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The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air...
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The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air Quality

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2022) | Viewed by 29186

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Covadonga Astorga

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Interests: vehicle emissions; air quality; secondary aerosols; science for policy making and legislation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is a well identified link between transport and poor air quality in many urban areas and densely populated regions. During the last decade, some areas have achieved a considerable reduction of particle matter and NOx thanks to more stringent emission regulations and constant efforts to improve the technology applied to all means of transport. Despite the improvement, many urban areas still show values of air pollutants above the limits recommended by the WHO guidelines. Besides, those improvements are not generalized and many medium/large cities around the world are well behind. Moreover, there are still compounds which can be attributed to transport and not yet regulated in many countries or regions worldwide, although they can be equally harmful and have adverse health effects in the population.

In this Special Issue, we invite submissions exploring transport emissions, both regulated and unregulated (e.g., ammonia, VOCs, aldehydes, organic compounds, and metals from tyres and brake abrasion). Manuscripts which aim to improve the knowledge on reactivity of primary emissions, secondary aerosols, photochemical smog, and ozone formation which can be attributed to transport sources are welcome. Contributions can also focus on local, regional, or global air quality modelling considering meteorological effects.

Dr. Covadonga Astorga
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • transport
  • urban pollution
  • ammonia
  • VOCs
  • aerosols
  • ozone
  • modelling
  • temperature inversion

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 5012 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Impact of the Introduction of the EURO 6d-TEMP/6d Regulation for Light-Duty Vehicles on EU Air Quality
by Alexander de Meij, Covadonga Astorga, Philippe Thunis, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Enrico Pisoni, Victor Valverde, Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa, Gabriel David Oreggioni, Ornella Mahiques and Vicente Franco
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4257; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12094257 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1941
Abstract
In this manuscript, we evaluated different emission scenarios for light-duty road transport to evaluate their impact on air quality in the EU, with a focus on a number of cities by means of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) modelling system. In [...] Read more.
In this manuscript, we evaluated different emission scenarios for light-duty road transport to evaluate their impact on air quality in the EU, with a focus on a number of cities by means of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) modelling system. In addition to the reference case scenario, where exhaust emission factors from COPERT (Computer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) corresponding to the existing fleet were used, we also tested future potential scenarios considering: (a) all passenger cars and light commercial vehicles meet the EURO 6 emissions standard and EDGAR (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric research) EURO 6 emission factors; (b) all passenger cars and light commercial vehicles meet the EURO 6 emissions standard and real-world emission factors derived from actual Euro 6d-TEMP/6d vehicles. Results show how the replacement of old vehicles by newer ones with better emission control technologies can help improve air quality in the EU in terms of reductions in NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations. However, reduced NOx emissions in cities (as foreseen in the two scenarios analysed) will cause tropospheric O3 to increase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air Quality)
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17 pages, 3515 KiB  
Article
Detailed Characterization of Solid and Volatile Particle Emissions of Two Euro 6 Diesel Vehicles
by Barouch Giechaskiel, Anastasios Melas and Tero Lähde
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3321; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12073321 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1923
Abstract
The solid particle number emissions of Diesel vehicles are very low due to the particulate filters as exhaust aftertreatment devices. However, periodically, the trapped particles are oxidized (i.e., active regeneration) in order to keep the backpressure at low levels. The solid particle number [...] Read more.
The solid particle number emissions of Diesel vehicles are very low due to the particulate filters as exhaust aftertreatment devices. However, periodically, the trapped particles are oxidized (i.e., active regeneration) in order to keep the backpressure at low levels. The solid particle number emissions during regenerations are only partly covered by the regulations. Many studies have examined the emissions during regenerations, but their contribution to the overall emissions has not been addressed adequately. Furthermore, the number concentration of volatile particles, which is not included in the regulations, can be many of orders of magnitude higher. In this study, the particulate emissions of two light-duty Euro 6 vehicles were measured simultaneously at the tailpipe and the dilution tunnel. The results showed that the weighted (i.e., considering the emissions during regeneration) solid particle number emissions remained well below the applicable limit of 6 × 1011 #/km (solid particles > 23 nm). This was true even when considering solid sub-23 nm particles. However, the weighted volatile particle number emissions were many orders of magnitude higher, reaching up to 3 × 1013 #/km. The results also confirmed the equivalency of the solid particle number results between tailpipe and dilution tunnel locations. This was not the case for the volatile particles which were strongly affected by desorption phenomena. The high number of volatiles during regenerations even interfered with the 10 nm solid particle number measurements at the dilution tunnel, even though a catalytic stripper equipped instrument was also used in the dilution tunnel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air Quality)
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17 pages, 50161 KiB  
Article
Investigating Particulate and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for a Real-World Driving Scenario
by Mario Feinauer, Simone Ehrenberger, Fabius Epple, Tobias Schripp and Tobias Grein
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12031404 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1901
Abstract
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) show a high pollutant emission variability that strongly depends on the operating conditions of the internal combustion engine. Additionally, studies indicate that driving situations outside of the real driving emissions boundary conditions can lead to substantial pollutant emission [...] Read more.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) show a high pollutant emission variability that strongly depends on the operating conditions of the internal combustion engine. Additionally, studies indicate that driving situations outside of the real driving emissions boundary conditions can lead to substantial pollutant emission increases. The objective of this study is to measure and analyze the particulate number (PN) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions of a Euro 6 PHEV for a selected real-world driving test route in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. For this purpose, the vehicle is set out with multiple measurement devices to monitor vehicle internal and external parameters. Particle distribution results show an overall uniform pattern, which allows a comparative analysis of the different test scenarios on the basis of the PN concentration. While the trip-average PN emissions are in good agreement, transient effects during highway driving can substantially increase emissions, whereas the fuel consumption does not necessarily increase in such situations. PN measurements including ultrafine particles (UFP) show a significant increase in urban emissions due to higher cold start emission peaks. Additionally, low ambient temperatures raise the uncertainty of NOx and PN cold start emissions. With regard to future emission regulations, which claim that vehicles need to be as clean as possible in all driving situations, PHEV emission investigations for further situations outside of the current legislations are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air Quality)
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14 pages, 3189 KiB  
Article
NH3 and N2O Real World Emissions Measurement from a CNG Heavy Duty Vehicle Using On-Board Measurement Systems
by Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa, Roberto Gioria, Tommaso Selleri, Velizara Lilova, Anastasios Melas, Yusuke Onishi, Jacopo Franzetti, Fabrizio Forloni and Adolfo Perujo
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10055; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app112110055 - 27 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3017
Abstract
The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led to an increase in emissions of NH3 and/or N2O with respect to the past. N2O is a long-lived greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting [...] Read more.
The development and utilization of a series of after-treatment devices in modern vehicles has led to an increase in emissions of NH3 and/or N2O with respect to the past. N2O is a long-lived greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance, while NH3 is a precursor of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere. Certain regions, e.g., the EU and the USA, have introduced limits to the emissions of NH3 or N2O for vehicles tested in the laboratory. However, due to the lack of on-board systems that allow for the measurement of these compounds when the regulations were developed, these vehicles’ real-world emissions have not been regulated. This work evaluates on-board systems that could allow measuring real-world emissions of NH3 and N2O from heavy-duty vehicles. In particular, emissions of NH3 or N2O from a Euro VI Step D urban/interurban bus fueled with Compressed Natural Gas were measured using the HORIBA’s OBS-ONE-XL, which is based on a specifically developed technique called Infrared Laser Absorption Modulation, and uses a Quantum Cascade Laser as a light source. They were also measured using the PEMS-LAB, which is a more conventional FTIR-based system. Emissions were measured under real-world driving conditions on the road and in a climatic test cell at different ambient temperatures. For most of the conditions tested, the on-board systems correlated well with a laboratory-grade FTIR used as reference. In addition, a good correlation with R2 > 0.9 was found for the N2O concentrations measured by OBS-ONE-XL and PEMS-LAB during on-road testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air Quality)
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Review

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52 pages, 4656 KiB  
Review
Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change
by Bertrand Bessagnet, Nadine Allemand, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Florian Couvidat, Jean-Marc André, David Simpson, Enrico Pisoni, Benjamin N. Murphy and Philippe Thunis
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3623; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app12073623 - 02 Apr 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6739
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant of concern not only because of its adverse effects on human health but also on visibility and the radiative budget of the atmosphere. PM can be considered as a sum of solid/liquid species covering a wide [...] Read more.
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant of concern not only because of its adverse effects on human health but also on visibility and the radiative budget of the atmosphere. PM can be considered as a sum of solid/liquid species covering a wide range of particle sizes with diverse chemical composition. Organic aerosols may be emitted (primary organic aerosols, POA), or formed in the atmosphere following reaction of volatile organic compounds (secondary organic aerosols, SOA), but some of these compounds may partition between the gas and aerosol phases depending upon ambient conditions. This review focuses on carbonaceous PM and gaseous precursors emitted by road traffic, including ultrafine particles (UFP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are clearly linked to the evolution and formation of carbonaceous species. Clearly, the solid fraction of PM has been reduced during the last two decades, with the implementation of after-treatment systems abating approximately 99% of primary solid particle mass concentrations. However, the role of brown carbon and its radiative effect on climate and the generation of ultrafine particles by nucleation of organic vapour during the dilution of the exhaust remain unclear phenomena and will need further investigation. The increasing role of gasoline vehicles on carbonaceous particle emissions and formation is also highlighted, particularly through the chemical and thermodynamic evolution of organic gases and their propensity to produce particles. The remaining carbon-containing particles from brakes, tyres and road wear will still be a problem even in a future of full electrification of the vehicle fleet. Some key conclusions and recommendations are also proposed to support the decision makers in view of the next regulations on vehicle emissions worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air Quality)
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35 pages, 1634 KiB  
Review
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review
by Barouch Giechaskiel and Michaël Clairotte
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/app11167416 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 12325
Abstract
Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe [...] Read more.
Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe or at chassis dynamometers (light-duty vehicles) sampling from the dilution tunnel. The latest regulations focused on the actual emissions of the vehicles on the road. Greenhouse gases (GHG) (such as CO2, CH4, N2O), and NH3 have also been the subject of some regulations. One instrument that can measure many gaseous compounds simultaneously is the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. In this review the studies that assessed FTIRs since the 1980s are summarized. Studies with calibration gases or vehicle exhaust gas in comparison with well-established techniques were included. The main conclusion is that FTIRs, even when used at the tailpipe and not at the dilution tunnel, provide comparable results with other well-established techniques for CO2, CO, NOx, while for hydrocarbons, higher deviations were noticed. The introduction of FTIRs in the regulation needs a careful description of the technical requirements, especially interference tests. Although the limited results of prototype portable FTIRs for on-road measurement are promising, their performance at the wide range of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, vibrations) needs further studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vehicle Emissions on Secondary Aerosol and Air Quality)
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