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Catalysts
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Catalysts in 1D and 2D Materials—Their Role in Synthesis, Properties...
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Catalysts in 1D and 2D Materials—Their Role in Synthesis, Properties and Applications

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Catalytic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2021) | Viewed by 13223

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Thurid Gspann

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Interests: catalysis; CVD synthesis; process engineering; nanomaterials; characterization
Dr. Adarsh Kaniyoor

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
Interests: catalysis; CVD; nanomaterials; material characterization; finite element modelling; statistical analyses; photovoltaics; sensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last two decades, the research on 1D and 2D materials has expanded rapidly. It is up to date led by carbon nanotube and graphene research but complimented by other hexagonal lattice materials such as boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides and many more. All of these materials are synthesized via processes that crucially require catalysts to enable and control production, and enhance production rates. The size and composition of catalysts, treatment or functionalization done, their production and delivery methods etc. determine the reaction kinetics and direction. The final product may either still retain catalyst particles or be purified thereof – in either case, the resultant material’s properties will be affected significantly.  In this special issue, the scope is on ‘Catalysts in 1D and 2D materials – Their role in synthesis, properties and applications’. The issue will cover the whole bandwidth from the catalysts’ role for synthesis – the effects of different catalyst sources, non-iron catalysts, control of catalyst size, on-substrate or substrate-free catalyst systems, pre-synthesis or in-situ catalyst production, up to their role as residue in the final material – their effects on the material’s physical properties, characterization methods, and processes for their removal. Computational studies on catalysts within the above scope are also welcome.

Dr. Thurid Gspann
Dr. Adarsh Kaniyoor
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 1D and 2D materials
  • Carbon nanotubes / CNTs
  • Graphene
  • Boron Nitride / BN
  • TMDC
  • Synthesis
  • Catalyst materials
  • Catalyst production
  • Characterization
  • Removal processes
  • Computation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 7152 KiB  
Article
Effect of a Metallocene Catalyst Mixture on CNT Yield Using the FC-CVD Process
by Devika Chauhan, Anuptha Pujari, Guangqi Zhang, Kinshuk Dasgupta, Vesselin N. Shanov and Mark J. Schulz
Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 287; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal12030287 - 03 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4047
Abstract
This work studies synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet using the high temperature (1400 °C) floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) method. Three metallocenes—ferrocene, nickelocene, cobaltocene—and their combinations are used as precursors for metal catalysts in the synthesis process. For the carbon source, [...] Read more.
This work studies synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet using the high temperature (1400 °C) floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) method. Three metallocenes—ferrocene, nickelocene, cobaltocene—and their combinations are used as precursors for metal catalysts in the synthesis process. For the carbon source, an alcohol fuel, a combination of methanol and n-hexane (9:1), is used. First, the metallocenes were dissolved in the alcohol fuel. Then, the fuel mixture was injected into a tube furnace using an ultrasonic atomizer with Ar/H2 carrier gas in a ratio of about 12/1. The synthesis of CNTs from a combination of two or three metallocenes reduces the percentage of metal catalyst impurity in the CNT sheet. However, there is an increase in structural defects in the CNTs when using mixtures of two or three metallocenes as catalysts. Furthermore, the specific electrical conductivity of the CNT sheet was highest when using a mixture of ferrocene and cobaltocene as the catalyst. Overall, the multi-catalyst method described enables tailoring certain properties of the CNT sheet. However, the standard ferrocene catalyst seems most appropriate for large-scale manufacturing at the lowest cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in 1D and 2D Materials—Their Role in Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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31 pages, 13779 KiB  
Article
Catalyst-Mediated Enhancement of Carbon Nanotube Textiles by Laser Irradiation: Nanoparticle Sweating and Bundle Alignment
by Thurid S. Gspann, Adarsh Kaniyoor, Wei Tan, Philipp A. Kloza, John S. Bulmer, Jennifer Mizen, Giorgio Divitini, Jeronimo Terrones, Daniel Tune, John D. Cook, Fiona R. Smail and James A. Elliott
Catalysts 2021, 11(3), 368; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11030368 - 11 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2408
Abstract
The photonic post-processing of suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) ribbons made by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) results in selective sorting of the carbon nanotubes present. Defective, thermally non-conductive or unconnected CNTs are burned away, in some cases leaving behind a highly crystalline [...] Read more.
The photonic post-processing of suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) ribbons made by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) results in selective sorting of the carbon nanotubes present. Defective, thermally non-conductive or unconnected CNTs are burned away, in some cases leaving behind a highly crystalline (as indicated by the Raman G:D ratio), highly conductive network. However, the improvement in crystallinity does not always occur but is dependent on sample composition. Here, we report on fundamental features, which are observed for all samples. Pulse irradiation (not only by laser but also white light camera flashes, as well as thermal processes such as Joule heating) lead to (1) the sweating-out of catalyst nanoparticles resulting in molten catalyst beads of up to several hundreds of nanometres in diameter on the textile surface and (2) a significant improvement in CNT bundle alignment. The behavior of the catalyst beads is material dependent. Here, we show the underlying mechanisms of the photonic post-treatment by modelling the macro- and microstructural changes of the CNT network and show that it is mainly the amount of residual catalyst which determines how much energy these materials can withstand before their complete decomposition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in 1D and 2D Materials—Their Role in Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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17 pages, 7846 KiB  
Article
Flow Simulations Including Iron Nanoparticle Nucleation, Growth and Evaporation for Floating Catalyst CNT Production
by Filip K. A. Gökstorp and Matthew P. Juniper
Catalysts 2020, 10(12), 1383; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal10121383 - 27 Nov 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2349
Abstract
We use a computational fluid dynamics model coupled with a particle dynamics model to simulate how catalyst nanoparticles nucleate, grow and evaporate over the length of a floating catalyst reactor. We focus on the influence of the flowrate in the reactor and the [...] Read more.
We use a computational fluid dynamics model coupled with a particle dynamics model to simulate how catalyst nanoparticles nucleate, grow and evaporate over the length of a floating catalyst reactor. We focus on the influence of the flowrate in the reactor and the ferrocene mass fraction on the production of the catalyst nanoparticles. In the downstream region of the reactor, where the majority of CNT growth occurs, we find that, as either the flowrate or the ferrocene mass fraction increases, the particle mass fraction profile changes, with the mass fraction peak shifting away from the centreline. This displacement away from the centreline of the mass fraction peak may explain why the CNTs form a hollow, sock-like, aerogel at the downstream end of the reactor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in 1D and 2D Materials—Their Role in Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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11 pages, 3681 KiB  
Article
Precise Catalyst Production for Carbon Nanotube Synthesis with Targeted Structure Enrichment
by Xiao Zhang, Ying Deng, Brian Graves, Michael De Volder and Adam Boies
Catalysts 2020, 10(9), 1087; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal10091087 - 19 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3187
Abstract
The direct growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a narrow distribution of diameter or chirality remains elusive despite significant benefits in properties and applications. Nanoparticle catalysts are vital for SWCNT synthesis, but how to precisely manipulate their chemistry, size, concentration, and deposition [...] Read more.
The direct growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a narrow distribution of diameter or chirality remains elusive despite significant benefits in properties and applications. Nanoparticle catalysts are vital for SWCNT synthesis, but how to precisely manipulate their chemistry, size, concentration, and deposition remains difficult, especially within a continuous production process from the gas phase. Here, we demonstrate the preparation of W6Co7 alloyed nanoparticle catalysts with precisely tunable stoichiometry using electrospray, which remain solid state during SWCNT growth. We also demonstrate continuous production of liquid iron nanoparticles with in-line size selection. With the precise size manipulation of catalysts in the range of 1–5 nm, and a nearly monodisperse distribution (σg < 1.2), an excellent size selection of SWCNTs can be achieved. All of the presented techniques show great potential to facilitate the realization of single-chirality SWCNTs production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in 1D and 2D Materials—Their Role in Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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