 1640 KiB  
Article
A 3D CBCT Analysis of Airway and Cephalometric Values in Patients Diagnosed with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Compared to a Control Group
by Matthew Gibson, Randy Q. Cron, Matthew L. Stoll, Brian E. Kinard, Tessa Patterson and Chung How Kau
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4286; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094286 - 24 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1569
Abstract
Introduction: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is affected in 30–45% of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients, with all JIA subtypes at risk for TMJ involvement. JIA patients with TMJ involvement may present with altered craniofacial morphology, including micrognathia, mandibular retrognathia, a hyperdivergent mandibular plane [...] Read more.
Introduction: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is affected in 30–45% of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients, with all JIA subtypes at risk for TMJ involvement. JIA patients with TMJ involvement may present with altered craniofacial morphology, including micrognathia, mandibular retrognathia, a hyperdivergent mandibular plane angle, and skeletal anterior open bite. These features are also commonly present and associated with non-JIA pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods: The study was comprised of a group of 32 JIA patients and a group of 32 healthy control subjects. CBCT images were taken for all patients and were imported into Dolphin Imaging software. The Dolphin Imaging was used to measure the upper airway volumes and the most constricted cross-sectional areas of each patient. Cephalometric images were rendered from the CBCT data for each patient, and the following cephalometric values were identified: SNA angle, SNB angle, ANB angle, anterior facial height (AFH), posterior facial height (PFH), mandibular plane angle (SN-MP), FMA (FH-MP), overjet (OJ), and overbite (OB). Airway volumes, the most constricted cross-sectional area values, and cephalometric values were compared between the JIA and control groups. Results: For airway values, statistically significant differences were seen in the nasopharynx airway volume (p = 0.004), total upper airway volume (p = 0.013), and the most constricted cross-sectional area (p = 0.026). The oropharynx airway volume was not statistically significant (p = 0.051). For cephalometric values, only the posterior facial height showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.024). Conclusions: There was a significant difference in airway dimensions in the JIA patients as compared to the control patients. In addition, the posterior facial dimensions seem to be affected in JIA patients. The ODDs ratio analysis further corroborated the findings that were significant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology)
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8 pages, 230 KiB  
Article
Predictors of Analgesic Consumption in Orthodontic Patients
by Jovana Juloski, Dina Vasovic, Ljiljana Vucic, Tina Pajevic, Nevena Gligoric, Mladen Mirkovic and Branislav Glisic
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3390; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12073390 - 27 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1498
Abstract
During orthodontic treatment, pain is a subjective experience influenced by several factors. Orthodontic patients consume analgesics at different rates to alleviate this pain. Correlations between orthodontic pain and analgesic consumption were analyzed. Predictive factors to analgesics consumption were not statistically analyzed. This study [...] Read more.
During orthodontic treatment, pain is a subjective experience influenced by several factors. Orthodontic patients consume analgesics at different rates to alleviate this pain. Correlations between orthodontic pain and analgesic consumption were analyzed. Predictive factors to analgesics consumption were not statistically analyzed. This study was conducted to identify the predictive factors for analgesic consumption after initiation of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Two hundred and eighty-six patients involved in this study kept a seven-day diary in which they recorded pain intensity (using a 0–10 numerical rating scale), analgesic consumption, localization of pain, pain triggers, and pain characteristics. Univariable analyses identified potential predictive factors: age, gender, pain intensity, pain localization, pain while chewing, pain at rest, night pain, headache, pulsating pain, sharp pain, dull pain, and tingling. Logistic regression was conducted to create a model that could predict analgesic consumption. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that analgesic consumption was increased by increased age, increased intensity of pain, and presence of a headache. Overall, the model explained 33% of analgesic requirement variability. Age, intensity of pain, and headache proved to be predictors of analgesic consumption. Knowledge of such factors may help clinicians identify orthodontic patients who will consume analgesics on their own. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology)
9 pages, 451 KiB  
Article
Gingival Recessions and Periodontal Status after Minimum 2-Year-Retention Post-Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment
by Livia Nastri, Ludovica Nucci, Domenico Carozza, Stefano Martina, Ismene Serino, Letizia Perillo, Fabrizia d’Apuzzo and Vincenzo Grassia
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1641; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12031641 - 04 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1809
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess gingival recessions (GR) and periodontal status in patients previously treated with non-extraction orthodontic treatment and retention at a follow-up of a minimum of two years after the end of treatment. Data from patients aged between [...] Read more.
The objectives of this study were to assess gingival recessions (GR) and periodontal status in patients previously treated with non-extraction orthodontic treatment and retention at a follow-up of a minimum of two years after the end of treatment. Data from patients aged between 16 and 35 years with a previous non-extraction orthodontic treatment and at least 2 years of retention and full records before and after treatment were collected. The casts were digitalized using the 3Shape TRIOS® intraoral scanner and the Viewbox4 software was used for the measurements. The following parameters were scored: inclination of the lower and upper incisors (IMPA and I^SN) and anterior crowding (Little index). The included patients were recalled for a clinical periodontal follow-up examination and the following parameters were evaluated: buccal and lingual GR (mm) of incisors and canines, bleeding of probing score, plaque score, and gingival phenotype. The digital cast analysis showed a mean Little index of 7.78 (SD 5.83) and 1.39 (SD 0.79), respectively, before and after treatment. The initial and final cephalometric analyses showed an I^SN of 103.53° and 105.78° (SD 7.21) and IMPA of 91.3°and 95.1°, respectively. At the follow-up periodontal visits, the patients showed an overall low oral hygiene with bleeding at probing in 66.6% and plaque in the anterior area in 76.2% of patients. From the total examined 240 teeth of the frontal sextants, three patients had GR (from 1 to 6.5 mm): in the upper arch two at canines and one at central incisor, whereas in the lower arch two at central and one at lateral incisors. The gingival phenotype was thick in 55% of cases. The lingual-to-lingual retainers at follow-up were present in 61.9% of patients. A slight increased risk for buccal GR development was found only in correlation with the presence of fixed retainer and thin gingival phenotype mainly in patients with gingivitis. Thus, non-extraction orthodontic treatment performed with controlled forces and biomechanics seems to not affect the development of GR or the periodontal health after retention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology)
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Review

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16 pages, 3712 KiB  
Review
Dento-Skeletal Class III Treatment with Mixed Anchored Palatal Expander: A Systematic Review
by Fabrizia d’Apuzzo, Ludovica Nucci, Bruno M. Strangio, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Gianna Dipalma, Giuseppe Minervini, Letizia Perillo and Vincenzo Grassia
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4646; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094646 - 05 May 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2188
Abstract
Bone-anchored appliances for the treatment of Class III malocclusions have recently been found to reduce the dentoalveolar effects caused by conventional tooth-borne devices while also improving orthopaedic outcomes in growing patients. The goal of this systematic review was to compare the outcomes of [...] Read more.
Bone-anchored appliances for the treatment of Class III malocclusions have recently been found to reduce the dentoalveolar effects caused by conventional tooth-borne devices while also improving orthopaedic outcomes in growing patients. The goal of this systematic review was to compare the outcomes of skeletal Class III interceptive treatment with dental anchoring devices to those achieved with mixed anchored palatal expanders. The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients who were treated with hybrid anchored palatal expanders and different maxillary advancement appliances. Study quality was estimated using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. A search on the Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane Library databases yielded 350 papers. Following the initial abstract selection, 65 potentially acceptable papers were thoroughly examined, resulting in a final selection of 9 articles. The results in the short-term showed that combined tooth-borne and bone-borne appliances for rapid maxillary expansion might be recommended in protocols of skeletal Class III treatment to obtain more skeletal effects and reduce side effects on the upper teeth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology)
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Other

14 pages, 6716 KiB  
Case Report
Impacted Central Incisors in the Upper Jaw in an Adolescent Patient: Orthodontic-Surgical Treatment—A Case Report
by Giuseppina Malcangi, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Assunta Patano, Giovanni Coloccia, Sabino Ceci, Mariagrazia Garibaldi, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Fabio Piras, Filippo Cardarelli, Vito Settanni, Biagio Rapone, Alberto Corriero, Antonio Mancini, Massimo Corsalini, Ludovica Nucci, Ioana Roxana Bordea, Felice Lorusso, Antonio Scarano, Delia Giovanniello, Gianna Dipalma, Vito Marino Posa, Daniela Di Venere and Francesco Inchingoloadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2657; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12052657 - 04 Mar 2022
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5231
Abstract
The inclusion of both maxillary permanent central incisors is uncommon. This condition compromises face aesthetics, phonation and masticatory function. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential to avoid complications and failures. There are various reasons for inclusion, but supernumerary teeth are the leading cause. Early [...] Read more.
The inclusion of both maxillary permanent central incisors is uncommon. This condition compromises face aesthetics, phonation and masticatory function. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential to avoid complications and failures. There are various reasons for inclusion, but supernumerary teeth are the leading cause. Early causes of removal and rapid expansion of the palate determine a high probability of success with the spontaneous eruption of the impacted elements. However, it is often necessary to proceed with a surgical–orthodontic treatment. The inclination of teeth in relation to the midline and the root maturation degree determine prognosis and therapeutic timing. In this case report, the orthopantomogram (OPG) X-ray of a 9-year-old boy revealed two impacted supernumerary teeth in the anterior maxillary region, preventing the eruption of the permanent upper central incisors. The impacted supernumerary teeth were surgically removed at different times. A straight wire multibrackets technique associated with a fixed palatal appliance was used. The palatal appliance featured an osteomucous resin support at the level of the retroincisal papilla. Subsequently, surgical exposure was carried out using the closed eruption technique and elastic traction, bringing 11 and 21 back into the arch. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology)
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