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Applied Sciences
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Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation
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Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 46586

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Shin-Da Lee

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
1. Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
2. Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
Interests: sports rehabilitation; exercise rehabilitation; rehabilitation innovation; sports apparatus; therapeutic exercising apparatus; exercise-assisted device; rehabilitation exercise

Special Issue Information

Sports and exercise rehabilitation is generally concerned with the rehabilitation and prevention of injury, disability or degradation in order to achieve better or optimal levels of functions (musculoskeletal function, cardiopulmonary function, neurological function, sensatory integration, sensorimotor integration, visual function, hearing function, pain perception, fitness, sports performance, quality of life, and occupational functions) regardless of age and ability (in all age, children, athletes, disability, impairments or patients with chronic diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, cardiopulmonary diseases, neurological diseases, or mental diseases).

In the present Special Issue, we aim at innovation in or new therapeutic approaches to “Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation”, such as the new therapeutic approaches, innovative management, new designed devices, new sports apparatus, new therapeutic exercising apparatus, new APP for sports and exercise, computer-assisted therapy, Artificial-Intelligence-assisted therapy, robot-assisted therapy, and Virtual-Reality-assisted therapy to achieve better or optimal levels of various functions (musculoskeletal function, cardiopulmonary function, neurological function, sensatory integration, sensorimotor integration, visual function, hearing function, pain perception, fitness, sports performance, quality of life, occupational functions, and so on). Original research manuscripts or reviews manuscripts in the field of “Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation” are both welcomed in the present Special Issue. Systematic reviews should follow the PRISMA guidelines.

Prof. Dr. Shin-Da Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sports rehabilitation
  • exercise rehabilitation
  • rehabilitation innovation
  • sports-related innovation
  • Artificial Intelligence

Published Papers (18 papers)

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13 pages, 471 KiB  
Article
Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Injuries in Pre-Professional Modern Dancers before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Lital Kishon and Hilla Sarig Bahat
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053018 - 26 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1612
Abstract
The prevalence of dance-related injuries is high, yet risk factors remain unclear in modern dance. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the continuity and nature of dance programs. The objectives were to investigate factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries in pre-professional modern dancers before and [...] Read more.
The prevalence of dance-related injuries is high, yet risk factors remain unclear in modern dance. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the continuity and nature of dance programs. The objectives were to investigate factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries in pre-professional modern dancers before and after the pandemic and to qualitatively describe the dancers’ experiences during COVID-19. We examined 31 modern dancers (19.42 ± 1.57 years) pre-COVID-19 and re-examined 21 participants after one-year post-COVID-19, using objective physical tests for upper and lower body strength, aerobic fitness, hip ranges, injury history, and training hours’ data. The injury rate remained mostly unaffected (0.87 ± 0.88 pre-, 0.76 ± 0.83 post-COVID-19), but weekly dance hours were reduced (33 pre-, 21.40 post-COVID-19). Dancers significantly improved their push-up score (p = 0.016) and decreased their compensated turnout (p = 0.022). Notably, non-injured dancers scored higher in the pre-COVID-19 Chester Step Test (p = 0.033) and practiced more strength training independently post-COVID-19 (p = 0.024). No significant differences were found between injured and non-injured dancers in the other parameters. Dancers reported negative thoughts and difficulty maintaining their fitness during the pandemic. In conclusion, strength training and aerobic fitness were identified as potentially important factors related to injury risk in modern dance and should be examined further for their injury prevention value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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12 pages, 1721 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Physical Activity Training Using Augmented Reality and Conventional Therapy on Physical Performance following a Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Jae-Ho Yu, Daekook M. Nekar, Hye-Yun Kang, Jae-Won Lee and Sung-Yeon Oh
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 894; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13020894 - 09 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1579
Abstract
There is growing interest in using augmented reality (AR)-based training for rehabilitation programs, while it remains unclear whether physical exercises using AR can be more effective than conventional therapy for patients with total knee replacement (TKR). This study, therefore, aimed to compare the [...] Read more.
There is growing interest in using augmented reality (AR)-based training for rehabilitation programs, while it remains unclear whether physical exercises using AR can be more effective than conventional therapy for patients with total knee replacement (TKR). This study, therefore, aimed to compare the effects of AR-based training to conventional therapist-based training on the physical performance of early-stage rehabilitation in patients after a TKR. It was a double-blind randomized controlled trial with repeated measures (pre-surgery, post-surgery, and post-intervention). Twenty-four participants with TKR were allocated to either AR-based training or therapist-based training. Both groups received a training program for 30 min per session, three sessions per week, for four weeks. The outcome measures included the range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, balance, and perceived pain. The results showed significant improvements in all measured outcomes in both groups (p < 0.05). However, despite our hypothesis that ART would be more effective than the TKR, no significant differences in all the outcomes were found between the two groups. While there was some evidence showing that performing physical exercises using AR could improve physical performance in patients with TKR after surgery, a comparison with conventional therapy did not show superior effectiveness. However, AR could be used to provide real-time feedback and motivation appropriate for home-training programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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16 pages, 3067 KiB  
Article
Mechatronics Design of a Gait-Assistance Exoskeleton for Therapy of Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
by Jaime Arcos-Legarda, David Torres, Fredy Velez, Hernan Rodríguez, Alexander Parra and Álvaro Gutiérrez
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 839; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13020839 - 07 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3113
Abstract
This paper presents a mechatronics design of a gait-assistance exoskeleton for therapy in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This type of muscular dystrophy is a severe condition that causes muscle wasting, which results in a progressive loss of mobility. Clinical studies have [...] Read more.
This paper presents a mechatronics design of a gait-assistance exoskeleton for therapy in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This type of muscular dystrophy is a severe condition that causes muscle wasting, which results in a progressive loss of mobility. Clinical studies have shown the benefits of physical therapy in prolonging the mobility of patients with DMD. However, the therapy sessions are exhaustive activities executed by highly qualified rehabilitation personnel, which makes providing appropriate treatment for every patient difficult. This paper develops a mechatronics design of a gait-assistance exoskeleton to automate therapy sessions. The exoskeleton design uses adaptable mechanisms to adjust the device to the patient’s needs and includes the design of a series-elastic actuator to reduce the effects of nonalignment of the rotation axis between the exoskeleton and the patient. A mathematical dynamic hybrid model of the exoskeleton and a child’s body is developed using anthropometry of a population of six-year-old children. The hybrid model is used to design a nonlinear control strategy, which uses differential geometry to perform feedback linearization and to guarantee stable reference tracking. The proposed control law is numerically validated in a simulation to evaluate the control system’s performance and robustness under parameter variation during therapy with trajectory-tracking routines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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10 pages, 275 KiB  
Article
Maturity Status, Relative Age and Constituent Year Effects in Young Iberian Kayakers
by Rui António Fernandes, Beatriz Branquinho Gomes and Fernando Alacid
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 560; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13010560 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1182
Abstract
Like in other sports systems, in kayaking, young athletes are commonly grouped by their birth years. This study analyzed maturity status, relative age, and constituent age effects in young Under 14 (U14) and 16 (U16) Iberian male kayakers. One hundred and thirty (U14: [...] Read more.
Like in other sports systems, in kayaking, young athletes are commonly grouped by their birth years. This study analyzed maturity status, relative age, and constituent age effects in young Under 14 (U14) and 16 (U16) Iberian male kayakers. One hundred and thirty (U14: n =80; U16: n = 50) young kayakers aged 14.10 ± 1.06 years were assessed for anthropometry, performance, maturity, and sport experience. The year was divided into four birth quarters (BQ). There were no significant differences in the kayaker’s distribution by BQ in both categories (U14, p = 0.348; U16, p = 0.709) or total sample (p = 0.783). Six of the ten best kayakers in the U14 category were born in the year’s first half, and eight were among the U16 kayakers. Talent detection and selection systems based solely on the young kayakers’ performances may imply some bias. One of the ways to get around this situation would be to adopt a grouping system similar to bio-banding, allowing the maximum number of practitioners to experience the possibility of obtaining competitive success. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
11 pages, 1108 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Electromyographic Activity during Barbell Pullover and Straight Arm Pulldown Exercises
by José M. Muyor, Pedro A. López-Miñarro and Fernando Alacid
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 11138; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app122111138 - 03 Nov 2022
Viewed by 6683
Abstract
Pullover and straight arm pulldown exercises are commonly used in resistance exercise programs to improve sports performance or in physical activity health programs. This study aimed to evaluate the individual electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis major (clavicular, sternal, and costal portions), latissimus [...] Read more.
Pullover and straight arm pulldown exercises are commonly used in resistance exercise programs to improve sports performance or in physical activity health programs. This study aimed to evaluate the individual electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis major (clavicular, sternal, and costal portions), latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, and rectus abdominis muscles in a barbell pullover exercise at a 100% biacromial width and a straight arm pulldown exercise at a 100% and 150% biacromial width and to compare the EMG activity in these selected muscles and exercises. Twenty healthy and physically active adults performed a set of eight repetitions of each exercise against 30% of their body mass. The barbell pullover exercise presented a higher EMG activity (p ≤ 0.01) than the straight arm pulldown exercise in both biacromial widths in all evaluated muscles except for the latissimus dorsi and the triceps brachii. These muscles showed the highest EMG activity in the straight arm pulldown exercise at both biacromial widths. In all of the exercises and muscles evaluated, the concentric phase showed a greater EMG activity than the eccentric phase. In conclusion, the barbell pullover exercise can highlight muscle activity in the pectoralis major (mainly in the sternal and lower portions), triceps brachii, and rectus abdominis muscles. However, the straight arm pulldown exercise at 100% and 150% biacromial widths could be a better exercise to stimulate the latissimus dorsi and triceps brachii muscles. Moreover, all exercises showed significantly greater EMG activity (p < 0.001) in the concentric phase than in the eccentric phase for all the evaluated muscles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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13 pages, 1977 KiB  
Article
Acute Effects of 160-Degree V-Shape Whole-Body Periodic Acceleration (WBPA) on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Hemodynamics
by James K. S. Wong, Cheng-Ju Wu, Yi-Yuan Lin and Shin-Da Lee
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9116; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12189116 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
Whole-Body Periodic Acceleration (WBPA) has been reported to induce endothelial nitric oxide and cause vasodilation. However, the effects of WBPA on blood pressure and cardiovascular hemodynamics are still unclear and controversial. The objective of this study was to determine whether a single session [...] Read more.
Whole-Body Periodic Acceleration (WBPA) has been reported to induce endothelial nitric oxide and cause vasodilation. However, the effects of WBPA on blood pressure and cardiovascular hemodynamics are still unclear and controversial. The objective of this study was to determine whether a single session of 160-degree V-shape Whole-Body Periodic Acceleration (WBPA-V-160), i.e., periodic motion of the supine body headward to footward, improved blood pressure and cardiovascular parameters. A pre-evaluation and post-evaluation of blood pressure and cardiovascular hemodynamics via DynaPulse Noninvasive and Quantitative Hemodynamic Profile Analysis were performed after a single 30 min trial of WBPA-V-160 with a moving distance, headward to footward, of 2 mm, at a constant frequency of 4 Hz. Systolic BP, diastolic BP, heart rate, end systolic pressure, end diastolic pressure, mean arterial BP, and pulse pressure at post-evaluation were significantly lower than at pre-evaluation after WBPA-V-160, whereas systemic vascular compliance and brachial artery distensibility at post-evaluation were significantly higher than at pre-evaluation. The WBPA-V-160, performed for 30 min, did improve blood pressure and cardiovascular hemodynamics by lowing the BP parameters and enhancing systemic vascular compliance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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20 pages, 2595 KiB  
Article
Interdisciplinary Co-Design Research Practice in the Rehabilitation of Elderly Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain from a Senior Care Center in South Korea
by Muhammad Tufail, HaeBin Lee, YangGyu Moon, Hwang Kim and KwanMyung Kim
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4687; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094687 - 06 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1840
Abstract
The rehabilitation practices encounter multifaceted problems inherent in the current context of the elderly with chronic low back pain (LBP). We addressed a particular multifaceted problem in the current context using an interdisciplinary co-design research practice that consists of three phases: context exploration, [...] Read more.
The rehabilitation practices encounter multifaceted problems inherent in the current context of the elderly with chronic low back pain (LBP). We addressed a particular multifaceted problem in the current context using an interdisciplinary co-design research practice that consists of three phases: context exploration, patient-expert interaction, and patient-centered rehabilitation. Using an empirical study integrated with this practice, we investigated 30 Korean elderly patients suffering from LBP and introduced an exercise program design. In the context exploration phase, we found that the elderly patients neglected proper posture during work causing spine instability and resultantly developing chronic LBP. The patient–expert interaction phase explored latissimus dorsi (LD) and lumbar erector spinae (LES) muscles as the back trunk muscles that had caused LBP in most of these elderly patients. In the patient-centered rehabilitation phase, we designed an exercise program with exercise protocols and an exercise object for flexion and extension of trunk muscle relaxation and stabilization. Using electromyography (EMG), we found that the exercise program significantly increased the muscle activation levels of the muscles and reduced LBP. Our practice defines and addresses a multifaceted problem with several challenges both in healthcare design and the problem itself. This integrated approach can easily be expanded and adapted to other domain-related research projects that possess characteristics of complex problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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14 pages, 4768 KiB  
Article
A Robust Controller for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeleton
by Andrés Blanco-Ortega, Luis Vázquez-Sánchez, Manuel Adam-Medina, Jorge Colín-Ocampo, Arturo Abúndez-Pliego, Claudia Cortés-García and Carlos Daniel García-Beltrán
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12031178 - 23 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2461
Abstract
In this paper, a portable exoskeleton for the rehabilitation of upper extremities of three degrees of freedom (DOF) is proposed. With these degrees of freedom, the exoskeleton provides the movements of flexion–extension and abduction–adduction of the arm and flexion–extension of the forearm. A [...] Read more.
In this paper, a portable exoskeleton for the rehabilitation of upper extremities of three degrees of freedom (DOF) is proposed. With these degrees of freedom, the exoskeleton provides the movements of flexion–extension and abduction–adduction of the arm and flexion–extension of the forearm. A robust generalized proportional integral (GPI) controller for trajectory tracking to provide smooth movements for rehabilitation with the exoskeleton is proposed. This controller only requires output measurements and is robust against different types of disturbances. Simulation results are presented in the MSC Adams® software environment in co-simulation with Matlab-Simulink® to show the controller’s performance against different types of disturbances. The results of a PID type controller are also contrasted with the results of the GPI controller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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11 pages, 1507 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Component Physiotherapeutic Intervention among Schoolchildren with Myopia: 3D-Based Vision Training Program with Auditory Frequency Entrainment and Electrical Stimulation
by Yu-Kuei Teng, Chi-Wu Chang and Shin-Da Lee
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12010201 - 25 Dec 2021
Viewed by 2532
Abstract
Purpose. This study evaluated whether 3D-based vision training (VT) with visual cortex-activated auditory frequency entrainment and bilateral orbital electrical stimulation (ES) could prevent the progression of myopia among schoolchildren. Methods. In this two-stage, randomized, crossover, single-blind study, pre- and post-logMAR visual acuity and [...] Read more.
Purpose. This study evaluated whether 3D-based vision training (VT) with visual cortex-activated auditory frequency entrainment and bilateral orbital electrical stimulation (ES) could prevent the progression of myopia among schoolchildren. Methods. In this two-stage, randomized, crossover, single-blind study, pre- and post-logMAR visual acuity and refractive error from 27 schoolchildren with myopia (≤−0.50 D) were evaluated among four groups: (1) sham control with no VT, frequency following response (FFR), or ES (control group); (2) 3D-based VT only (VT group); (3) VT with FFR generated through visual cortex-activated auditory entrainment (VT-FFR group); and (4) VT with FFR and bilateral orbital ES (VT-FFR-ES group). In stage 1, the intervention was administered for 30 min to all groups using a randomized crossover design. In stage 2, the intervention was administered for 30 min/day, 3 days a week, for 4 weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention. Results. Compared with the pre-test, post-test logMAR visual acuity after a single intervention was not significantly different in control and VT groups, but significantly improved in the VT-FFR (−0.08 ± 0.11) and VT-FFR-ES groups (−0.13 ± 0.14). Compared with the pre-test, post-test refractive error by spherical equivalent in VT-FFR-ES group for the 4-week intervention was significantly (<0.001) improved (0.21 D) compared with the control group (−0.1 D). Conclusions. The multicomponent physiotherapeutic intervention of 3D-based VT with auditory FFR and bilateral orbital ES can inhibit the progression of myopia. This intervention can be used as a noninvasive physiotherapeutic approach to prevent or reduce the severity of myopia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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13 pages, 1856 KiB  
Article
Effects of a Single Session of Floss Band Intervention on Flexibility of Thigh, Knee Joint Proprioception, Muscle Force Output, and Dynamic Balance in Young Adults
by Nai-Jen Chang, Wei-Chun Hung, Chia-Lun Lee, Wen-Dien Chang and Bo-Han Wu
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 12052; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112412052 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4327
Abstract
The floss band (FB) has been correlated with increases in the joint range of motion (ROM). However, the literature on FB effectiveness in knee joint ROM and athletic performance remains sparse. This study investigated the effects of FB on the flexibility of the [...] Read more.
The floss band (FB) has been correlated with increases in the joint range of motion (ROM). However, the literature on FB effectiveness in knee joint ROM and athletic performance remains sparse. This study investigated the effects of FB on the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, knee joint proprioception, muscle force output, and dynamic balance in men. Thirty recreationally active men without musculoskeletal disorders were randomized to receive FB (Lime Green; Sanctband flossband) and elastic bandage (EB) intervention on the dominant knee joint. Participants received two interventions on two occasions with 2 days of rest between interventions. The primary outcome was the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings; the secondary outcomes were knee proprioception (joint reposition angle error), knee muscle force output, and dynamic balance. Preintervention and postintervention (immediately following band removal and 20 min later) measurements were obtained. After FB intervention, hamstring flexibility (immediately: p < 0.001; 20 min later: p < 0.001) and quadriceps flexibility (immediately: p < 0.001; 20 min later: p < 0.001), quadriceps muscle force output (immediately: p = 0.007; 20 min later: p < 0.001), and dynamic balance (both immediately and 20 min later, p < 0.001) were significantly improved. Compared with EB intervention, FB intervention significantly improved knee extension ROM (immediately and 20 min later, both p < 0.001), knee flexion ROM (immediately, p = 0.01; 20 min later, p = 0.03), hamstrings muscle force output (20 min later, p = 0.022) and dynamic balance (immediately, p = 0.016; 20 min later, p = 0.004). Regarding proprioception, no significant difference among time points and conditions was observed. In conclusion, FB intervention can significantly improve the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, quadriceps muscle force output, and dynamic balance without impeding knee proprioception. Physiotherapists or athletic professionals may consider FB intervention as a potential tool as a warmup to enhance the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, quadriceps muscle force output, and dynamic balance in young adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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9 pages, 370 KiB  
Article
Active Video Game Program for People with Type 2 Diabetes- a Pilot Study
by Han-Hung Huang, Brianna Gathright, Rachel Holik, Hannah Iverson, Emily Saville and Drew A. Curtis
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 11046; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112211046 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1550
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an active video game (AVG) program in physiological parameters, fitness levels, motivation to physical activity, and quality of life on people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eight T2D patients participated in the [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an active video game (AVG) program in physiological parameters, fitness levels, motivation to physical activity, and quality of life on people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eight T2D patients participated in the 8-week AVG program using Xbox Kinect and/or Nintendo Wii. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during exercise. Physiological and fitness assessment included hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), HR, blood pressure (BP), body mass index, body composition, aerobic and muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. Psychological outcome measures included the Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R), Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF. Participants demonstrated a moderate level of exercise intensity during AVG based on average HR and RPE. HbA1c, BP, and lower extremity muscle strength were improved, but were not statistically significant. The changes on psychological assessment were not significant. However, most participants demonstrated positive behavior and attitudes toward health and physical activity at one-month follow-up. This pilot study demonstrated that the AVG program might be an effective and alternative way of exercise for people with T2D. A future RCT is warranted to determine the physical and psychological effects of AVG on T2D population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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12 pages, 1355 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Metabolic Equivalents (METs) during Moderate Resistance Training Exercises
by Muhammad Adeel, Chien-Hung Lai, Chun-Wei Wu, Jiunn-Horng Kang, Jian-Chiun Liou, Hung-Chou Chen, Bor-Shing Lin, Meng-Jyun Hong, Chun-Ta Feng and Chih-Wei Peng
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8773; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11188773 - 21 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2570
Abstract
Energy expenditure through metabolic equivalent (MET) prediction during resistance exercises in humans can be modeled by using cardiorespiratory parameters. In this study, we aimed to predict MET during six moderate-intensity resistance training sessions consisting of three different exercises. Eleven participants were recruited into [...] Read more.
Energy expenditure through metabolic equivalent (MET) prediction during resistance exercises in humans can be modeled by using cardiorespiratory parameters. In this study, we aimed to predict MET during six moderate-intensity resistance training sessions consisting of three different exercises. Eleven participants were recruited into two groups; an untrained (n = 5; with no resistance training experience) and a trained group (n = 6; with 2 months resistance training experience). Each participant completed six training sessions separated with a rest interval of 1–2 days. While wearing a mask for indirect calorimetric measurements using Cortex Metalyzer 3B, each participant performed training sessions consisting of three types of dumbbell exercises: shoulder press, deadlift, and squat. The metabolic equivalents (METs), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood lactate (BL), and Borg rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The MET was predicted using generalized estimating equations (GEE) for repeated measure data collected during exercise and rest periods. It was observed that during exercise period, RER, HR, SBP, and BL for the training group (QIC = 187, 95% CI = −0.012~0.915, p = 0.000*~0.033*) while RER, HR, SBP, DBP, and RPE (QIC = 48, 95% CI = −0.024~0.422, p = 0.000*~0.002*) during resting period for untrained group significantly predicted MET for moderate-intensity interval resistance training. It is concluded that the cardiorespiratory variables are significantly related to MET. During exercise, RER and HR significantly predicted MET for both groups along with additional parameters of SBP and BL for the training group. While during the resting period, RER, HR, SBP, DBP, and RPE related significantly for untrained and BL for training group respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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12 pages, 9047 KiB  
Article
Predictive Ability of Fahrenheit, a Hand Motion Recording System for Assessing Hand Motor Function in Patients with Hemiplegia Post-Cerebrovascular Disease—A Pilot Study
by Takeshi Saito, Toshiyuki Ishioka, Sho Yoshimura and Toyohiro Hamaguchi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8153; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11178153 - 02 Sep 2021
Viewed by 2137
Abstract
The Brunnstrom recovery stage (BRS) assessment is a frequently used clinical instrument, but does not allow temporal or spatial analysis owing to its use of binary assessments. We developed a kinematic analysis system (Fahrenheit) that employs three-dimensional motor analysis using the [...] Read more.
The Brunnstrom recovery stage (BRS) assessment is a frequently used clinical instrument, but does not allow temporal or spatial analysis owing to its use of binary assessments. We developed a kinematic analysis system (Fahrenheit) that employs three-dimensional motor analysis using the Leap Motion Controller as an infrared camera to assess hand motor function in patients post- cerebrovascular disease (CeVD)/stroke, according to the BRS assessment criteria. We investigated whether Fahrenheit could predict the outcome of the BRS assessment of hand motor function in post-CeVD patients with hemiplegia. Thirty-two inpatients with CeVD were recruited in this pilot study. Participants’ hand motor function after CeVD was assessed through their performance of nine tasks according to the BRS assessment. We constructed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve based on each participants’ performance, and compared the results of the BRS assessment and computed the area under the curve (AUC) for each ROC curve. All task values showed significant differences between sufficient and insufficient movements. AUC analyses showed that the nine tasks assessed using Fahrenheit had high predictability (all AUC values ≥ 0.7), which were comparable to those of the therapists’ assessment. Measurements with Fahrenheit showed high predictability with respect to the BRS criteria, indicating that Fahrenheit may have clinical application for assessing post-CeVD finger movement and motor functions. Further verification involving more patients is required to ensure that Fahrenheit becomes a more reliable evaluation tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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6 pages, 12573 KiB  
Article
New Training Tasks for Stepwise Loading in Isometric Bodyweight Squat with Active Posture Control
by Tetsuro Kitamura, Yukako Ishida, Shinji Tsukamoto, Manabu Akahane, Tomoo Mano, Yasuyo Kobayashi, Yasuhito Tanaka and Akira Kido
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8151; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11178151 - 02 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1786
Abstract
Isometric bodyweight squats are fundamental exercises in athletic training and rehabilitation. Previously, we measured muscle activity in a normal squat posture (NSP) and a squat posture with the center of foot pressure (COP) intentionally shifted forward as far as possible (forward-shifted posture: FSP), [...] Read more.
Isometric bodyweight squats are fundamental exercises in athletic training and rehabilitation. Previously, we measured muscle activity in a normal squat posture (NSP) and a squat posture with the center of foot pressure (COP) intentionally shifted forward as far as possible (forward-shifted posture: FSP), and the muscle activity patterns varied significantly according to the COP location. This study focused on stepwise loading as a training strategy. Ten healthy male participants performed isometric bodyweight squats in a previous study, adopting the NSP and FSP, with three knee flexion angles (30°, 60°, and 90°). The muscle activities of the vastus medialis (VM), semitendinosus, tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius muscle lateral head were measured using surface electromyogram. This study further explored the relationship between COP shifting and knee flexion angles on electromyogram changes using three-dimensional diagrams. In one-way repeated measures analysis of variance by ranks, knee flexion angles affected the muscle activities of the VM and TA in the NSP and muscle activities of the VM in the FSP. Combining these findings, stepwise loading tasks were created to train individual target muscles. The ten male participants examined all the tasks, and the feasibility was confirmed accordingly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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15 pages, 3335 KiB  
Article
Hypoxic Exercise Training Elevates Erythrocyte Aggregation
by Chin-Li Lin, Jong-Shyan Wang, Tieh-Cheng Fu, Chih-Chin Hsu and Yu-Chieh Huang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 6038; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11136038 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2005
Abstract
Pathological erythrocyte aggregation reduces capillary perfusion and oxygen transfer to tissue, which is determined by the negative surface charge on the erythrocyte membrane (intrinsic aggregability) and fibrinogen–erythrocyte interaction (extrinsic factor). Exercise-induced oxidative stress is important for rheological adaptation to training but may also [...] Read more.
Pathological erythrocyte aggregation reduces capillary perfusion and oxygen transfer to tissue, which is determined by the negative surface charge on the erythrocyte membrane (intrinsic aggregability) and fibrinogen–erythrocyte interaction (extrinsic factor). Exercise-induced oxidative stress is important for rheological adaptation to training but may also cause erythrocyte senescence. This study clarifies the effects of hypoxic exercise training on intrinsic/extrinsic factors of aggregation. In total, 60 healthy sedentary males were randomly assigned to either hypoxic (HE; FIO2 = 0.15) or normoxic exercise training (NE; FIO2 = 0.21) groups for 30 min·d−1, 5 d·wk−1 for 6 weeks at 60 % of the maximum work rate or to a control group (CTL). A hypoxia exercise test (HET, FIO2 = 0.12) was performed before and after the intervention. Erythrocyte aggregation was assessed by ektacytometry, and fibrinogen binding affinity and senescence biomarkers were assessed by flow cytometry. An acute 12% oxygen HET significantly enhanced erythrocyte global aggregation through intrinsic aggregability. Resting aggregation is promoted by both intrinsic aggregability and fibrinogen binding probability and force after HE, whereas NE is mainly associated with ameliorated fibrinogen–erythrocyte interactions. The HET still facilitated global aggregation after HE because of the augmented fibrinogen-related factors, even though the intrinsic factor was suppressed. Additionally, HE further increased reticulocyte counts while reducing the expression of CD47 and CD147. Resting aggregability is promoted by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors after HE, whereas NE is mainly associated with an ameliorated affinity for fibrinogen. Although an accelerated turnover rate was observed, HE further led to erythrocyte senescence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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Review

Jump to: Research

31 pages, 6364 KiB  
Review
Acute and Chronic Effects of Static Stretching on Neuromuscular Properties: A Meta-Analytical Review
by Ruchi Shah, Marina W. Samuel and Jongsang Son
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11979; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app132111979 - 02 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1127
Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the recent findings on the acute and chronic effects of static stretching on joint behaviors and neuromuscular responses and to discuss the overall effects of acute and chronic static stretching on selected [...] Read more.
The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the recent findings on the acute and chronic effects of static stretching on joint behaviors and neuromuscular responses and to discuss the overall effects of acute and chronic static stretching on selected outcomes via meta-analyses, using a total of 50 recent studies. The results of our meta-analyses demonstrated that acute static stretching results in increased range of motion (ROM), decreased passive resistive torque (PRT), increased maximum tolerable PRT (PRTmax), decreased maximum voluntary isometric torque, decreased muscle–tendon unit stiffness, decreased muscle stiffness, decreased tendon stiffness, and decreased shear elastic modulus. Moreover, the chronic effects of static stretching included increased ROM, increased PRTmax, decreased muscle stiffness, and decreased shear elastic modulus (or shear wave speed). These results suggest that static stretching interventions have the potential to increase ROM and reduce the mechanical properties of muscle–tendon tissue, but they may not change corticospinal excitability and spinal reflex excitability or muscle architecture parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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11 pages, 522 KiB  
Review
A Systematic Review on Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
by Marco Castaldo, Andrea De Angelis D’Ossat, Pablo Gnessi and Giovanni Galeoto
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3536; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app13063536 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2982
Abstract
Background: Conservative therapy is currently the elective treatment for shoulder impingement syndrome according to the scientific literature. The success of conservative therapy is due to physiotherapy and the application of its methods. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate low-level laser [...] Read more.
Background: Conservative therapy is currently the elective treatment for shoulder impingement syndrome according to the scientific literature. The success of conservative therapy is due to physiotherapy and the application of its methods. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate low-level laser therapy, a physiotherapeutic method for pain reduction and increasing the range of motion. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The screening of the literature was carried out on the Cochrane, PEDro, PubMed/Medline, and Scopus databases up until December 2021. All studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and five articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. The risk of bias was evaluated with PEDro and Jadad scales. Results: In this study, we reviewed five RCTs that compared low-level laser therapy with other physiotherapy treatments to reduce pain and improve range of motion in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Conclusions: Low-level laser therapy for shoulder impingement syndrome requires further investigation in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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12 pages, 670 KiB  
Review
Lower-Body Positive Pressure Treadmill Training for Pediatric Gait Disorders: A Scoping Review
by Yosra Cherni, Léandre Gagné-Pelletier, Laurent Bouyer and Catherine Mercier
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 323; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12010323 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2646
Abstract
The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the literature on the use of anti-gravity treadmills and its effects on lower-limb motor functions in children and adolescents with locomotor impairments. Method: Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science) were searched for [...] Read more.
The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the literature on the use of anti-gravity treadmills and its effects on lower-limb motor functions in children and adolescents with locomotor impairments. Method: Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science) were searched for articles from inception to August 2021. Inclusion criteria were: (1) experimental or quasi-experimental studies using anti-gravity training as the primary intervention; (2) studies conducted in pediatric participants; (3) articles reporting outcomes related to lower-limb functions; and (4) studies published in French or English. Results: Fifteen articles were included in the review. Studies included children and adolescents aged 4–18 years with locomotor impairments. Intervention duration ranged from 2 to 12 weeks, with 2–5 sessions per week. Included studies reported that anti-gravity training induces improvements in muscle strength, balance, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and walking endurance in children with locomotor impairments. Conclusion: This review provides relevant information about interventions, outcomes and limits associated with anti-gravity training in pediatrics. Overall, anti-gravity treadmill training could be viewed as a valuable training modality, specifically for children with cerebral palsy. However, a more precise and comprehensive description of anti-gravity training protocols would be useful. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Exercise Rehabilitation)
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